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1.
《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2018,65(2):e231-e242
Tick‐borne diseases are considered a major hindrance to the health and productive performance of cattle in Bangladesh. To elucidate the epidemiology of tick‐borne pathogens (TBP s) in local cattle, a cross‐sectional study was performed in the 12 subdistricts (Upazilas) of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Blood samples and ticks were collected from 384 clinically healthy cattle kept by 135 farmers from 96 randomly selected villages. DNA extracted from the blood samples was subsequently screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) and a Reverse Line Blot (RLB ) hybridization assay using an in‐house prepared chemiluminescence solution for the presence of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Babesia and Theileria spp. A total of 2,287 ticks were collected from 232 infested cattle (60.4%, 232/384) and identified morphologically as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (n = 1,432, 62.6%) and Haemaphysalis bispinosa (n = 855; 37.4%). The RLB results demonstrated that the majority of the cattle (62.2%) were infected with at least one TBP . Theileria orientalis infections were most common (212/384, 55.2%) followed by infections with Anaplasma bovis (137/384, 35.67%), Anaplasma marginale (16/384, 4.17%), Babesia bigemina (4/384, 1.04%) and Babesia bovis (2/384, 0.52%). A previously uncharacterized Anaplasma sp. (Anaplasma sp. Mymensingh) and Babesia sp. (Babesia sp. Mymensingh), which are genetically closely related to Anaplasma platys and B. bigemina , were detected in 50 of 384 (13.0%) and 1 of 384 (0.3%) of the blood samples, respectively. Key risk factors for the occurrence of T. orientalis , A. marginale and Anaplasma sp. Mymensingh were identified. In conclusion, this study revealed that cattle in Mymensingh district are mainly infested with R. microplus and H. bispinosa ticks and may carry multiple TBP s. In addition, two previously uncharacterized pathogens were detected in the bovine blood samples. The pathogenicity of these species remains to be determined. 相似文献
2.
Melina M. Ojeda‐Chi Roger Ivan Rodriguez‐Vivas Maria D. Esteve‐Gasent Adalberto A. Prez de Len Joseph J. Modarelli Sandra L. Villegas‐Perez 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2019,66(1):102-110
Rickettsial infection in dog‐associated ticks in three rural communities of Yucatan, Mexico was investigated using qPCR and nested PCR assays. A total of 319 dogs were studied and ticks samples were collected. A total of 170 dogs were infested with ticks (frequency of 53.4%). Overall, 1,380 ticks representing seven species were collected: Amblyomma mixtum, A. ovale, A. parvum, A. cf. oblongoguttatum, Ixodes affinis, Rhipicephalus microplus, and R. sanguineus sensu lato. The most abundant species was R. sanguineus s.l. with a mean intensity of 7.4 ticks/host. Dogs in the communities of Chan San Antonio and Yaxcheku were 2.84 and 2.41 times more likely to be infected with R. sanguineus compared with Sucopo (p < 0.05). Adult pools of A. mixtum, A. parvum, I. affinis, R. microplus, and A. c.f. oblongoguttatum were negative to E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, A. phagocytophilum, and R. rickettsii. However, pools of R. sanguineus s.l. adults and A. ovale adults, as well as nymphs of Amblyomma spp. were positive to E. canis. Sequencing analysis of the nested PCR products amplifying the 16S rRNA gene fragment of E. canis confirmed the results and revealed 100% identity with sequences of E. canis. This is the first report worldwide of E. canis infection in A. ovale by PCR. This finding does not necessarily indicate that A. ovale is a competent vector of E. canis because pathogen transmission of this specific tick to a naïve dog remains to be documented. This study documented that different tick species parasitize dogs in Yucatan, Mexico, where R. sanguineus s.l., A. ovale, and nymphs of Amblyomma spp. were shown to be infected with E. canis. These findings highlight the need for control strategies against tick infestations in dogs to prevent the risk of tick‐borne disease transmission among companion animal and probably human populations. 相似文献
3.
Sbastien Grech‐Angelini Frdric Stachurski Muriel Vayssier‐Taussat Elodie Devillers Franois Casabianca Renaud Lancelot Gerrit Uilenberg Sara Moutailler 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2020,67(2):745-757
Corsica is a mountainous French island in the north‐west of the Mediterranean Sea presenting a large diversity of natural environments where many interactions between humans, domestic animals and wild fauna occur. Despite this favourable context, tick‐borne pathogens (TBPs) have not systematically been investigated. In this study, a large number of TBPs were screened in ticks collected over a period of one year from domestic and wild hosts in Corsica. More than 1,500 ticks belonging to nine species and five genera (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Dermacentor, Ixodes and Haemaphysalis) were analysed individually or pooled (by species, gender, host and locality). A real‐time microfluidic PCR was used for high‐throughput screening of TBP DNA. This advanced methodology enabled the simultaneous detection of 29 bacterial and 12 parasitic species (including Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Bartonella, Candidatus Neoehrlichia, Coxiella, Francisella, Babesia and Theileria). The Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus was investigated individually in tick species known to be vectors or carriers of this virus. In almost half of the tick pools (48%), DNA from at least one pathogen was detected and eleven species of TBPs from six genera were reported. TBPs were found in ticks from all collected hosts and were present in more than 80% of the investigated area. The detection of DNA of certain species confirmed the previous identification of these pathogens in Corsica, such as Rickettsia aeschlimannii (23% of pools), Rickettsia slovaca (5%), Anaplasma marginale (4%) and Theileria equi (0.4%), but most TBP DNA identified had not previously been reported in Corsican ticks. This included Anaplasma phagocytophilum (16%), Rickettsia helvetica (1%), Borrelia afzelii (0.7%), Borrelia miyamotoi (1%), Bartonella henselae (2%), Babesia bigemina (2%) and Babesia ovis (0.5%). The high tick infection rate and the diversity of TBPs reported in this study highlight the probable role of animals as reservoir hosts of zoonotic pathogens and human exposure to TBPs in Corsica. 相似文献
4.
Sndor Szekeres Arieke Docters van Leeuwen Evelin Tth Gbor Majoros Hein Sprong Gbor Fldvri 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2019,66(1):i-i
Small‐ and medium‐sized mammals play an important role in the life cycle of tick‐borne pathogens in urban habitats. Our aim was to apply the general protocol, DAMA (documentation–assessment–monitoring–action), which is an integrated proposal to build a proactive capacity to understand, anticipate, and respond to the outcomes of accelerating environmental change. Here we tested whether road‐killed carcasses in urban areas are useful sources of tissue and parasite samples to investigate these species’ contribution to the epidemiology of vector‐borne diseases. We collected 29 road‐killed and 6 carcasses with different causes of mortality (23 northern white‐breasted hedgehogs and 12 from seven other mammal species) mainly from Budapest, Hungary. We used quantitative and conventional PCRs to determine pathogens in 90 collected tissues (52 from hedgehogs; 38 from other species) and 417 ticks that were only found on hedgehogs. Tissue samples revealed a wide range of bacteria including human zoonotic pathogens identified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotype I, Borrelia afzelii, B. spielmanii, Borrelia miyamotoi, Rickettsia helvetica, and Bartonella species. Among the 23 collected hedgehog carcasses, 17 (74%) were infected with A. phagocytophilum, 6 (26%) with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., 12 (52%) with R. helvetica, and 15 (65%) with Rickettsia sp. Furthermore, we report the first detection of Rickettsia sp. infection in European moles and lesser weasel and R. helvetica in stone marten. Through sequencing B. afzelii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis and A. phagocytophilum ecotype I were identified in the ticks removed from the carcasses. We showed that road‐killed urban mammal species are exposed to multiple tick‐borne pathogens but further studies have to clarify whether they, in fact, also have a role in their maintenance and spread. Our study also demonstrates that roadkill can be used in the risk assessment of potential human infection and in the implementation of the DAMA protocol. 相似文献
5.
Timon Fischer Mungunbariya Myalkhaa Jürgen Krücken Gonchigoo Battsetseg Zayat Batsukh Maximilian P. O. Baumann Peter‐Henning Clausen Ard M. Nijhof 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2020,67(Z2):111-118
Recent studies reported the detection of DNA from tick‐borne pathogens (TBPs) of veterinary relevance such as Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Theileria orientalis in bovine blood samples from Mongolia. These findings were unexpected, as the known tick vectors of these pathogens are not known to occur in Mongolia. We therefore conducted a study in May and June 2013 in six districts of Khentii province where DNA of the said TBPs was previously found. Ticks collected from the vegetation and rodents, as well as blood samples from cattle, were screened for the presence of TBPs by reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization. Tick larvae collected from rodents were pooled. A total of 310 adult ticks were collected from the vegetation, and 249 tick larvae were collected from 24 rodents. Adult ticks (n = 2,318) and blood samples were collected from 481 heads of cattle. All adult ticks were identified as Dermacentor nuttalli. DNA from Rickettsia raoultii (252/310; 81.3%), an uncharacterized Anaplasma species preliminary named Anaplasma sp. Mongolia (26/310; 8.4%), Candidatus Midichloria sp. (18/310; 5.8%), Theileria equi (16/310; 5.2%), Babesia caballi (5/310; 1.6%), T. orientalis (1/310; 0.3%), Borrelia afzelii (1/310; 0.3%) and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (1/310; 0.3%) was detected in ticks collected from the vegetation. DNA of R. raoultii (27/28; 96.4%) and Midichloria sp. (2/28; 7.1%) was detected in the pooled tick larvae. Anaplasma sp. Mongolia, a species related to Anaplasma ovis based on a multi‐locus analysis, was also detected in 153/481 (31.8%) of the bovine blood samples. DNA of B. bovis, B. bigemina and A. marginale was not detected in the ticks or bovine blood samples from Khentii district. 相似文献
6.
Filipa Dias Joana Couto Joana Ferrolho Gustavo S. Seron Lesley Bell‐Sakyi Sandra Antunes Ana Domingos 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2020,67(Z2):94-99
Folate pathways components were demonstrated to be present in RNA‐sequencing data obtained from uninfected and pathogen‐infected Rhipicephalus ticks. Here, PCR and qPCR allowed the identification of folate‐related genes in Rhipicephalus spp. ticks and in the tick cell line IDE8. Genes coding for GTP cyclohydrolase I (gch‐I), thymidylate synthase (ts) and 6‐pyrovoyltetrahydropterin (ptps) were identified. Differential gene expression was evaluated by qPCR between uninfected and infected samples of four biological systems, showing significant upregulation and largest fold‐change for the gch‐I gene in the majority of the biological systems, supporting the selection for functional analysis by RNAi silencing. Efficient knockdown of the gch‐I gene in uninfected and Ehrlichia canis‐infected IDE8 cells showed no detectable impact on the capacity of the bacteria to invade or replicate in the tick cells. Overall, this work demonstrated an increase in the expression of some folate‐related genes, though not always statistically significantly, in the presence of infection, suggesting gene expression modulation of these pathways, either as a tick response to an invader or manipulation of the tick cell machinery by the pathogens to their advantage. This discovery points to folate pathways as interesting targets for further studies. 相似文献
7.
Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar Binod Kumar Buddhi Chandrasekaran Saravanan Suman Choudhary Ashok K. Mohanty Gaurav Nagar Gajanan Chigure Gandham V. P. P. S. Ravi Kumar Jos de la Fuente Srikant Ghosh 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2019,66(1):422-434
Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick borne viral disease reported from different parts of the world. The distribution of the CCHF cases are linked with the distribution of the principal vector, Hyalomma anatolicum in the ecosystem. Presently, vector control is mainly dependent on repeated application of acaricides, results in partial efficacy and generated acaricide resistant tick strains. Amongst the different components of integrated management programme, immunization of hosts is considered as one of the sustainable component. To restrict CCHF virus spreading, use of anti‐Hyalomma vaccines appears as a viable solution. Accordingly, present study was under taken to characterize and evaluate vaccine potential of two conserved molecules, ferritin2 (FER2) and tropomyosin (TPM). Silencing of the genes conferred a cumulative reduction (rejection + unable to engorge) of 61.3% in FER2 and 70.2% in TPM respectively. Furthermore, 44.2% and 72.7% reduction in engorgement weight, 63.6% and 94.9% reduction in egg masses in FER2 and TPM silenced ticks in comparison to LUC‐control group was recorded. The recombinant protein, rHaFER2 was characterized as 35 kDa protein with pI of 5.84 and possesses iron binding domains. While rHaTPM is a 51kDa protein with pI of 4.94 having calcium binding domains. Immunization of cross‐bred calves by rHaFER2 conferred 51.7% and 51.2% protection against larvae and adults of H. anatolicum challenge infestations. While rHaTPM conferred 63.7% and 66.4% protection against larvae and adults infestations, respectively. The results were comparable with the data generated by RNAi and it clearly showed the possibility for the development of anti‐hyalomma vaccine to manage CCHF virus and Theileria annulata infection in human and animals. 相似文献
8.
9.
Alexandra Rockstroh Beyene Moges Beatrice S. Berneck Tatjana Sattler Sandra Revilla‐Fernndez Friedrich Schmoll Monia Pacenti Alessandro Sinigaglia Luisa Barzon Jonas Schmidt‐Chanasit Norbert Nowotny Sebastian Ulbert 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2019,66(4):1701-1708
Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are important arthropod‐borne zoonotic flaviviruses. Due to the emergence of WNV in TBEV‐endemic regions co‐circulation of both viruses is increasing. Flaviviruses are structurally highly similar, which leads to cross‐reacting antibodies upon infection. Currently available serological assays for TBEV and WNV infections are therefore compromised by false‐positive results, especially in IgG measurements. In order to discriminate both infections novel diagnostic methods are needed. We describe an ELISA to measure IgG antibodies specific for TBEV and WNV, applicable to human and horse sera. Mutant envelope proteins were generated, that lack conserved parts of the fusion loop domain, a predominant target for cross‐reacting antibodies. These were incubated with equine and human sera with known TBEV, WNV or other flavivirus infections. For WNV IgG, specificities and sensitivities were 100% and 87.9%, respectively, for horse sera, and 94.4% and 92.5%, respectively, for human sera. TBEV IgG was detected with specificities and sensitivities of 95% and 96.7%, respectively, in horses, and 98.9% and 100%, respectively, in humans. Specificities increased to 100% by comparing individual samples on both antigens. The antigens could form the basis for serological TBEV‐ and WNV‐assays with improved specificities. 相似文献
10.
《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2018,65(5):1372-1376
West Nile virus (WNV ), Usutu virus (USUV ) and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV ) are emerging zoonotic flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae ), which have circulated in Europe in the past decade. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to assess exposure to these antigenically related flaviviruses in eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis ) in Italy. Seventeen out of 158 (10.8%; CI 95%: 5.9‐15.6) squirrels’ sera tested through bELISA had antibodies against flaviviruses. Specific neutralizing antibodies to WNV , USUV and TBEV were detected by virus neutralization tests. Our results indicate that tree squirrels are exposed to Culex and tick‐borne zoonotic flaviviruses in Italy. Moreover, this study shows for the first time USUV and TBEV exposure in grey squirrels, broadening the host range reported for these viruses. Even though further studies are needed to define the real role of tree squirrels in the epidemiology of flaviviruses in Europe, this study highlights that serology could be an effective approach for future investigations aimed at broadening our knowledge about the species exposed to these zoonotic infections. 相似文献
11.
《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2018,65(3):765-772
In the past decade, the spread of emerging zoonotic flaviviruses (genus Flavivirus , family Flaviviridae ) has been reported in many regions worldwide, representing a threat to both human and animal health. A serosurvey was carried out to assess exposure and risk factors associated with antigenically related flaviviruses, particularly West Nile virus (WNV ), Usutu virus (USUV ) and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV ), in dogs in Spain. Flavivirus antibodies were detected in 39 of 815 dogs (4.8%; 95% CI : 3.3–6.3) by bELISA . Significantly higher seropositivity was observed in hunting dogs compared to pet dogs. Virus neutralization tests confirmed WNV ‐specific and TBEV ‐specific antibodies in 11 and 14 bELISA ‐positive dogs, respectively. This is the first serosurvey of WNV and TBEV in dogs in Spain and the first report of TBEV circulation in this country. The seropositivity obtained indicates widespread, but not homogeneous, distribution of WNV and TBEV in dogs in Spain. In 2013 and 2015, WNV ‐seropositive dogs were detected in those areas of Andalusia where the highest number of WNV outbreaks were reported in both horses and humans. Antibodies against TBEV have been found in dogs sampled in two different periods and regions in Spain. Serosurveillance in dogs could be a complementary way of monitoring the activity of emerging flaviviruses in Spain. 相似文献
12.
Giovanni Franzo Laura Grassi Claudia Maria Tucciarone Michele Drigo Marco Martini Daniela Pasotto Alessandra Mondin Maria Luisa Menandro 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2019,66(4):1548-1557
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV‐3) has emerged as a potential threat for swine industry, being consistently reported in the presence of several clinical signs all around the world. Recently, its presence in wild boar has been demonstrated at high prevalence. This evidence is surprising since the lower density of wild populations might not be expected to sustain such efficient viral transmission. Porcine circoviruses were proven to exhibit a certain plasticity in the host tropism and were detected in unrelated species, like mice, dogs and ruminants. However, if this scenario applies also to wild animals remains to be established. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of PCV‐3 in wild ungulates other than wild boar and in related hematophagous ectoparasites. One hundred and nine animals were sampled from different hilly and mountain areas of Friuli Venezia Giulia, including 9 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 17 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 4 mouflons (Ovis musimon), 50 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 29 wild boars (Sus scrofa). Additionally, host‐matched ectoparasites were collected when present. Porcine circovirus 3 was diagnosed using molecular techniques and sequencing. This study results confirmed the high PCV‐3 occurrence in wild boar and reported for the first time its presence, at low prevalence, in chamois and roe deer. Moreover, two ticks (Ixodes ricinus), one of which non‐engorged, collected from PCV‐3 negative roe deer, tested PCV‐3 positive. The genetic characterization of some of the strains collected from non‐swine hosts allowed to prove that, albeit clearly part of PCV‐3 species, they were genetically unique, demonstrating the absence of among‐samples contamination and thus confirming the actual presence of PCV‐3 genome in these new hosts. Therefore, this study highlights an unexpected broad PCV‐3 distribution and circulation in the wild, rising further questions on porcine circoviruses infectious cycle, epidemiology and origin, which will deserve additional investigations. 相似文献
13.
《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2018,65(5):1262-1271
A cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the species of Anaplasma spp. and estimate its prevalence in cattle of the three main cattle‐producing Galapagos Islands (Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal and Isabela) using indirect PCR assays, genetic sequencing and ELISA . Ticks were also collected from cattle and scanned for 47 tick‐borne pathogens in a 48 × 48 real‐time PCR chip. A mixed effects logistic regression was performed to identify potential risk factors explaining Anaplasma infection in cattle. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested animals. Genetic sequencing allowed detection of A. platys ‐like strains in 11 (36.7%) of the 30 Anaplasma spp.‐positive samples analysed. A. marginale was widespread in the three islands with a global between‐herd prevalence of 100% [89; 100]95%CI and a median within‐herd prevalence of 93%. A significant association was found between A. marginale infection and age with higher odds of being positive for adults (OR = 3.3 [1.2; 9.9]95% Bootstrap CI ). All collected ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus. A. marginale , Babesia bigemina , Borrelia theileri and Francisella ‐like endosymbiont were detected in tick pools. These results show that the Galapagos Islands are endemic for A. marginale . 相似文献
14.
J. A. Hammerl R. G. Ulrich C. Imholt H. C. Scholz J. Jacob N. Kratzmann K. Nckler S. Al Dahouk 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2017,64(2):663-671
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease introduced from animal reservoirs to humans. In Germany, bovine and ovine/caprine brucellosis were eradicated more than a decade ago and mandatory measures in livestock have been implemented to keep the officially brucellosis‐free status. In contrast, surveillance of wildlife is still challenging, and reliable data on the prevalence of brucellae in small mammal populations do not exist. To assess the epidemiology of Brucella spp. in rodents and shrews, a molecular survey was carried out. A total of 537 rodents and shrews were trapped in four federal states located throughout Germany and investigated for the presence of Brucella. Using a two‐step molecular assay based on the detection of the Brucella‐specific bcsp31 and IS711 sequences in tissue samples, 14.2% (n = 76) of the tested animals were positive. These originated mainly from western and south‐western Germany, where preliminary analyses indicate population density‐dependent Brucella prevalence in voles (Myodes glareolus) and mice (Apodemus spp.). recA typing revealed a close relationship to a potentially novel Brucella species recently isolated from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Austria. The molecular detection of brucellae in various rodent taxa and for the first time in shrew species shows that these animals may be naturally infected or at least have a history of exposure to Brucella spp. 相似文献
15.
M. Abubakar M. Javed Arshed M. Hussain
Ehtisham‐ul‐Haq Q. Ali 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2010,57(6):443-447
Twenty‐one villages in Punjab Province, seven from each region (North, Central & South) were randomly selected to determine the prevalence of B. abortus infection by two age categories (Group A: 0–2 years; Group B: >2 years) in cattle and buffalo populations. In each village, eight blood samples were collected from each age group of cattle and buffaloes. Sera from a total of 672 blood samples (336 each from cattle and buffaloes) were analysed for the presence of antibodies to B. abortus using rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT). Further confirmation of the RBPT‐positive samples was carried out using competitive ELISA. Overall, 43 of 672 (6.4%) sera were found positive for the presence of antibodies to B. abortus using RBPT. In cattle, the prevalence of B. abortus antibody was 5.06%, and in buffaloes, it was 7.74%. From the RBPT‐positive sera, 30 (70%) sera were confirmed for B. abortus antibodies using competitive ELISA. Results indicated that the prevalence of infection increased with the age of animals i.e. 3.27% and 9.52% in groups A and B, respectively. In cattle, incidence of these antibodies was 3.57% and 6.54% while in buffaloes, it was 2.98% and 12.50% in groups A and B, respectively. The region‐wise prevalence of B. abortus infection in buffaloes was 3.13%, 4.46% and 4.02% and in cattle, it was 3.13%, 1.79% and 2.68% in Northern, Central and Southern regions, respectively. This study provided baseline data on the occurrence of brucellosis infection in cattle and buffaloes at village level. This is the first study in Punjab province on the prevalence of brucellosis at village level. 相似文献