Tomita评分及改良Tokuhashi评分对脊柱转移瘤手术患者生存期预测的准确性

目的:分析Tomita评分及改良Tokuhashi评分对脊柱转移瘤手术患者生存期预测的准确性.方法:回顾性分析我院2010年3月～2019年7月因脊柱转移瘤行初次手术治疗患者的临床资料,纳入末次随访前已去世或随访时间≥12个月的患者.通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析和log-rank检验,分析患者整体样本及常见的五...     

肺癌脊柱转移瘤的手术疗效分析

目的探讨肺癌脊柱转移瘤的手术治疗效果。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年5月在浙江大学附属第二医院骨肿瘤中心及浙江省嘉兴市第二医院骨科住院治疗且病理诊断明确的肺癌脊柱转移瘤患者72例。其中男性48例（66.7%）,女性24例（33.3%）,平均年龄（61±4）岁,39例（54.2%）术前生存期评分为6分,27例（37.5%）7分,6例（8.3%）8分。随访并比较患者手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）及Frankel分级变化情况,评价手术疗效。 结果65例患者获得满意随访（90.2%）。随访时间6~12个月,平均（8.5±1.6）个月,VAS评分由术前（5.9±1.1）分降至术后（2.7±1.2）分,差异有统计学意义（t=21.24,P<0.05）。术后Frankel分级明显改善,差异有统计学意义（Z=-4.978,P<0.05）,42例术前有神经功能障碍者5例未恢复,37例部分恢复,差异有统计学意义（Z=-4.978,P<0.05）。 结论手术治疗肺癌脊柱转移瘤可有效缓解患者疼痛程度,改善神经功能。     

脊柱转移瘤病椎切除及稳定性重建

目的 探讨脊柱转移瘤切除、融合及稳定性重建在治疗转移性脊柱肿瘤中的必要性和可行性.方法 2002年6月-2007年8月对11例脊柱转移瘤患者行前路病椎切除自体髂骨植骨钛板内固定术或联合后路椎板切除减压术治疗,随访观察患者术后局部疼痛缓解,脊髓神经功能恢复及脊柱稳定性情况.结果 术后颈肩腰背痛及放射痛基本缓解,早期开始肢体功能锻炼,术后3～5周佩戴支具离床活动.随访5个月～2年,患者神经压迫症状明显改善.内固定物无松动、断钉现象,椎体尤塌陷结论前路手术切除病变椎体并自体髂骨植骨前路钛板内固定重建脊柱稳定性或联合后路椎板切除减压治疗脊柱转移瘤是可行性的,可提高患者生存期内的生活质量.     

脊柱转移瘤外科诊断治疗的现状与进展

转移是恶性肿瘤最重要的特性之一，约70％的癌症患者出现不同部位的转移。脊柱是骨转移最常见的部位，据统计转移至脊椎的恶性肿瘤仅次于肺和肝脏，居第3位。研究表明约有40％以上死于恶性肿瘤的患者发生脊柱转移。脊柱转移瘤以胸椎多见，其次为腰椎。最容易发生脊柱转移的恶性肿瘤为：乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、宫颈癌、肾癌、甲状腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、直肠癌等，其中乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌最为多见。转移的主要途径为血行播散，少数为淋巴转移。     

脊柱转移瘤手术治疗的生活质量随访

目的 从生活质量及肿瘤学预后方面探讨外科手术对脊柱转移瘤的治疗价值.方法 2004年3月～2009年1月,对36例行前路或后路减压内固定术的脊柱转移瘤患者进行随访,手术前后的生活质量应用埃德蒙顿症状评估量表(Edmonto symptom assessment scale,ESAS)进行评定.结果 截至2009年7月...     

经后路内固定结合125I置入治疗脊柱转移瘤

目的:探讨经后路内同定结合放射性粒子~(125)I置入近距离照射治疗脊柱转移瘤的近期效果.方法:2004年7月～2008年3月收治17例脊柱转移肿瘤致脊柱不稳伴顽固性腰背部疼痛或神经根性疼痛不宜行肿瘤切除的患者,先经后路脊柱内固定系统重建脊柱稳定性.再在C型臂X线机监视下置入~(125)I粒子近距离照射.随访观察治疗效果.结果:随访7～39个月,平均21.3个月.术后3～26d起效,12例疼痛缓解(VAS评分<20mm),3例减轻(VAS评分20-40ram),2例无改善.11例有神经功能损害的患者8例明显改善,2例无改善,1例加重.2例分别于术后7个月、8个月死于肝脏衰竭,1例于术后15个月死于多器官衰竭,其余14例患者末次随访时仍存活.5例复查肿瘤生长得到抑制,无再发椎体转移.结论:对于转移瘤致脊柱不稳定,有顽同性疼痛又不宜行肿瘤切除者,经后路椎弓根钉系统重建脊柱稳定性同时置入放射性粒子近距离照射治疗可以缓解疼痛、延缓肿瘤生长,同时避免脊柱的稳定性丧失.     

脊柱转移瘤预后评分系统的研究进展

脊柱转移瘤是恶性肿瘤最常见的并发症之一,通常表现为局部疼痛、脊柱不稳、椎体病理性骨折、脊髓和神经受压,引起神经功能障碍或瘫痪,严重影响患者生存质量,加速死亡进程。随着癌症发病率提高和人口老龄化,脊柱转移瘤发生率越来越高,近70%的晚期癌症患者会发生脊柱转移。随着医疗水平的提高,脊柱转移瘤患者生存率在过去十年中也有了很大的提高,但是有术后并发症的脊柱转移瘤患者数量也在增加,这就需要选择合适的治疗方式来提高脊柱转移瘤患者的生活质量。因此,一个合适、权威和完善的预后评分系统对治疗方式的选择、病情评估及预后判断都有重要的价值。笔者就目前国内外常见脊柱转移瘤预后评分系统及其临床应用的研究进展进行综述,评估优缺点及准确性,为脊柱转移瘤的临床治疗提供参考依据。     

脊柱转移瘤481例的流行病学分析

目的 :总结分析脊柱转移瘤的发病特点和临床特征。方法 :对国内3家医院(天津医院、河北医科大学附属第三医院、济南军区总医院)2007年1月~2016年12月所有脊柱转移瘤患者的人口学特征、原发灶来源、侵犯部位、临床症状及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:经临床、影像和病理检查确诊为脊柱转移瘤且医疗资料收录完整。排除标准:仅有临床、影像证据,无明确病理诊断者;不能明确排除脊柱原发肿瘤、结核、退行性病变可能的病例。对复发病例按单例计算。结果:481例脊柱转移瘤患者符合纳入标准,其中男287例(59.7%),女194例(40.3%);发病年龄18~86岁,中位年龄60.0岁,以50~69岁为高发年龄,平均59.2±11.1岁,男性平均发病年龄59.6±11.5岁,女性平均发病年龄58.5±10.5岁,差异无统计学意义(t=0.277,P0.05)。原发肿瘤为肺癌181例,肾癌40例,女性乳腺癌29例,肝癌25例,胃肠肿瘤23例,前列腺癌20例,甲状腺癌、食管癌等肿瘤病例数均小于20例(共70例),来源不明的肿瘤93例;单纯侵及颈椎37例,胸椎135例,腰椎130例,骶椎42例,跨节段(同时累及颈、胸、腰、骶两个及以上节段)的患者137例;就诊时,出现脊髓受压症状及脊柱转移部位局部疼痛的患者281例,单纯脊柱转移部位疼痛128例,只有脊髓受压症状33例,无转移部位症状而在体检中发现脊柱转移39例;有原发肿瘤病史者75例。手术治疗314例,其中266例行开放性手术,48例行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)或经皮球囊扩张椎体成形术(PKP);保守治疗167例,应用磷酸盐等抗骨质破坏药物、放射性核素治疗、放疗及止痛、全身营养支持等对症治疗。结论:脊柱转移瘤患者中男性多于女性,发病高峰为50~69岁。患者多因脊柱转移病变所致症状就诊,有明确原发肿瘤病史者较少。原发灶多为上皮或腺体来源的脏器肿瘤,尤以肺癌多见,间叶组织来源的肿瘤较少。常见侵袭部位为胸椎、腰椎,临床上以缓解症状、延缓病情发展等姑息性治疗方法为主。     

术中射频消融后病灶刮除治疗脊柱转移瘤

目的:探讨术中射频消融(RFA)后再行病灶刮除术治疗脊柱转移瘤的可行性及疗效.方法:2004年～2006年,对11例脊柱转移瘤患者术中实施RFA后再行病灶刮除术,将FRA前后病灶标本进行光镜和电镜病理检查,随访患者疼痛缓解情况及肿瘤复发情况.结果:术中未出现脊髓和神经根损伤,RFA后瘤组织固缩,刮除顺利,出血量350～3800ml,平均1024.5ml.全部病例得到6个月以上随访,平均9.8个月,全部患者生存期超过6个月,VAS评分术前平均5.8分,术后6个月时平均1.9分.1例出现局部肿瘤复发.RFA前的标本光、电镜检查均未见肿瘤组织坏死.RFA后光镜检查3例无明显坏死,9例肿瘤细胞完全坏死:电镜检查10例肿瘤细胞完全坏死,1例肿瘤细胞部分坏死,1例无明显坏死.结论:术中RFA后再行病灶刮除治疗脊柱转移瘤安全可行,有利于肿瘤的刮除,减少局部复发的风险.     

射频消融联合微创椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤

[目的]探讨经皮多电极射频消融联合球囊扩张椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤的手术方法及疗效.[方法]对25例患者共62个椎体行经皮多电极射频消融及球囊扩张椎体成形术,主要原发瘤包括肺癌10例,肾癌5例,乳腺癌5例,其他肿瘤5例,全部患者均有腰背痛症状,不伴有脊髓压迫症状.术后平均随访通过VAS评分法比较手术前后症状缓解程度.[结果]全部患者于术后48 h内疼痛明显缓解.1例出现骨水泥外漏,但无临床症状.所有病例获得完整随访,术后平均随访24个月,疼痛较术前明显缓解,均无椎体进一步压缩、腰椎滑脱改变,优良率为96％.[结论]经皮多电极射频消融联合球囊扩张椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤创伤小,明显缓解疼痛,显著提高患者的生存质量.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.