内镜下钛夹和(或)尼龙圈套辅助电切术治疗大肠有蒂巨大息肉的临床应用

目的评价内镜下钛夹、尼龙圈套辅助高频电切术治疗大肠有蒂巨大息肉的效果及安全性。方法对41例患者共43枚大肠有蒂巨大息肉分别采用内镜下钛夹和(或)尼龙圈套辅助电切术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 43枚巨大息肉中,结肠26枚,直肠17枚。其中14枚息肉采用尼龙圈套+高频电切术治疗,24枚息肉采用钛夹+高频电切术治疗,5枚息肉采用尼龙圈套+钛夹+高频电切术治疗,均未出现穿孔,术中出血1例;术后迟发性出血2例,急诊内镜下加用钛夹止血成功,无其它并发症发生。结论采用金属钛夹、尼龙圈套辅助高频电切术,能有效预防大肠有蒂巨大息肉切除术中和术后出血,是大肠有蒂巨大息肉内镜下治疗安全有效的联合治疗技术。     

尼龙圈套扎或金属夹联合高频电切治疗结直肠大息肉的疗效观察

【目的】评价尼龙圈套扎或金属夹联合高频电切治疗结直肠大息肉的疗效,以提高结直肠大息肉内镜治疗的成功率。【方法】本院消化科2007年6月至2010年6月收治的结直肠大息肉患者50例,在内镜下应用尼龙圈套扎或金属夹联合高频电切治疗息肉。[结果]50例患者的64枚息肉均顺利切除,无穿孔及出血等并发症。【结论】尼龙圈套扎或金属夹联合高频电切治疗结直肠大息肉安全有效,可有效预防术后出血或穿孔并发症。     

内镜下钛夹和（或）尼龙圈套联合电切术治疗大肠有蒂巨大息肉的护理

[目的]探讨内镜下钛夹、尼龙圈套联合高频电切术治疗大肠有蒂巨大息肉围术期护理的重要性。[方法]对41例病人共43枚大肠有蒂巨大息肉分别采用内镜下钛夹和（或）尼龙圈套联合电切术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。总结术前、术中、术后护理要点及注意事项。[结果]43枚巨大息肉中,其中14枚息肉采用尼龙圈套＋高频电切术治疗,24枚息肉采用钛夹＋高频电切术治疗,5枚息肉采用尼龙圈套＋钛夹＋高频电切术治疗,均未出现穿孔,术中出血1例;术后迟发性出血2例,急诊内镜下加用钛夹止血成功,无其他并发症发生。[结论]采用金属钛夹、尼龙圈套联合高频电切大肠有蒂巨大息肉是一种安全、有效的微创手术方式。术前的充分准备、术中医护的默契配合、术后的仔细观察和护理可降低该类病人的手术风险、避免出血、穿孔、感染等手术并发症的发生。     

内镜下治疗老年结肠大息肉78例临床分析

目的 探讨在内镜下尼龙圈套扎联合高频电切除治疗结肠巨大息肉的应用价值及安全性.方法 该院于2004年6月～2009年12月对78例老年患者共106枚直径在2.5～3.5 cm的结肠息肉行内镜下尼龙圈套扎后联合高频电切治疗,其中腺瘤性息肉56枚,占52.8%;灶性癌变2枚,占1.9%;炎性息肉34枚,占32.1%,增生性息肉14枚,占13.2%.结果 106枚大息肉在尼龙圈套扎的同时联合高频电凝切除,残端均干燥无渗血,标本顺利回收,无1例发生出血或穿孔.结论 尼龙圈套扎联合高频电凝切除术治疗老年结肠大息肉疗效肯定,方法安全、可靠,可优势互补,此方法也可用于患有其他疾病不能耐受手术者.     

尼龙绳在大肠息肉治疗中的应用体会

目的探讨尼龙圈套扎在内镜下大肠宽基底或粗蒂息肉治疗中对其并发症如出血和穿孔发生的预防作用。方法采用内镜下单纯尼龙圈套扎治疗大肠宽基底或粗蒂息肉3例，尼龙圈套扎联合高频电凝切除治疗15例。结果3例行单纯尼龙圈套扎3枚息肉，均一次性套扎成功，术后1～3周复查息肉均完全脱落消失；尼龙圈套扎联合高频电凝切除15例中无1例发生出血或穿孔，术后复查残蒂或残端脱落消失，创面愈合良好。结论对蒂部血管较粗的粗蒂或宽基底且直径2cm以上的息肉，采用或联合尼龙圈套扎治疗可有效预防和降低出血或穿孔的发生率。可提高高频电凝切除术的成功率和安全系数。     

钛夹及尼龙绳对预防大肠巨大有蒂息肉高频电凝切除术出血的临床研究

目地 评价钛夹及尼龙绳对预防大肠有蒂巨大息肉高频电凝切除术出血的临床效果.方法 对54例患者共87枚大肠有蒂巨大息肉行肠镜下高频电凝切除术时根据息肉形态及特点分别在切除前或切除后联合钛夹或尼龙绳预防术中及术后出血.结果 在87枚大肠有蒂巨大息肉中,59枚息肉电切后以钛夹钳闭残端;28枚息肉在根部行尼龙绳结扎,23枚息肉结扎后行全瘤高频电切除治疗,5枚息肉结扎后行息肉部分切除送检.全部病变在术中无出血发生,4例(4.6％)发生术后迟发性出血.急诊肠镜下3例经钛夹止血成功;1例(1.1％)经肠镜止血治疗无效,转外科手术治疗.结论 为预防大肠有蒂巨大息肉高频电切时出血,可根据息肉的形态、根蒂的长短及粗细,采用尼龙圈套或金属肽夹进行辅助治疗.     

尼龙圈套扎后电切除结肠-直肠大息肉的体会

目的比较尼龙圈套扎和息肉基底部黏膜下层注射生理盐水溶液后再行高频电切除息肉并发症的发生率，探讨尼龙圈套扎治疗大息肉的临床应用价值。方法选择息肉直径≥2cm的长蒂粗蒂或亚蒂的宽基结肠-直肠大息肉28例，尼龙圈套扎组16例，息肉蒂基底部黏膜下层注射组12例，近期随访8例。结果16例尼龙圈套扎后电切组无并发症发生，12例黏膜下层注射后电切组1例患者术中出现即刻出血，1例术后（8h后）出现迟发出血。结论肠镜下行尼龙圈套扎后电凝电切除结肠-直肠大息肉操作简便，能有效地预防术中即刻出血和术后迟发出血，较黏膜下层注射更具有安全性。     

金属夹结扎术在高频电凝切除结肠巨大息肉中的应用与护理配合

目的 探讨金属夹结扎术在高频电凝切除结肠巨大息肉中的应用价值及其护理配合措施.方法 回顾性分析内镜治疗结肠巨大息肉78例临床资料,以高频电为主体,配合活检钳、圈套器、黏膜下注射等技术,应用Olympus PSD-30型高频电发生器电切结肠息肉前后,运用Olympus HX-1100R推送器,选用HX-610-135金属夹进行结扎术32例为观察组,单纯应用高频电切术46例为对照组.结果 观察组32例结肠巨大息肉均一次性成功切除,残蒂规整,术后无迟发性大出血及肠穿孔,随访22例,使用多枚金属夹5例,1周后行结肠镜复查,金属夹基本脱落,3个月后常规复查结肠镜,创面已愈合或瘢痕改变,无溃疡形成,金属夹全部已脱落排出肠道;对照组46例术中、术后不同程度出血8例,息肉切除后综合征3例,两组无肠穿孔病例.结论 内镜下金属夹结扎联合高频电切除术治疗结肠巨大息肉疗效确切,能有效预防术中、术后出血,可代替传统的外科手术,而术前细致准备、术中周密配合、术后预见性观察及护理措施是治疗获得成功的保证.     

金属钛夹在消化道息肉高频电凝电切术的应用评价

目的 探讨金属钛夹在消化道息肉高频电凝电切术中的应用价值与安全性评价.方法 2009年6月至2011年6月对253例直径大于0.5 cm的消化道息肉患者进行金属钛夹联合高频电凝电切术治疗.对于山田Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型息肉先用钛夹钳夹蒂根部后进行高频电凝电切术,对于山田Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型息肉先进行黏膜下注射,息肉隆起后行高频电凝电切术,再用钛夹夹闭创面.结果 253例共312枚息肉,切除307枚,使用钛夹344枚,成功率98.4％.所有病例术中、术后未见出血及穿孔等并发症.结论 对消化道息肉应用金属钛夹联合高频电凝电切术是一种操作简便、安全性高、疗效好的治疗方法,可以有效防止出血、穿孔等并发症的发生.     

金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除术治疗消化道息肉的疗效分析

目的:探讨金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除治疗消化道息肉的疗效。方法:在内镜下应用金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除术治疗179例消化道息肉患者。术后内镜随访,评价治疗的安全性及有效性。结果:共成功切除216枚消化道息肉,息肉直径0.8～3.0cm,平均直径2.1 cm;成功切除率100%;无患者发生术中出血,1例(0.5%)患者发生术中穿孔;5例(2.7%)患者术后2周内发生迟发出血,再次内镜下治疗均成功止血。术后病理结果显示,腺瘤性息肉是最多见病变,其中2例为息肉癌变。术后随访中6例患者息肉残蒂存留,再次予以内镜下切除。结论:内镜下应用金属夹联合高频电凝切除消化道息肉能显著降低术后出血的风险。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.