腹腔镜下中下段胆管癌根治术中联合肝动脉切除重建的疗效与安全性：附3例报告（附视频）

背景与目的：中下段胆管癌临床上主要以下段胆管癌多见,下段胆管癌一般采用胰十二指肠切除术,中段胆管癌可以采用胰十二指肠切除术或胆管癌根治、胆肠吻合术。中下段胆管癌因胆管紧邻肝动脉和门静脉,因此更容易发生门静脉侵犯,因肝动脉有动脉外鞘,因此肝动脉受侵犯相对较少,但一旦侵犯,因为涉及肝动脉切除吻合重建,具有较高技术难度,常需联合肝动脉切除重建才能实现R0切除。目前肝动脉切除重建在临床逐渐成熟,但腹腔镜下完成肝动脉切除重建经验缺乏,需要进一步积累。因此,本研究对3例完成腹腔镜下联合肝动脉切除重建的胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析并评估短期结果,以期为临床实践提供初步经验。方法：回顾性分析2021年11月—2022年11月中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第二附属医院肝胆外科的3例行联合肝动脉切除重建的中下段胆管癌根治术患者的临床资料。结果：3例患者中女性1例,男性2例,年龄分别为61、65、69岁;病例1为胆管中段癌,因肿瘤侵犯右肝动脉和门静脉,且胆管下端切缘阴性,行联合右肝动脉切除重建、门静脉切除重建、胆管癌切除、胆肠吻合术、肝门部胆管整形术、淋巴结清扫术;病例2为胆管下段癌,因肿瘤侵犯替代右肝动...     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy. The importance of preserving hepatic blood flow to prevent biliary fistula

The arterial blood supply to the common bile duct must be preserved during pancreaticoduodenectomy to avoid ischemic breakdown of the biliary-enteric anastomosis. Interruption of this blood supply can occur during operation because of inadvertent division of the common hepatic artery or a hepatic artery variation. Approximately 17 per cent of patients have a hepatic artery variation that could contribute to devascularization of the common bile duct during surgical resection of the pancreatic head. This report discusses these hepatic artery variations and the value of angiography in defining hepatic arterial anatomy prior to surgery. Two cases are presented in which biliary-enteric anastomoses became ischemic and dehisced secondary to interruption of hepatic arterial blood flow.     

Reconstruction of the Replaced Right Hepatic Artery at the Time of Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background  The arterial anatomy supplying the liver is highly variable. One of the most common variants is a completely replaced right hepatic artery which is seen in about 11% of the population. Interruption of arterial flow to the right hepatic artery at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy has been associated with biliary fistula and the consequent complications, as well as stenosis of the biliary enteric anastomosis. Malignancies of the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas can encase a replaced right hepatic artery without involvement of other vascular structures. In this situation, it is possible to resect and reconstruct the replaced right hepatic artery to maintain oxygen delivery to the biliary enteric anastomosis. Summary  Herein we describe a technique to reconstruct a replaced right hepatic artery following resection of the vessel en bloc with the tumor during a pancreaticoduodenectomy, using inflow from the gastroduodenal artery.     

胰头部动脉优先离断在根治性胰十二指肠切除术中的运用

目的探讨胰头部动脉优先离断在肠系膜上静脉或门静脉受侵犯的胰头部恶性肿瘤行根治性胰十二指肠切除术中的运用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年5月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院完成的58例胰头部恶性肿瘤行根治性胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。58例患者术前薄层CT检查均显示肠系膜上静脉或门静脉受侵犯或受压,均行胰头部动脉优先离断的根治性胰十二指肠切除术,即在处理胰头部静脉血管之前优先离断胰头部的所有动脉供血,即三大动脉血管的分支,主要步骤包括：在十二指肠水平部或横结肠系膜根部暴露和悬吊肠系膜上动、静脉;解剖肝总动脉从而离断胃十二指肠动脉和胃右动脉,同时沿肝总动脉根部解剖腹腔动脉干上方;离断胰腺和脾动脉的胰头分支;沿暴露的肠系膜上动脉前方、右侧和后方解剖,完全离断胰头钩突部与肠系膜上动脉和腹腔动脉干间的神经结缔组织,与腹腔动脉干的上方贯通,此时可清楚地显示腹主动脉前方;最后通过预置的静脉血管阻断带安全剥离、切除或重建肠系膜上静脉或门静脉,完整切除肿瘤。结果术前影像学检查判断局部肿瘤可切除患者37例,可能切除患者21例。58例患者均顺利施行胰头部动脉优先离断的根治性胰十二指肠切除术,手术时间为4．5～8．1h,术中出血量为200—900mL,术中及术后胰腺钩突部无出血。行肠系膜上静脉侧壁部分切除修补术21例,肠系膜上静脉受累段切除端端吻合术10例,血管受压迫成功将肿瘤从血管上剥离行标准的胰十二指肠切除术27例。术后患者出血、胰液漏和胆汁漏的发生率分别为5．2％（3／58）、6．9％（4／58）和1．7％（1／58）。围手术期无患者死亡。结论胰头部动脉优先离断方式能保障肠系膜上静脉或门静脉受侵犯或受压的胰头部恶性肿瘤行根治性胰十二指肠切除术的安全性,减少术中出血。     

Splenic artery transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction in conversion surgery of an initially unresectable,locally advanced pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel: A case report

Introduction and importanceRecent advances in chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy allow performance of conversion surgery by improving tumor shrinkage in select patients with initially unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), thereby providing curative potential. The number of conversion surgeries requiring arterial reconstruction for select patients with initially unresectable LAPC following favorable responses is expected to increase, so providing effective options for safe arterial reconstruction is critical.Case presentationHerein we report a case of successful conversion surgery for initially unresectable LAPC with splenic artery transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction after gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP). A 71-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for evaluation of a pancreatic head mass after developing diabetes. She was diagnosed with unresectable LAPC, which was in wide contact with the common hepatic artery (CHA), proper hepatic artery (PHA), and splenic artery (SA). She received GnP, and after 6 cycles, durations of disease control and normalization of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) exceeded 7 months. She underwent radical subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with CHA-PHA and portal vein (PV) resection (SA-right hepatic artery anastomosis/PV-superior mesenteric vein direct end-to-end anastomosis). Histopathological examination revealed R0 resection with a histological response of Evans grade IIB. No signs of tumor recurrence have been observed for 14 months postoperatively.Clinical discussionNo consensus has been reached regarding the optimal treatment regimen, duration, or criteria for conversion surgery in patients with LAPC, especially in cases requiring arterial resection. SA transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction is generally very consistent, easily accessible, and offers adequate length and diameter for successful arterial anastomosis.ConclusionEven for a SA initially in contact with the tumor, SA transposition for hepatic artery reconstruction is a safe and effective option when tumor contact disappears due to chemotherapy.     

螺旋CT血管造影在胰头癌手术中的价值

目的 探讨术前螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)诊断局部进展期胰头癌侵犯胰周大血管在胰头癌手术中的价值.方法 92例横断面CT检查疑似局部进展期的胰头痛病人,术前均进行了sCTA检查,评价胰头癌侵犯血管的情况.根据不同的分级,采取不同的术中探查方式和术式.结果 45例胰头癌病人SMV/PV受侵2级以下,施行了经典胰十二指肠切除术.其中受侵1～2级的12例术中探查证实肿瘤与血管之间是粘连和慢性炎症表现.13例SMV/PV受侵3～4级,长度低于2 cm的,行联合血管切除(PVR)的胰十二指肠切除术,直接端端吻合重建门静脉.而SMV/PV受侵4级,长度2 cm以上的34例,5例行联合PVR的胰头癌切除术,其中胰十二指肠切除术4例,全胰切除术1例,均采用Gore-Tex人工血管植入重建门静脉.其余29例SMV/PV受侵长度3 cm以上,术中探查不可切除,行胆管空肠内引流术,其中6例同时行胃卒肠吻合术.结论 术前SCTA检查可精确诊断胰头癌侵犯胰周大血管的情况,藉此可在术中选择不同的探查方式和术式.     

Laparoscopic repositioning of an aberrant right hepatic artery and hepaticojejunostomy for pediatric choledochal cyst: A case report

IntroductionThe right hepatic artery crossing the ventral side of the common hepatic duct is a relatively frequent abnormality. This aberrant right hepatic artery not only interferes with dissection of the common bile duct and hepaticojejunostomy for choledochal cyst but can also cause postoperative anastomotic stenosis.Case presentationA 14-year-old patient presented with upper abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a choledochal cyst (Type IVA in Todani Classification) and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Abdominal enhanced computed tomography showed aberrant right hepatic artery located at the ventral side of the common hepatic duct. Laparoscopic choledochal cyst resection and hepaticojejunostomy were planned. Intraoperative findings also showed the aberrant right hepatic artery crossing the common hepatic duct ventrally as detected on preoperative computed tomography. Laparoscopic dorsal side repositioning of the aberrant right hepatic artery was performed because it appeared to compress the common hepatic duct and risked causing postoperative anastomotic stenosis. We performed laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy by replacing the aberrant right hepatic artery dorsally to facilitate suturing and prevent postoperative anastomotic stenosis. The postoperative course was uneventful, with no findings suggestive of anastomotic stenosis.DiscussionThe abnormality of the right hepatic artery is reported to be a primary cause of anastomotic stenosis after hepaticojejunostomy. Once anastomotic stenosis or stricture develops, it is often difficult to treat. The prevention of the stenosis is important.ConclusionsIn choledochal cyst with aberrant right hepatic artery, dorsal repositioning is effective for preventing postoperative anastomotic stenosis and cholestasis.     

Aberrant peripancreatic arterial anatomy. Considerations in performing pancreatectomy for malignant neoplasms

One-hundred twenty patients with malignant neoplasms of the pancreas referred to the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute over a 5-year period were prospectively examined with selective celiac and superior mesenteric angiography. Forty-one patients (34%) showed various arterial anomalies in the peripancreatic and hepatic areas. The most common anomalies included the right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery (16%) and the left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric (11%). Thirty-two of the 120 patients eventually underwent pancreatic resection, and ten of the 32 resected patients (31%) had aberrant arterial anatomy. Recognition of the arterial anomalies permitted resection with no arterial reconstruction in nine of the patients. One patient required sacrifice of an aberrant right hepatic artery that was reconstructed with an anastomosis to the gastroduodenal artery remnant. Selective angiography should be done routinely before any potential radical resection for malignant neoplasms of the pancreas. Recognition of arterial anomalies generally permits satisfactory resection. Even if arterial segments require sacrifice, reconstruction can generally be accomplished with regional vessels, avoiding major arterial grafts.     

An alternative pancreatic anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreatic head resection and reconstruction is technically challenging. Eight patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for either ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 7) or neuroendocrine tumor (n = 1) in the head of the pancreas with a dilated pancreatic duct. The pancreatic stump could not be mobilized to form a standard pancreaticogastrostomy or a pancreaticojejunostomy following resection because of a complete fixation to the splenic vein (n = 2), common hepatic artery (n = 1), or mesentery (n = 3) or inadequate length of the pancreatic remnant (n = 2). After laying open the pancreatic duct along the pancreatic transection margin in the ventral aspect of the pancreas, a longitudinal ventral pancreaticojejunostomy was performed using polydioxanone 3/0 sutures. The average time taken to create this pancreatic anastomosis was less than 10 minutes. This longitudinal ventral pancreatic anastomosis is quick, easy to perform, and a safe alternative method for pancreatic reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

保留十二指肠胰头全切除术

保留十二指肠胰头全切除术要点：采用柯克手法将胰头从后腹膜分离,直至见到肠系膜下静脉。沿着肠系膜上静脉解剖直至胰颈。结扎切断Henle静脉干。游离、悬吊胃十二指肠动脉,暴露门静脉。缝扎胰腺上下缘、结扎胰头以减少横断胰颈时的出血。切断胰腺勾突,残端缝扎止血。沿着胰头部实质与十二指肠之间的疏松结缔组织解剖,结扎从胰十二指肠动脉弓到胰头的分支。沿着胰头与胆总管之间解剖。切断主胰管,残端用5/0普理灵线缝扎。胰管空肠吻合采用胰管对粘膜吻合法。     

Conversion pancreaticoduodenectomy with dual arterial reconstructions for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Case report and literature review

IntroductionExtended pancreatectomy for initially unresectable locally advanced (URLA) pancreatic carcinoma (PC) often requires combined arterial resection/reconstruction. By limiting candidate arterial inflow after combined resection of the celiac arterial system over a long distance, great saphenous vein graft (GSVG) is an alternative conduit for obtaining non-anatomical arbitrary arterial inflow.Presentation of caseA 66-year-old woman was diagnosed with URLA pancreatic head carcinoma involving the region from the celiac axis (CA) to the common hepatic and proximal splenic artery (SA). She received 10 courses of modified FOLFIRINOX followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy including S1 with favorable response. The duration of disease control and normalization of serum carbohydrate antigen 19−9 (CA19−9) exceeded 10 months, and conversion surgery was planned. Extended pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) required concomitant resection of the CA to the proper hepatic and SA. The dual arterial reconstructions involved a GSVG interposition from the abdominal aorta to the distal SA to preserve the entire stomach, and from the mesenteric second jejunal artery to the right hepatic artery. The patient achieved pathological R0 resection with a histological response of Evans grade IIB.DiscussionReconstruction of the distal SA with GSVG in extended PD enabled preservation of the subtotal stomach and distal pancreas, even when the root of the CA was transected.ConclusionMultiple arterial reconstructions using GSVG might be useful in extended pancreatectomy to preserve visceral organs, offer better quality of life in terms of oral intake and nutritional status, and control blood glucose than after total pancreatectomy concomitant with subtotal gastrectomy.     

机器人胰十二指肠切除术

解剖胰颈下缘肠系膜上静脉，离断胃结肠干，游离十二指肠及胰头，解剖下腔静脉、左肾静脉、肠系膜上动脉并清扫淋巴结。离断空肠、胰十二指肠下动静脉及钩突；解剖变异肝总动脉(起源于肠系膜上动脉)。解剖胰颈上缘门静脉及胆管、离断胃右和胃十二指肠动脉并清扫淋巴结；离断远端胃、胰颈、胆管、切除胆囊。消化道重建：胰管内置硅胶管行内引流；4－0普理灵缝扎胰腺断端，4－0普理灵连续缝合胰腺断端与空肠浆肌层。4－0普理灵行胆肠吻合。胃后壁与空肠用3－0普理灵行连续侧侧吻合。文氏孔及胰肠吻合前置引流管。病理：中分化腺癌，T₂N₁M₀。     

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus and bile duct tumor thrombus: A case report

IntroductionWe report the first case of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT), where the extrahepatic bile duct was preserved with thrombectomy.Presentation of caseA 70-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the tumor extending from the hepatic hilum to the left hepatic duct with complete obstruction of the left hepatic duct and a defect at the left portal vein. We planned to perform extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection, extra hepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction based on the diagnosis of mass-forming ICC with left portal vein and left hepatic duct infiltration (cT3N0M0 Stage III). Intraoperative cholangiography revealed a crab claw-like filling defect at the left hepatic duct, which suggested tumor thrombus. Accordingly, we performed thrombectomy. The margin of the left hepatic duct was tumor negative, so we performed extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection and thrombectomy. Pathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as ICC (pT4N0M0 Stage IVA, vp3, b3). Tumors in the left hepatic duct and left portal vein proved to be tumor thrombus. The postoperative course was uneventful. He is doing well without recurrence.DiscussionThrombectomy is performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus. Furthermore, extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction are recommended for ICC. In this case, intraoperative cholangiography was effective for precisely diagnosing. Thrombectomy could reduce surgical stress and prevent complications.ConclusionsThrombectomy can be a valid option for ICC with tumor thrombus, as well as for HCC.     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

Postoperative complications and management in the surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinomas

Surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinoma must be based on the extent of the cancer. There are various patterns of cancer spread in advanced gallbladder carcinoma. In cases with hepatic involvement, liver bed resection, hepatic segment Iva + V resection, extended right hepatectomy, or right trisegmentectomy can be selected. In cases with biliary involvement, extended right hepatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, or combined vascular resection can be performed. In cases with gastrointestinal involvement, the involved intestine can be resected with cholecystectomy and bile duct resection. Surgical morbidity rates after surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinoma have been reported to be very high at about 50%, and surgical mortality rates are 7-20%. After extended hepatic resection, surgical mortality rates reach to 30-43%. Hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy (HPD) has a high surgical mortality rate of 25-33%, and combined vascular resection also has a high mortality of 13-67%. To decrease these high morbidity and mortality rates, limited hepatic resection and preoperative portal embolization in hepatic resection, two-stage pancreaticoduodenectomy in HPD, and preservation of the hilar plate at bile duct resection in right hepatic artery resection may be useful. Surgical indications and the choice of operative procedures should be very carefully considered in patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma because of its high surgical morbidity and mortality rates.     

Hepatectomy and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy with reconstruction of the hepatic artery, using the middle colic artery, for bile duct carcinoma: A case report

To curatively resect advanced bile duct carcinoma which spread from the hilus to the intrapancreatic bile duct and invaded the portal vein and the hepatic artery, left hepatic lobectomy, caudate lobectomy, hepatoduodenal ligamenteetomy, and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy were performed. The hepatic artery was reconstructed by anastomosis of the middle colic artery to the right hepatic artery, and the portal vein was also reconstructed. Gastro-intestinal reconstruction was performed using Traverso's procedure. The patient had a relapsing liver abscess post-operatively and hospital stay was therefore prolonged. However, she was discharged. 3 months after the surgery. A histological study showed that this operation made it possible to remove the entire cancerous lesion in advanced bile duct carcinoma.     

Rupture of the hepatic artery after left hemihepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma

Hilar bile duct carcinoma has a poor prognosis, but this has been improved in recent years by an aggressive surgical approach. We treated a 73-year-old woman who had obstructive jaundice due to bile duct carcinoma at the hepatic hilum. The jaundice decreased after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The tumor was resected with the left and caudate lobe of the liver and a part of portal vein. The right hepatic artery was located behind the common hepatic duct, and was suspected to be invaded by the tumor. We dissected the tumor from the arterial wall without carrying out combined resection of the hepatic artery. On the 6th postoperative day, the hepatic artery ruptured and the patient suffered hypovolemic shock. Resection of the hepatic artery and reconstruction were done, but the patient died 2 days later. Histological examination of the resected artery showed that the tumor had been curatively removed by dissection and that no tumor remained at the arterial wall. The rupture of the right hepatic artery was thought to have been caused by damage to the wall during the dissection procedure.     

Disposal of Replaced Common Hepatic Artery Coursing Within the Pancreas During Pancreatoduodenectomy: Report of a Case

A replaced common hepatic artery (RCHA) originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is a rare anomaly. We herein report such a case in a 62-year-old man who was scheduled to undergo a pancreatoduodenectomy for lower bile duct cancer. Computed tomography (CT) showed the RCHA to run along the ventral side of the pancreas. Abdominal angiography showed an RCHA originating from the SMA, which communicated with an aberrant left hepatic artery from the left gastric artery. No gastroduodenal artery was observed, but instead a direct ramification of a right gastroepiploic artery was seen. Similar cases from the English literature were reviewed. The RCHA was confirmed to course first along the ventral side of, and then within, the pancreas. Clamping of the RCHA did not influence the arterial flow in the liver, and the RCHA was subsequently divided without reconstruction. In three of the five reviewed cases in which the RCHA coursed either within or along the ventral side of the pancreas, no gastroduodenal artery was found, but instead a direct ramification of a right gastroepiploic artery was observed. A combination of CT and angiographic findings can help in both the diagnosis of an anomalous RCHA coursing either within or along the ventral side of the pancreas as well as in selecting optimal operative procedures. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed with a curative resection according to our usual practice except for the fact that we preserved the aberrant left hepatic artery.     

肝门部胆管癌切除术中的血管切除重建

目的 探讨血管切除重建在肝门部胆管癌切除术中的价值.方法 2000年1月至2009年9月收治的肝门部胆管癌手术切除患者中,17例合并血管切除或重建,其中男性10例,女性7例,年龄30～72岁,平均53岁.病程4～30 d,平均(21±8)d.门静脉部分切除端端吻合6例,门静脉壁楔形切除、缝合修补3例,肝动脉结扎切除1例,肝动脉切除端端吻合2例,门静脉动脉化1例,1例同时行门静脉壁楔形切除+肝动脉结扎切除,2例同时行门静脉部分切除端端吻合+肝动脉部分切除端端吻合,1例同时行门静脉部分切除端端吻合+肝右动脉、胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合.对患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 住院死亡4例,病死率4/17,3例为术后出现肾功能不全后继发多器官功能衰竭,1例死于感染性休克.未死亡的13例患者中,6例恢复过程顺利,无并发症;7例发生并发症:3例胆瘘,1例呼吸衰竭,1例因U管阻塞发生胆管炎,1例腹腔内感染、门静脉血栓形成,1例远期门静脉狭窄、肝脓肿.中位生存期18个月,4例至今尚存活.结论 肝门部胆管癌切除联合血管切除重建有利于提高切除率但术后风险仍高,术后应警惕并发症的发生;肝动脉切除重建可能有利于降低术后风险.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of vascular resection and reconstruction in resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 17 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma received resection in combination with vascular resection and reconstruction from January 2000 to September 2009 was retrospectively analyzed.Among the 17 patients,6 underwent portal vein segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,3 underwent portal vein wedge resection,1 underwent hepatic artery ligature,2 underwent hepatic artery segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,1 underwent portal vein arterialization,1 underwent portal vein wedge resection and hepatic artery ligature simultaneously,2 underwent portal vein segmental resection and heapatic artery segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis simultaneously,1 underwent portal vein segmental resection and right heapatic artery and gastroduodenal artery end-to-end anastomosis simultaneously.Results Four patients died and the mortality was 4/17.Three patients died of renal dysfunction followed with multiple organ dysfunction and 1 patient died of sepsis shock.Among the 13 survive patients,6 had a smooth postoperative recover and 7 developed complications:3 had bile leakage,1 had respiratory failure,1 had cholangitis due to obstruction of U tube,1 had abdominal infection and thrombosis in portal vein system and 1 had portal vein stenosis and liver abscess.Follow-up investigation showed that the median survival time was 18 months and four patients still alive.Conclusions Combination of vascular resection and reconstruction in the resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma may help to improve the resection rate but still have a high postoperative risk.The complications of renal dysfunction should be alert during the postoperative observation.The procedure of hepatic arterial reconstruction may help to reduce postoperative morbidity.     

Resection of metastatic liver cancer in a patient with a left-sided gallbladder and intrahepatic portal vein and bile duct anomalies: A case report

INTRODUCTIONThe presence of left-sided gallbladder is closely associated with multiple combined anomalies of the portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. This requires special attention for preoperative evaluation for the purpose of preventing postoperative complications.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 70-year-old woman with metastatic liver cancer and intrahepatic portal vein, biliary system and hepatic artery anomalies with left-sided gallbladder is reported. On computed tomography (CT), a solitary low density mass occupied from the right anterior to the posterior segment of the liver. The gallbladder bed was on the left of the hepatic fissure. On drip-infusion-cholangiography (DIC) CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, the left medial bile duct arose from the right umbilical portion after arising from the left lateral bile duct. Following a right hepatectomy and lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, hepaticojejunostomy was conducted separately to the left medial and left lateral bile duct.DISCUSSIONThe left-sided gallbladder accompanies with several anomalies of hepatic vascular and bile duct anomalies in a frequent manner. A safe hepatectomy needs accurate operative plans to ascertain the range of hepatectomy, because it often has the diversity of a combined anomaly.CONCLUSIONPreoperative DIC-CT 3D reconstruction was extremely useful because it provided an important information that could not be obtained with 2D-DIC-CT. 3D imaging has the ability to demonstrate complex anatomical relationships, this devise is a effective new tool for making appropriate preoperative strategy.