喉上神经阻滞复合芬太尼和咪达唑仑用于经鼻纤维支气管镜清醒气管插管的效果

目的 观察喉上神经阻滞复合芬太尼和咪达唑仑用于经鼻纤维支气管镜(FOB)清醒气管插管的效果.方法 45例择期经鼻气管插管全身麻醉下手术的患者,在咽喉表面麻醉及静注咪达唑仑60μg/kg和芬太尼0.2μg/kg基础上,随机分为3组:Ⅰ组,未加其他处理(n=15);Ⅱ组,加环甲膜穿刺(h=15);Ⅲ组,加喉上神经阻滞(n=15).3组患者FOB插管操作前均先静脉缓慢注射味达唑仑60μg/kg,5 min后静脉缓慢滴注枸橼酸芬太尼0.2μg/kg,1、2 min后再进行FOB操作.记录麻醉诱导前基础值(T0)、FOB进入咽喉即刻(T1)、FOB进入声门即刻(T2)、插入气管导管即刻(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)以及整个气管插管过程中恶心、呛咳和躁动情况.结果 在Ⅰ组,T1、T2、T3时点MAP和HR均较T0增高和加快(P<0.05).在T1、T2时点,Ⅰ组MAP增高和HR加快比Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组明显(P<0.05).与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组呛咳、恶心、躁动发生率明显降低(P<0.05).与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组恶心发生率降低(P<0.05).结论 与其他方法比较,喉上神经阻滞复合芬太尼和咪达唑仑可以更好更快地完成纤维支气管镜引导经鼻清醒插管.     

纤维支气管镜与顺行引导气管插管技术在困难气道的应用

目的 观察纤维支气管镜与顺行引导气管插管技术联合运用的临床效果.方法 择期预计困难气道手术患者64例随机分为两组,给氧吸入七氟烷8％（6 L/min）,患者入睡后,扣紧面罩,用呼吸机压力支持通气继续吸入恒定浓度,直至睫毛反射消失,患者下颌松弛、心率减慢后：Ⅰ组采用纤维支气管镜与顺行引导气管插管技术联合运用进行气管插管,Ⅱ组采用纤维支气管镜引导气管插管.记录插管时长,入室后5 min（基础值,T1）、气管导管过鼻腔（T2）、纤维支气管镜过咽喉（T3）、纤维支气管镜过声门进气管确认气管隆突位置（T4）、气管导管进入气管（T5）时点患者HR、MAP、SpO2的参数值.结果 与T1时比较,T4～T5时两组患者HR均增快,MAP均增高,但Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组轻;T4～T5时Ⅱ组SpO2明显降低（P＜0.05）;T4～T5时Ⅱ组恶心、呛咳、体动比例高.Ⅰ组患者对所接受的麻醉方法评价为（8.63 ±1.37）分,明显高于Ⅱ组（7.84±1.26）分（P＜0.05）.结论 纤维支气管镜与顺行引导气管插管技术联合运用的患者生命体征平稳,插入成功率高,患者评价高,值得在择期手术困难气道中应用推广.     

国产明视插管软镜与纤维支气管镜经鼻困难气管插管的比较*

目的比较国产明视插管软镜(VIS)与纤维支气管镜(FOB)引导经鼻困难气管插管的临床应用效果。方法择期选择困难气道患者60例,Mallampati评分为Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,美国麻醉师协会评级(ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄22~68岁,体重53~82 kg,随机分为VIS组(V组)和FOB组(F组),每组30例。分别采用VIS和FOB引导经鼻气管插管。观察记录两组气管插管时间、气管插管成功率及气管插管相关并发症发生情况,记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、麻醉诱导后(T_1)、声门暴露时(T_2)、气管导管进入声门即刻(T_3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2)。结果与T_0时比较,T_1时两组MAP明显下降、HR明显减慢(均P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_3时两组MAP明显升高、HR明显增快(均P0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);气管插管期间两组SpO_2均无明显降低。V组和F组气管插管时间分别为(76.0±18.0)和(80.0±20.0)s、一次气管插管成功率分别为96.7%和93.3%,两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);气管插管并发症发生率两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与FOB相比较,国产VIS引导经鼻困难气管插管同样安全可靠、快速有效、插管成功率高,气管插管并发症少。     

恒速输注瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑在纤维支气管镜清醒插管中的应用

目的 探讨恒速输注瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑在纤维支气管镜(FOB)清醒气管插管中的效果.方法 对估计有气管插管困难的全麻怠者40例,咪达唑仑以0.05 mg/kg静脉注射,瑞芬太尼以0.2μg/(kg·min)泵注,同时用1%丁卡因5 mL和2%利多卡因10 mL作鼻腔至气管的表面麻醉,瑞芬太尼总量至1μg/kg后纤维支气管镜气管插管.记录麻醉前(T0)、插FOB前(T1)、FOB进入声门即刻(T2)、插入气管导管即刻(T3)时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO2)及脑电双频指数(BIS),术后随访插管过程中病人的知晓情况.结果 与T0比较,T1时的HK、MAP降低,T2、T3时HIL、MAP差异无显著性;T1、T2、T3时BIS及SPO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在表面麻醉基础上,以0.2μg/(kg·min)恒速输注瑞芬太尼至1μg/kg复合咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg可为病人FOB清醒插管提供良好条件.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者靶控不同浓度舒芬太尼行纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管镇静效果的比较

目的不同血浆靶控浓度舒芬太尼对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者纤维支气管镜(FOB)经鼻气管插管镇静效果的比较。方法 OSAS患者45例,性别不限,年龄28~60岁,体质量80~110 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=15):对照组(C组)、舒芬太尼血浆靶浓度0.4 ng/mL组(S-Ⅰ组)和舒芬太尼血浆靶浓度0.6 ng/mL组(S-Ⅱ组)。2%利多卡因混合1%丁卡因咽喉喷雾表面麻醉,环甲膜穿刺注射1%丁卡因3 mL。各组达血浆靶浓度后开始实施纤维支气管镜(FOB)引导经鼻气管插管。记录麻醉诱导开始至气管插管后3 min MAP和HR变化率。SPO2、PI(灌注指数)及Ramsay镇静评分。并记录插管时不良反应发生情况。结果 S-Ⅰ和S-Ⅱ组MAP变化率>30%及HR变化率>30%显著低于C组(P<0.05)。SPO2:S-Ⅱ组T1显著低于T0(P<0.05),且与C与S-Ⅰ组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);PI:S-Ⅰ和S-Ⅱ组T1-4与T0比较均显著增高(P<0.05),组间比较S-Ⅰ和S-Ⅱ组T1-3与C组差异有显著性(P<0.05);Ramsay:S-Ⅰ和S-Ⅱ组T1-4时刻均显著高于T0(P<0.05),组间两两比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。不良反应发生情况:憋气、呛咳及恶心发生率C组均显著高于S-Ⅰ、S-Ⅱ组,插管知晓各组间差异(P<0.05)均有显著性。结论阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者舒芬太尼血浆靶控浓度为0.4 ng/mL时纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管血流动力学稳定、镇静满意且无呼吸抑制作用。     

右美托咪定靶控输注在清醒状态下纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管的应用

目的 探讨靶控输注右美托咪定(DEX)在纤维支气管镜引导下清醒经鼻气管插管(ANFOI)的效果.方法 选择需行全身麻醉的困难气道患者40例,充分行气道表面麻醉后,随机分为2组,每组20例.D组,靶控输注1μg/kg DEX,10min注完;R组静脉注射0.05 mg/kg咪唑安定后,静脉泵注瑞芬太尼0.15μg/(kg·min),总量达1.5μg/kg后,经鼻置入纤维支气管镜引导插管.记录麻醉前(T0)、注药10 min后(T1)、插入气管导管后即刻(T2)的MAP、HR及SPO2,插管时的一般情况,术后随访患者对满意度进行评分.结果 两组MAP和SPO2在T1、T2时点差异无显著性(P＞0.05),而HR相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05).两组组内HR在T1与T0相比明显下降(P＜0.05);MAP及SPO2在T2与T0及T1时点相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05),HR则均有明显上升(P＜0.05).所有患者均插管成功,R组术中呼吸抑制发生率较D组高(P＜0.05).两组患者术后满意度差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 靶控输注1μg/kg右美托咪定能减少经鼻清醒气管插管时的心血管应激反应且对呼吸无抑制作用,可安全用于ANFOI.     

帝视内窥镜与纤支镜在清醒困难气管插管的临床应用比较

选取预计困难气管插管的患者60例,采用数字标注法随机分为两组,30例采取帝视观察内镜引导气管插管,作为DS组,另有30例采取纤维支气管镜行气管插管,作为FOB组,观察记录两组一次气管插管成功率、插管时间、呛咳反射、最低血氧饱和度、麻醉诱导前、气管插管即刻、气管插管后即刻的血压和心率及插管后患者并发症发生情况。两组患者气管插管时间均控制在50s,组间无明显差异;DS组患者一次性成功气管插管率达到100.0%,显著高于FOB组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DS组患者出现11例呛咳反射,7例咽部不适,FOB组患者在气管插管期间出现12例呛咳反射、6例咽部不适。两组患者在气管插管即刻血压心率显著低于麻醉诱导前,(P0.05)差异有统计学意义,同时两组患者在气管插管后即刻的血压和心率也明显高于气管插管即刻(P0.05),差异有统计学意义;不过两组间同时段对比无明显差异,不具统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者插管期均未出现SP2低于90%的病例。帝视观察内镜与纤支镜在清醒困难气管插管均具有较高的安全性,不过帝视观察内镜一次性插管成功率较高,并且操作简便、费用相对较低等优势,利于基层医院推广应用。     

纤维支气管镜、Shikani喉镜与Macintosh喉镜在困难气管插管中的对比应用

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜、Shikani喉镜和Macintosh型喉镜在困难气管插管中的临床应用和对血流动力学的影响.方法 选择60例拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下行择期手术的患者,ASA I～Ⅱ级、年龄20 ～55岁,Mallampatis分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级.随机分为三组（n=20）：纤维支气管镜组（FOB组）、Shikani喉镜组（S组）和Macintosh喉镜组（M组）.麻醉诱导后分别采用纤维支气管镜、Shikani喉镜或Macintosh喉镜实施经口气管插管操作,记录完成气管插管的时间、插管次数、插管前后血流动力学变化、口咽部和牙齿有无损伤.结果 FOB组20例患者均一次插管成功;S组20例患者中19例一次插管成功,1例二次插管成功;M组20例患者中,15例一次插管成功,4例患者二次插管成功,另1例患者两次插管失败后,改用Macintosh型喉镜配合纤维支气管镜插管成功.M组插管时间（72 ＋36）s较S组（37±15）s和FOB组（39±10）s显著延长（P＜0.01）.M组插管后5例出现咽喉部少量渗血,FOB组和S组各有1例咽喉部渗血.三组均无门齿损伤情况发生.M组较FOB组和S组插管时及插管后1、3min心率、血压和二重变异指数明显增加（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.结论 在困难气管插管时,使用纤维支气管镜和Shikani喉镜均具有成功率高、血流动力学变化小等优点.     

瑞芬太尼异丙酚复合喉罩麻醉在经尿道输尿管镜下EMS碎石术中的应用研究

目的观察瑞芬太尼-异丙酚复合喉罩麻醉用于泌尿外科经尿道输尿管镜下超声气压弹道碎石清石系统（EMS）碎石术中可行性和临床效果。方法 60例在全麻下实施经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术的患者,ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级,年龄24～71岁,随机被分为Supreme双管喉罩组（LMA组,n=30）和气管插管组（TT组,n=30）。患者麻醉前、插入喉罩后即刻、拔出气管插管前即刻以及拔出气管插管后即刻的心率（HR）、呼吸系统变化、平均动脉压（MAP）、麻醉深度指数及两组拔管期的不良反应和术后并发症。结果气管插管组插管2 h（T2）、T3、T4时MAP和HR均显著高于喉罩组（P〈0.05）;喉罩组患者拔管前即刻（T3）VT、PAW、PCL分别与TT组患者组间存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。喉罩组患者麻醉深度指数在T3、T4时与气管插管组间差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。在术后拔管期双管喉罩组发生术后咽痛、呛咳、体动、声音沙哑较气管插管组显著减低（P〈0.05）;套囊血迹事件的发生率两组间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论瑞芬太尼-异丙酚复合喉罩麻醉用于泌尿外科经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术对患者呼吸循环的影响较小,患者对喉罩插入的耐受性较好,可明显减少咽喉并发症,其效果优于气管插管,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

纤维支气管镜在困难气道中的应用价值

气管内插管术是手术麻醉或急救时的一种主要方法。绝大多数患者气管插管顺利，但极少数患者由于各种原因致插管失败，可能影响手术或失去抢救时机。近年来，纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）用于困难气管插管，有助于解决这一难题。为评价纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管在困难气道中的应用价值，选择本院2002年4月-2006年12月在重症加强治疗病房（ICU）及手术室行纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管26例困难气道患者的资料，对其操作方法和结果进行分析，报告如下。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.