蔺草染土粉尘对工人肺功能的影响

[目的 ]了解蔺草染土粉尘对接触工人肺功能的影响。 [方法 ]随机选择接尘工龄 1年以上的工人作为调查对象 ,并选择无明显粉尘和毒物接触的工人作为对照 ,进行肺功能测定。 [结果 ]粉尘接触者肺功能各项指标明显低于对照组 ,FVC、FEV1.0 的异常检出率显著高于对照组。不吸烟者肺功能损伤程度与接触粉尘密切相关。 [结论 ]结果提示蔺草染土粉尘对工人肺功能有明显损伤 ,FVC、FEV1.0 、FEV1.0 %等可作为肺功能评价的首选指标     

71例儿童非典型哮喘肺功能改变及意义

目的 探讨非典型哮喘患儿肺功能改变及不同肺功能指标评价该类患儿支气管舒张试验阳性率的差异.方法 对71例非典型哮喘患儿进行常规肺通气功能检测,后进行支气管舒张试验,观察患儿气道指标变化情况.结果 71例非典型哮喘患儿大气道指标第1秒用力呼气容积、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的百分比基本正常,而反映小气道功能指标用力呼气25％肺活量的瞬间流量、用力呼气50％肺活量的瞬间流量、用力呼气75％肺活量的瞬间流量、用力呼气25％～75％肺活量的瞬间流量均有不同程度的下降,且主要为中、重度损害.以第1秒用力呼气容积作为评价指标,支气管舒张试验阳性例数为34例,阳性率为47.9％（34/71）,而以用力呼气25％～75％肺活量的瞬间流量作为评价指标,支气管舒张试验阳性例数为49例,阳性率为69.0％（49/71）,两种评价指标阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（x2=8.086,P=0.004）.结论 非典型哮喘患儿肺功能改变主要以小气道为主,且主要为中、重度损害,评价该类患儿支气管舒张试验阳性情况时,用力呼气25％～75％肺活量的瞬间流量可以辅助第1秒用力呼气容积,降低误诊率和漏诊率.     

A longitudinal study of lung function in jute processing workers.

A 5-y follow-up study of pulmonary function was conducted in 1982 and in 1987 for 50 current and retired jute-processing workers who had been employed for more than 10 y in a jute mill in China. Control subjects, who had no history of dust or gas exposure, were selected from a paper-packing plant in the same city. Forced expiratory maneuvers were conducted in the same manner in both 1982 and 1987. The jute workers' pulmonary functions, i.e., forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75%), were more compromised than were pulmonary functions in the controls for the same 5-y period; however, only the increased incidence of abnormal FEV1.0s in jute workers was statistically significant. Male jute workers had significantly higher annual decrements of FVC, FEV1.0, and FEF25-75% than did control workers. Regression analysis indicated that in 1987, predicted values of FEV1.0 and FEF25-75% for the jute workers were related to years of employment. Our results suggest that long-term exposure to jute dust could produce chronic loss of lung function.     

Decreased ventilatory function in hard metal workers.

OBJECTIVES: To study individual effects on pulmonary function of exposure to hard metal including cobalt. METHODS: All of the workers in a hard metal company (583 men and 120 women) were examined for smoking, respiratory symptoms, ventilatory function, occupational history of exposure to hard metal, and present exposure to airborne cobalt. The ventilatory function indices (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in one second per cent (FEV1%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), mid-maximal flow (MMF), forced expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (V50), forced expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity (V25)) were standardised for height and age and expressed as a percentage of predicted values. RESULTS: Two way analysis of variance of indices of ventilatory function showed that an interaction of hard metal exposure and smoking decreased %V50 for both men and women. Among the currently exposed men, those with asthmatic symptoms (defined as reversible dispnoea with wheeze) had significantly lower %FVC, %FEV1%, %PEF, %MMF, %V50, and %V25 than did workers without asthma. The ventilatory disfunction did not differ between exposed and non-exposed workers with asthmatic symptoms. Even among the men without asthmatic symptoms, %V50 was significantly lowered by the interaction of hard metal exposure and smoking. The multilinear regression analysis of indices of ventilatory function for all of the subjects on sex, smoking (Brinkman index), exposure to hard metal, and asthmatic symptoms showed that asthmatic symptoms and smoking had significant effects on all variables and that the decrease in %V25 was associated with hard metal exposure. In the currently exposed and non-exposed workers, multilinear regression analysis applying indices for cobalt exposure (mean cobalt concentration, duration of exposure, and cumulative dose) showed that not only asthmatic symptoms or smoking but also duration of exposure had significant decreasing effects on %FVC, %MMF, and %V25. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to hard metal probably causes impairment of ventilatory function in a dose dependent manner.     

小气道功能测定在粉尘作业人员职业健康监护及风险评估中的应用

[目的]了解粉尘作业对员工呼吸功能的影响,探讨小气道功能测定在粉尘作业人员职业健康监护及尘肺风险评估中的应用。[方法]2009年对某机械制造企业粉尘作业车间进行生产环境调查、粉尘浓度检测,对216名粉尘作业人员进行肺功能测定等职业健康检查及问卷调查。[结果]粉尘作业人员用力呼气75％肺活量的瞬间流量（forcedexpiratoryflowat75％offorcedvitalcapacity,FEF75％）的中位数为79％,低于正常值,用力肺活量（forcedvitalcapacity,FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（forcedexpiratoryvolumeinonesecond,FEV1）、1秒率（FEVl／FVC）、最高呼气流量（peakexpiratoryflow,PEF）、用力呼气25％肺活量的瞬间流量（forcedexpiratoryflowat25％FVC,FEF25％）、用力呼气50％肺活量的瞬间流量（forcedexpiratoryflowat50％ofFVC,FEF50％）的均数或中位数都在正常范围内,PEF、FEF25％、FEF50％和FEF75％异常的人员比例明显增高,分别为21．30％、BO．56％、45．37％和50．00％,而且这些参数异常人员接尘工龄较短,中位数分别为3．5年、4年、5年和5年。FVC、FEV1、FEV1／FVC、PEF、FEF25％、FEF50％、FEF75％异常人员的胸片检查异常比例分别为55．56％、60％．00、0、21．74％、15．15％、23．47％、25．00％。将胸片异常组与正常组的肺功能进行比较,胸片正常组的PEF、FEF25％、FEF50％的参数值低于异常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。工龄10年以上的粉尘作业人员FEV1、FEF25％和FEF75％异常比例高于工龄较短组（P〈0．05）。[结论]粉尘作业人员存在气流受限、小气道功能障碍。随着接尘工龄的增加,FEV1、FEF25％和FEF75％异常人员有增多的趋势。该人群肺功能检查结果与胸片表现并不同步。在职业健康监护工作中,应对粉尘作业人员的肺功能尤其是小气道功能进行重点观察和动态对比分析,并将其作为尘肺风险评估的指标之一。建议在职业健康检查中将FEF25％、FEF50％、FEF75％等反映小气道功能的参数增设为监测指标。     

Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity in soy bean workers

Respiratory function was studied in a group of 29 soy workers exposed to soy bean dust produced after extraction of soy oil. The prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms was consistently higher in exposed than in control workers, although the differences were not statistically significant. During the Monday work shift there was a significant mean acute across-shift decrease in maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and 25% vital capacity (FEF50: -6.4%; FEF25: -12.4%). Changes in vital capacity (FVC: -3.6%) and 1-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1: -2.7%) were smaller, but still statistically significant. There were also statistically significant acute reductions in all ventilatory capacity parameters over the work shift on the following Friday, although the changes were in general smaller than on Monday (except for FEV1). An analysis of Monday preshift values of ventilatory capacity in soy bean workers suggests that exposure to soy bean dust may lead to chronic respiratory impairment in some workers.     

Respiratory effects of work in retail food stores. III. Pulmonary function findings

Findings are reported from a prospective morbidity study which examined the effects on pulmonary function associated with the particulate and gaseous air contaminants to which retail food store workers are exposed. A total of 685 supermarket employees (including meat wrappers, meat cutters and store clerks) performed standard ventilatory function tests [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) and forced vital capacity (FVC)] during a base-line survey. Those available four years later (305) were resurveyed in a similar manner. A suggestive chronic effect on pulmonary function was shown in those with high cumulative exposures and allergic history. Among those workers who had continuous exposure to air contaminants in settings with "hot-wire" plastic wrap film cutters the annual rates of change in FEV1.0 and FVC were twice as great as the changes found among comparable workers who were not exposed to fumes from wrapping film. Those who switched from the "hot-wire" to the "cool-rod" cutters during the course of the follow-up had intermediate rates of change in lung function.     

Obstructive pulmonary function defects among Taiwanese firebrick workers in a 2-year follow-up study.

The purpose of the study was to follow up an earlier observation of pulmonary function among workers employed in firebrick-manufacturing factories. A 2-year follow-up study of pulmonary function among 442 workers in 30 firebrick-manufacturing factories was designed. Excluding 79 workers with a history of other occupational dust exposure, changes in pulmonary function of 291 firebrick workers were compared with pulmonary function in 72 control subjects over a period of 2 years. Baseline pulmonary function values (i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory flow after 50% of vital capacity has been expelled [FEF50%] in smoking firebrick workers, and FEV1/FVC and FEF75% in nonsmoking firebrick workers) were significantly lower than those in the comparison group. The statistical method for repeated measurements was used for comparison of the difference between follow-up and baseline lung function. There was no significant difference in FVC and FEV1 changes between firebrick workers and those in the comparison group during the 2-year follow-up period. The decreases in FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, maximal midexpiratory flow, and FEF50% in the firebrick workers were significantly greater than in the comparison group, after adjustment for smoking status. The FEV1, maximal midexpiratory flow, FEF50%, and FEF75% also showed a dose-response relationship with job titles. The decrement of pulmonary function in the 2-year follow-up period was the worst in burning work, followed by crushing and molding. The results show that workers in firebrick-manufacturing factories with exposure to silica-containing dusts may contract obstructive pulmonary function defects.     

A follow-up study of respiratory function in workers exposed to acid aerosols in a food-processing industry

A follow-up investigation was performed on 49 female workers studied 2 years earlier in a vegetable-pickling plant. Acute and chronic respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity measurements were recorded during the original and the follow-up studies. Maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves were recorded during the Monday morning work shift. The forced vital capacity (FVC), 1-s forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the FVC (FEF50, FEF25) were measured. There were small increases in the prevalence of chronic symptoms between the two studies for both smokers and nonsmokers, but these did not reach statistical significance. Five workers at the time of the initial study had a diagnosis of occupational asthma; only one of these was still working at the time of follow-up. Workers lost to the follow-up had lower lung function than those seen at follow-up. In workers who were followed, larger than expected mean annual declines were noted for all ventilatory capacity parameters in both smokers (FVC 0.070 l, FEV1 0.070 l; FEF50 0.355 l/s, FEF25 0.270 l/s) and nonsmokers (FVC 0.045 l, FEV1 0.045 l, FEF50 0.285 l/s; FEF25 0.130 l/s). The decrease was particularly pronounced for FEF50 and FEF25. The accelerated decline in ventilatory capacity tests noted in the female nonsmokers suggests an independent effect on lung function of work exposure in this environment. Our data confirm that work in the pickling industry, particularly in small, poorly regulated plants, has deleterious effects on respiratory function. Received: 24 September 1996 / Accepted: 19 June 1997     

Cement dust exposure and ventilatory function impairment: an exposure-response study

We investigated cumulative total cement dust exposure and ventilatory function impairment at a Portland cement factory in Tanzania. All 126 production workers were exposed. The control group comprised all 88 maintenance workers and 32 randomly chosen office workers. Exposed workers had significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), FEV1/FVC, FVC%, FEV1% and PEF%, than controls adjusted for age, duration of employment, height, and pack-years. Cumulative total dust exposure was significantly associated with reduced FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and peak expiratory flow rate adjusted for age, height and pack-years. Cumulative total dust exposure more than 300 mg/m year versus lower than 100 mg/m years was significantly associated with increased risk of developing airflow limitation (odds ratio = 9.9). The current occupational exposure limit for total cement dust (10 mg/m) appears to be too high to prevent respiratory health effects among cement workers.     

惠州市某区宝石加工作业工人肺功能测定分析

目的了解惠州市某区宝石加工作业工人的肺功能损害情况。方法 2009年7月惠阳区疾病预防控制中心对该区宝石加工厂接尘工龄1a以上的214名男工进行肺功能测定,其中切石工人127例,打磨工人87例;另选择该厂的61名非接尘男工作为对照组;并对宝石加工厂空气中粉尘浓度进行测定。结果该宝石加工厂空气中矽尘浓度超标率超过77%,最高超标为9倍。矽尘中游离SiO2含量平均为47.29%。接尘组肺通气功能的异常率显著高于对照组(P0.01),用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力肺活量(FEV1.0)、第1秒用力肺活量与用力肺活量之比(FEV1.0/FVC)、肺活量(VC)、最大呼气中期流速(FEF25-75)、最大呼气25%、50%、75%肺活量时流量(FEF25、FEF50、FEF75)均明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论该宝石加工作业粉尘可致工人肺功能一定程度的损伤,应做好预防工作。     

Respiratory symptoms and lung function in jute processing workers: a primary investigation

This paper presents the results of an investigation of respiratory symptoms and lung function of 404 workers who had been exposed to jute dust in a jute mill. Measurement of total dust concentration and analysis of dust composition were also conducted. Most workers in the jute mill were exposed to jute dusts containing less than 5% silica, whereas a few workers were exposed to dusts containing approximately 10-15% silica. Male smokers and nonsmokers in the dust-exposed group had a higher prevalence of cough and chest tightness compared with those in the control group. Among dust-exposed workers, female nonsmokers had a significantly higher prevalence of cough, chronic bronchitis, chest tightness, and dyspnea than those in the control group. Lung function tests showed that dust-exposed workers had a greater incidence of abnormal lung function than did control workers, as measured by percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and FEV1.0/FVC. Dust exposure was the main cause of respiratory symptoms and abnormal values of FEV1.0, but both cigarette smoking and dust exposure contributed to the abnormal values reported for FEV1.0.     

Changes in lung function of children after an air pollution decrease

Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75), and maximal expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (MEF50) were measured in 1,880 school children who lived in urban areas before and after a decrease of air pollution. A group of 162 children from a suburban area served as controls. In the first survey, FEV1.0, FEF25-75, and MEF50 of children from urban areas were significantly lower, while in the second survey they were not significantly different from those of controls. The slopes over time of FEV1.0, FEF25-75, and MEF50, adjusted for sex and anthropometric variables, were closely related to the decrease of pollutants concentration. Our results suggest that a decrease of air pollution may produce an improvement of lung function.     

Follow-up study on pulmonary function of dust workers: an epidemiological evaluation of discontinued workers of dust operations

An epidemiologic study on 176 dust workers from various facilities was initiated in 1978. Their mean age was 48.3 years and mean duration of employment was 21.6 years. No workers complained of chronic cough and phlegm. Their chest X-rays were found to belong to Category I of the diagnostic criteria for pneumoconiosis in Japan. Pulmonary function test was performed on these workers, however, 54 workers discontinued taking part in the study by the end of 1979, and 49 workers had discontinued by 1981. A total of 73 workers had a five-year follow-up survey of pulmonary function. Forced expiratory volume in one second divided by forced vital capacity (FEV1.0/FVC) and forced expiratory flow rate at 25% of FVC divided by height (V25/H) were mainly compared by smoking habit, work years, type of job, size of company, and the time when they discontinued their jobs. Predicted percentage values of lung function were used for the adjustment of the influence of workers' ages. Decrement of FEV1.0/FVC and V25/H in the five-year follow-up group were larger than the screening level. The mean values of those functional parameters in the early discontinued group were lower than late discontinued and active working groups. The active working group was considered to be a physically healthy workers' population.     

陶瓷作业工人肺功能测试结果分析

目的了解陶瓷作业工人肺功能损害的情况,为预防尘肺病发生提供依据。方法选择某陶瓷厂200名接尘工人,平均年龄为（32.31±8.25）岁,另选取非接尘工人50名为对照组,平均年龄为（34.88±9.75）岁,采用意大利的spirolabII型的肺功能仪,测试的项目包括肺活量（VC）、用力呼吸肺活量（FVC）、第1s用力呼气量（FEV1）、一秒率（FEV1%）、最大呼气中段流速（FEF25-75）、最大呼气25%、50%、75%肺活量时流量（FEF25%、FEF50%、FEF75%）;应用SPSS13.0统计软件统计分析。结果接尘组的肺功能指标FEV1、FEV1%、FEF25-75、FEF50%、FEF75%明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;接尘工龄在10年～、15年～、20年～组的工人肺功能指标中VC、FVC、FEF25-75、FEF50%、FEF75%的测试均值明显低于接尘工龄〈5年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论陶瓷粉尘对作业工人的肺功能有损害作用,且随着接尘工龄的增加肺功能受损害程度增加。     

Lung function in textile workers.

Acute changes in ventilatory function during a workshift with exposure to hemp, flax, and cotton dust were measured on Mondays in a group of 61 textile workers, all working on carding machines. In addition, single-breath diffusing capacity (DLCOSB) was measured before dust exposure on Monday in 30 of the 61 workers. Large acute reductions during dust exposure were recorded in maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%), ranging from 38 to 22%. Acute reductions of FEV1-0 were considerably smaller, ranging from 17 to 9%. There was a statistically significant increase in residual volume (RV) with very small and insignificant changes in total lung capacity (TLC). Although preshift FEV1-0 and FVC were decreased, DLCOSB was within normal limits. Plethysmographic measurements in six healthy volunteers exposed to hemp-dust extract confirmed the results obtained in textile workers, that is, that TLC does not change significantly during dust-induced airway constriction and that maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%) is a more sensitive test than FEV1-0 in detecting acute ventilatory changes caused by the dust extract.     

Respiratory function in coffee workers.

Respiratory function was studied in three groups of workers employed in processing coffee. The prevalence of almost all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in coffee processors than in control workers. In each group during the Monday work shift there was a significant mean acute decrease in the maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% vital capacity (VC), ranging from 4.0% to 8.7%, and at 25% VC, ranging from 6.0% to 18.5%. Acute reductions in FEV1.0 were considerably lower, ranging from 1.3% to 2.8%. On Thursdays the acute ventilatory function changes were somewhat lower than on Mondays. Acute decreases in flow rates at low lung volumes suggest that the bronchoconstrictor effect of the dust acts mostly on smaller airways. Administration of Intal (disodium cromoglycate) before the shift considerably diminished acute reductions in flow rates. A comparison of Monday pre-shift values of ventilatory capacity in coffee workers with those in controls indicates that exposure to dust in green or roasted coffee processing may lead to persistent loss of pulmonary function.     

南宁市空气污染水平不同的两区儿童肺功能及其影响因素的研究

目的 比较南宁市不同空气污染水平地区儿童肺功能的差异,探讨肺功能的影响相关因素。方法 按整群抽样方法,在南宁市青秀区和西乡塘区各选1所小学（A校和B校）3～4年级的儿童共537人作为研究对象,进行肺功能测试和问卷调查。结果 两区大气首要污染物都为PM2.5和PM10,青秀区A校周围大气中PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2年均浓度低于西乡塘区B校（P＜0.05）;控制年龄、身高、体重等因素后,青秀区A校女生FVC、FEV1.0、PEF、FEF25%～75%、FEF25%和FEF50%实测值均高于西乡塘区B校,A校男生FEV1.0实测值也高于B校,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;学校所在地区、房屋1年内购置大件家具、房屋3年内装修、房屋内饲养宠物和使用空气净化器是影响儿童肺功能的主要因素（P＜0.05）。结论 南宁市空气污染与儿童肺功能下降有关,且女生较男生对空气污染物更敏感;室内空气质量也是影响儿童肺功能的重要因素,空气净化器的使用对儿童肺功能有保护作用。     

Respiratory function in coffee workers.

Respiratory function was studied in three groups of workers employed in processing coffee. The prevalence of almost all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in coffee processors than in control workers. In each group during the Monday work shift there was a significant mean acute decrease in the maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% vital capacity (VC), ranging from 4.0% to 8.7%, and at 25% VC, ranging from 6.0% to 18.5%. Acute reductions in FEV1.0 were considerably lower, ranging from 1.3% to 2.8%. On Thursdays the acute ventilatory function changes were somewhat lower than on Mondays. Acute decreases in flow rates at low lung volumes suggest that the bronchoconstrictor effect of the dust acts mostly on smaller airways. Administration of Intal (disodium cromoglycate) before the shift considerably diminished acute reductions in flow rates. A comparison of Monday pre-shift values of ventilatory capacity in coffee workers with those in controls indicates that exposure to dust in green or roasted coffee processing may lead to persistent loss of pulmonary function.     

Respiratory health of plywood workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde

This study was undertaken to enlarge our understanding of the adverse health effects of formaldehyde exposure in the workplace and community environment. The respiratory health status of 186 male plywood workers was evaluated by spirometric tests, respiratory questionnaires, and chest x-rays. Area concentrations of formaldehyde were measured in the work environment and found to range from 0.28 to 3.48 ppm. The average personal exposure was to 1.13 ppm of formaldehyde. Exposure to formaldehyde was associated with decrements in the baseline spirometric values, i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV/FVC), and FEF25%-75%, and with several respiratory symptoms and diseases, including cough, phlegm, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chest colds. The results of the study support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to formaldehyde induces symptoms and signs of chronic obstructive lung disease.