A Model to Approximate Lake Temperature from Gridded Daily Air Temperature Records and Its Application in Risk Assessment for the Establishment of Fish Diseases in the UK

Ambient water temperature is a key factor controlling the distribution and impact of disease in fish populations, and optimum temperature ranges have been characterised for the establishment of a number important aquatic diseases exotic to the UK. This study presents a simple regression method to approximate daily average surface water temperature in lakes of 0.5–15 ha in size across the UK using 5 km² gridded daily average air temperatures provided by the UK Meteorological Office. A Geographic information system (GIS) is used to present thematic maps of relative risk scores established for each grid cell based on the mean number of days per year that water temperature satisfied optimal criteria for the establishment of two economically important pathogens of cyprinid fish (koi herpesvirus (KHV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV)) and the distribution and density of fish populations susceptible to these viruses. High‐density susceptible populations broadly overlap the areas where the temperature profiles are optimal for KHV (central and south‐east England); however, few fish populations occur in areas where temperature profiles are most likely to result in the establishment of spring viremia of carp (SVC) (namely northern England and Scotland). The highest grid‐cell risk scores for KHV and SVC were 7 and 6, respectively, out of a maximum score of 14. The proportion of grid cells containing susceptible populations with risk scores of 5 or more was 37% and 5% for KHV and SVC, respectively. This work demonstrates a risk‐based approach to inform surveillance for exotic pathogens in aquatic animal health management, allowing efficient use of resources directed towards higher risk animals and geographic areas for early disease detection. The methodology could be used to examine the change in distribution of high‐risk areas for both exotic and endemic fish diseases under different climate change scenarios.     

腹腔感染病原菌分布与细菌耐药性监测研究（附310例报告）

目的 分析腹腔感染病人腹腔引流液中病原菌布及其耐药性。方法 收集2012年1月至2014年12月大连医科大学附属第一医院收治的310例腹腔感染病人的腹腔引流液标本,对其进行细菌鉴定及耐药分析,分析病原菌分布与细菌耐药性变化。结果 腹腔引流液标本分离出病原菌578株,其中革兰阴性菌377株（65.2%）,革兰阳性菌156株（27.0%）,真菌45株（7.8%）;3年总分离数量最高的前5位病原菌为大肠埃希菌（19.6%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（11.4%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（10.2%）、屎肠球菌（8.1%）、铜绿假单胞菌（7.3%）;屎肠球菌对多数被测药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,对氨苄青霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、红霉素耐药率均>80%,葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、氯霉素的敏感率>90.0%,3年均未发现耐万古霉素及利奈唑胺的革兰阳性菌;肠杆菌科细菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶的检出率>55.0%,对碳青霉烯类药物、阿米卡星、β-内酰胺类联合酶抑制剂敏感率较高,对三代头孢菌素耐药严重,碳青霉烯类耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的检出率呈逐年上升趋势;鲍曼不动杆菌除对米诺环素（11.9%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（37.3%）耐药率较低外,对其他测试药物耐药率均>60.0%,其中对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率>70.0%,对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟耐药率>80.0%,对庆大霉素耐药率>90.0%,而铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类药物、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率低于鲍曼不动杆菌。结论 腹腔感染病人腹腔引流液病原菌以肠杆菌科为主,非发酵菌所占比例亦较高,部分细菌耐药率有逐年升高趋势,应严密监测以指导合理使用抗菌药物。     

四价流感病毒亚单位疫苗的制备和检定

目的建立四价流感病毒亚单位疫苗制备方法。 方法将4株毒种分别接种于9～11日龄的健康鸡胚尿囊腔中,在33～35 ℃培养箱培养48～72 h后,冷胚处理,收获尿囊液,经澄清、病毒灭活、裂解和纯化,除菌过滤制成单价疫苗原液;利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法,分析有效成分及纯度。将收获的4种单价疫苗原液进行混配,制成四价流感病毒亚单位疫苗。最终按《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版对成品疫苗进行全面检定。 结果成功制备出四价流感病毒亚单位疫苗,其有效成分血凝素含量占总蛋白比例为91.4%。4种疫苗株血凝素含量分别为H1N1：30 μg/ml、H3N2：34 μg/ml、B1：36 μg/ml、B2：30 μg/ml,对成品的检定完全合格。 结论本研究所制备的四价流感亚单位疫苗符合生产和检定规程要求。     

First Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry in Spain

In October 2009, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was isolated for the first time in poultry in Spain. Sequencing analysis revealed that it was an H7N7 HPAIV. The progenitors of H7 HPAIV strains involved in recent European poultry outbreaks were simultaneously circulating in wild birds. The infected Spanish farm is located close to a reservoir abundant in wild birds. Epidemiological investigation found no links to other poultry holdings and those located in the control area were negative for AIV. Previous spatial risk analyses had identified the area where the infected holding is located to beat high relative risk for the introduction and presence of H5N1 HPAIV by wild birds. We suggest a risk‐based surveillance scheme that targets smaller geographical units but maintains the number of wild birds being sampled, as early detection of potentially pathogenic AIV is crucial in preventing spread to poultry.     

Small Variations Between Species/Subtypes Attributed to Reassortment Evidenced from Polymerase Basic Protein 1 with Other Seven Proteins from Influenza A Virus

This is a continuation of our studies previously published in this journal to use data analysis to explore why the reassortment of genetic segments from different host species and from different subtypes of influenza A viruses occurred frequently, which was considered the main reason for the generation of new strains. Of eleven proteins from influenza A virus, we have studied seven proteins in our previous studies. To get a full picture, 2352 polymerase basic proteins 1 from influenza A viruses were analysed. The results showed that the variations between host species/subtypes are smaller than those within host species/subtype. In combination with the results obtained from hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, matrix proteins 1 and 2, polymerase acidic protein and polymerase basic proteins 1 and 2, the results suggested that the predisposition to reassortment of genetic segments of influenza A virus from different host species and subtypes was mainly because of the small variations between the virus isolates.