胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病

目的探讨早期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病的疗效。方法分析我院2006年1月至2007年12月短期应用胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者36例,以同期口服药物治疗的初诊2型糖尿病患者40例为对照。初诊时空腹血糖（FBG）〉11．1mmo]／L,分别观察治疗2个月后各纽空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛素水平、C肽水平变化情况。结果经短期胰岛素强化治疗后,FBG、PBG、HbA1c显著下降,空腹及餐后2h胰岛素水平、C肽水平,比对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论初诊2型糖尿病患者早期胰岛素强化治疗比口服药物治疗能更有效地控制血糖水平,降低高糖毒性,减轻胰岛素抵抗,使胰岛β细胞功能恢复,可能对延缓糖尿病自然病程的进程,预防糖尿病慢性并发症有积极的意义。     

胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病122例疗效分析

目的探讨胃转流术对2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果及机制。方法 122例行胃转流术的2型糖尿病患者,分析手术前、后空腹血糖、口服糖耐量、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹C肽、胰岛素刺激释放试验、体质量指数、饮食量变化及术后6个月糖尿病转归。结果术后1个月,患者体质量指数无明显变化,口服糖耐量及空腹C肽、胰岛素刺激释放试验结果较术前均有好转(P<0.05),糖化血红蛋白水平明显下降(P<0.05);手术前、后空腹胰岛素水平无明显变化(P>0.05);术后随访6个月,91例无需药物其血糖可控制在正常范围,26例明显好转;术后6个月治疗总有效率为95.9%。结论胃转流手术治疗2型糖尿病安全、有效。     

胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病103例疗效分析

【目的】探讨胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）的临床效果。【方法】选取2011年5月至2012年5月本院收治的T2DM患者103例，采用胃转流术治疗，比较手术前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、体质量指数（BMI）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）的变化。【结果1103例患者手术顺利，平均住院（12±3）d，无术后并发症发生。所有患者术后1周血糖即持续稳定下降，术后2周HOMA-IR较术前明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后1个月FPG及2hPG较术前明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。手术前后BMI无明显变化（P〉0．05）。【结论】胃转流术治疗T2DM可有效降低糖尿病患者HO—MA—IR，血糖水平显著降低且手术安全。     

胃转流手术对超重2型糖尿病患者血糖影响因素分析

【目的】观察胃转流手术影响超重2型糖尿病患者血糖是否与手术引起的体重减低有关。【方法】超重2型糖尿病患者饮食控制组（A组16例）和胃转流手术组（B组16例）。两组患者年龄，体重，身体质量指数，糖尿病病程和干预后体重减少无差异。B组术前及术后1个月，A组减重前及减重后分别口服75克葡萄糖测定空腹及2h血糖，胰岛素，C肽，胰高血糖素样肽（GLP）-1水平。比较两组之间的差异。【结果】与A组比较，B组空腹血糖及2h血糖降低，空腹及2hGLP-1增长。【结论】胃转流手术后，更多的GLP-1释放可能与降低血糖有关，而非单纯与手术引起的体重减少有关。     

2型糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症与胰岛素抵抗及血脂的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症与血糖、血压、血脂、胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 将286例2型糖尿病患者按有无合并心脑血管并发症进行分组，观察空腹血耱（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后胰岛素（PINS）、空腹C肽、餐后C肽及血脂水平，并计算胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI），分析这些参数与心脑血管并发症的关系。结果 2型糖尿病合并心脑血管并发症组患者年龄较大、血压较高，体质指数（BMI）、FINS、PINS、空腹及餐后C肽、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白E（ApoE）、IR均显著升高，ISI显著下降，与2型糖尿病无心脑血管并发症组相比，差异有显著性。而FBG、PBG、HbA1c、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、载脂蛋白A（ApoA）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）差异则无显著性。结论 胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、血压升高是2型糖尿病合并心脑血管并发症的危险因素，参与心脑血管并发症的发生发展。     

腹腔镜胃肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果及护理

目的：探讨腹腔镜胃肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果及护理。方法对24例2型糖尿病患者开展腹腔镜胃肠转流术。术前监测并控制血糖;术后定期测量患者血糖和身体指标,预防并发症、健康教育及出院随访。结果24例患者手术顺利,且术后恢复良好。与术前比较,术后体重、血糖、胰岛素用量、2 h血糖、患者空腹血糖含量、糖化血红蛋白均明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论采用腹腔镜胃肠转流术治疗2型糖尿病,效果显著且安全,术后护理的关键是血糖监测及并发症的预防。     

胃转流手术对2型糖尿病患者糖代谢的影响

目的:探讨胃转流手术对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者糖代谢的影响。方法:34例T2DM患者,行胃体横断、近端胃空肠毕Ⅱ式吻合转流术(简称胃转流术),观察患者术前及术后3、6、12个月血糖、胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数变化、血清脂联素及瘦素水平变化。结果:患者术后3个月血糖水平下降,胰岛素水平上升,胰岛素抵抗指数下降,术后6及12个月血糖水平及胰岛素抵抗指数进一步下降,胰岛素水平较术后3个月无明显变化。患者术后6个月脂联素水平升高,瘦素水下降,伴随术后时间延长,脂联素及瘦素水平变化更为显著。结论:胃转流手术能够减轻T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖,其可能通过降低脂联素及瘦素表达发挥作用。     

多项指标联合检测评估胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病的短期疗效

目的对25例2型糖尿病患者实施胃转流手术后的临床疗效进行观察分析。方法分析25例糖尿病患者实施胃转流术前,以及术后1、3、6个月空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、体质量指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、三酰甘油、胆固醇的变化。结果 26例糖尿病患者实施胃转流术后6个月,21例患者均发生胃转流术的术后并发症,术后3个月内停用各种降糖药物者11例,术后1例患者服用二甲双胍缓释片,1例使用小剂量的胰岛素控制血糖,但降糖药用量与术前相比明显减少。25例糖尿病患者实施胃转流手术后的治愈率达90.9%,手术治疗糖尿病的总体有效率为90.9%。结论经严格选择手术适应证,实施胃转流手术治疗糖尿病是切实可行的。     

腹腔镜下胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病患者的围术期护理

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者行腹腔镜下胃转流术的围术期护理。方法对16例2型糖尿病行腹腔镜下胃转流术的患者进行术前综合评估,给予心理疏导,严格监测并控制血糖,指导合理膳食;术后密切关注患者心肺功能,监测血糖,加强胃肠减压护理,给予合理的营养支持,观察、预防并发症的发生,同时注重出院饮食指导及健康随访。结果16例患者手术均顺利进行,术后1,3,6,12个月复查糖尿病相关指标（C-肽、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、餐后血糖等）均降至正常;糖尿病相关并发症均有不同程度缓解甚至治愈。结论对2型糖尿病行腹腔镜下胃转流术患者给予精心围术期护理,减少术后并发症的发生,促进术后快速恢复,是手术顺利进行和患者康复的有力保障。     

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗2型糖尿病围手术期的护理

目的 探讨腹腔镜Roux‐en‐Y胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病的术后效果及护理措施。方法 回归性分析2011年5月～2013年5月吉林大学中日联谊医院行腹腔镜Roux‐en‐Y胃转流术的44例2型糖尿病患者的临床护理资料。结果 44例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜Ro ux‐en‐Y胃转流术，术后均未出现其他并发症，术后2型糖尿病治愈率达95．2％。无论术前患者是否肥胖，血糖及其并发症均有明显改变。术后2周停止使用降糖药物并不再限制饮食。术后1年（截至20013年4月）随访27例，按糖尿病诊断标准做葡萄糖耐量试验、胰岛素抵抗及糖化血红蛋白，均提示糖尿病治愈。所有患者末再出现新的糖尿病并发症，也未发现营养不良等。结论 腹腔镜Roux‐en‐Y胃转流术是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法，术后细心有效的护理对患者的治疗效果也至关重要。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.