小儿困难气管插管的临床处理

本文评价目前推荐用于小儿困难气管插管处理的相关技术和设备。主要阐述的内容包括手术前准备、首选的麻醉方法,硬质喉镜和光导纤维喉镜气管插管技术等。另外,本文亦讨论小儿未预知性困难气道的处理问题。     

经Cookgas气管插管型喉罩视可尼喉镜引导全麻患者气管插管的可行性

经典喉罩管腔较小,只能使用内径小于6.0 mm的气管导管,且插管成功后喉罩退出困难,因而引导气管插管的使用范围有限。经典插管型喉罩虽然管腔较大,但其通气导管为硬质导管,无法使用各种纤维硬镜和各种可视管芯引导气管插管。而Cookgas气管插管型喉罩（CILA）是一种新型插管型喉罩,是用于引导气管插管和困难气管插管的有效工具。视可尼喉镜（SOS）是目前广泛应用于气管插管和困难气管插管的光导纤维硬镜，但能否采用SOS经CILA引导气管插管尚需进一步探讨。本研究拟评价SOS经CILA引导全麻患者气管插管的可行性，为临床应用提供参考。     

带管芯导管经鼻气管插管术

目的探讨带管芯的经鼻气管插管术的可行性。方法ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级患者60例,择期行上颌或下颌手术,随机分为实验组、对照组,每组30例。实验组以带管芯的气管导管行盲探经鼻气管插管术,对照组则不带管芯。结果实验组盲探经鼻气管插管成功率为86.7%,较对照组63.3%高(P<0.01),实验组鼻腔出血1例,远低于对照组6例(P<0.01)。结论带管芯的经鼻气管插管术较不带管芯的传统方法插管成功率高,发生鼻腔损伤率低,可推广用于临床。     

气管插管致导管管芯断落右主支气管一例

气管导管管芯断落气管内在临床麻醉插管过程中很罕见,及时发现并成功取出至关重要。我科利用纤维支气管镜确定导管位置,在纤维支气管镜引导下用胆道镜钳成功取出断落管芯,避免了一起医疗事故发生。现报道如下。患者,男,72岁,68kg,在全凭静脉麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。术前患者一般状况良好,无呼吸及循环系统疾病,无药物过敏史,ASAⅠ级。麻醉过程:麻醉诱导平稳,快速去氮给氧过程中发现气道阻力较大,置入口咽通气道后改善,喉镜挑起会厌发现声门暴露困难,试插入折成鱼勾状8#带管芯(铝质管芯直径3mm)气管导管,导管置入声门时阻力较大,拔出管…     

引光器引导气管插管的体会

我院自2004年初开始，在气管内插管时采用了“引光器”(光棒)引导气管内插管法，体会可明显提高气管插管的成功率，避免喉镜插管损伤，效果良好。今报道如下。     

超声引导与普通喉镜下气管插管的临床应用

目的 比较超声引导与普通喉镜下气管插管的临床应用,评估超声引导下实施气管插管的安全性及优缺点.方法 选择择期全麻下手术的患者70例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,性别不限,年龄20～60岁,体重46～78 kg.随机分为超声引导组(U组,n=32)和普通喉镜组(L组,n=38).插管前Mallampati法评估气道分级.U组采用超声引导法,在长轴和短轴显示会厌、声门和环状软骨后,经口插入套有气管导管的换管器,超声引导下将换管器置入声门,然后经换管器插入气管导管;L组采用普通喉镜暴露声门,直视下插入气管导管.以胸部听诊法及PETCO2监测综合判断气管插管是否成功,两次试插不成功被认定为插管失败,改用可视喉镜引导气管插管.记录气管插管成功率、误入食管例数、口咽部黏膜出血及轻度声门水肿发生率;记录插管前、插管后即刻及插管后5 min的HR、SBP、DBP的变化.结果 与L组比较,U组插管后即刻HR明显减慢,SBP和DBP明显降低(P＜0.05);与插管前比较,两组插管后即刻HR明显增快,SBP和DBP明显升高(P＜0.05).插管后5min,两组患者HR、SBP和DBP差异无统计学意义.两组患者气管插管成功率、误入食管、口咽黏膜出血和轻度声门水肿发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 超声引导和普通喉镜下气管插管成功率无明显差异,但超声引导下气管插管可减少患者血流动力学波动和气管插管并发症.     

气管损伤全麻插管中气管导管误入胸腔一例

患者女，27岁，50kg，因颈部自行刀伤后1h急诊入院，拟在气管插管全麻下行外伤性主气管破裂清创缝合术。入室时一般情况尚可，颈正中线环状软骨水平下皮肤可见一长约1cm的不规则伤口，无活动性出血，无气体溢出，颈肩部及胸部皮肤软组织无肿胀，少许捻发音。双肺呼吸音清，右侧呼吸音稍低，胸部平片提示右肺压缩20％，未作胸腔闭式     

气管插管术应用于重型颅脑伤治疗的护理体会

气管插管术(以下简称插管)是救活呼吸道不通畅、通气功能下降的重型颅脑伤病人的重要措施之一。插管建立人工通气道能及时清除呼吸道分泌物、保持呼吸道通畅，便于给氧和进行人工辅助呼吸。由于插管的侵袭性和异物刺激性，或是护理不当等原因也会导致严重并发症的发生。本收集我院1993．7～1999．12重型颅脑伤行插管并留置气管导管超过3天以上的患85例，现将护理体会报告如下：     

经鼻气管插管在ICU中的应用

目的探讨ICU病房采用经鼻气管插管法治疗呼吸衰竭危重患者的应用价值。方法 2007年3月～2011年5月对128例呼吸衰竭危重患者采取经鼻气管插管法抢救后进行结论分析。结果 120例危重患者采用此法后病情好转,仅有4例实施气管切开术,死亡4例。结论经鼻气管插管简捷安全、用时较短、成功率高、患者耐受性好、并发症较少,临床应用价值较高。     

Attenuating the hypertensive response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation using awake fibreoptic intubation

Blood pressure and pulse rate measurements were recorded in 35 patients undergoing endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia (Group A), and 35 patients who had an awake fibreoptic intubation under local anaesthesia (Group B). The mean arterial pressure in Group A rose by a mean of 35 mmHg immediately after intubation, compared with a mean fall of 9 mmHg in Group B. The mean pulse rate in Group A rose by 24 beats per minute (b.p.m.) immediately after intubation, compared with a rise of 3 b.p.m. in Group B. Both these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.001 respectively, Mann Whitney U test). Postoperative discomfort was assessed 24 h later by means of linear analogue scales. There was a statistically higher mean score in relation to nose discomfort in Group B (P less than 0.002). Awake fibreoptic intubation successfully reduces the pressor response to endotracheal intubation in normotensive adults. It is suitable for use in those patients who are at risk from the pressor response.     

可视硬性喉镜在牙槽突裂患儿气管插管中的应用

目的 探讨可视硬性喉镜在牙槽突裂患儿气管插管中的应用效果。方法 选择2020年1月至2021年10月拟在全麻气管插管下行牙槽突裂骨移植术的患儿80例,男67例,女13例,年龄8～14岁,BMI<25 kg/m²,ASAⅠ级。根据病种连续住院单双号将患儿分为两组：可视喉镜组和可视硬性喉镜组,每组40例。可视喉镜组使用可视喉镜进行气管插管,可视硬性喉镜组使用可视硬性喉镜进行气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前30 min、麻醉诱导后即刻、气管插管即刻、气管插管后3 min的HR和MAP。记录气管插管时间、首次气管插管成功例数、气管插管次数。记录气管插管工具卡裂隙、牙齿松动、口腔软组织损伤及声音嘶哑等气管插管相关并发症发生情况。结果 与可视喉镜组比较,可视硬性喉镜组气管插管即刻HR明显减慢(P<0.05)、MAP明显降低(P<0.05),气管插管时间明显缩短(P<0.05),首次气管插管成功率明显升高(P<0.05),气管插管次数明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 可视硬性喉镜用于牙槽突裂患儿气管插管可以稳定血流动力学,缩短插管时间,提高首次插管成功...     

Reduction of cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation in normotensive patients by urapidil

Purpose Urapidil is an antihypertensive drug with actions of α₁-receptor blockade and 5-HT_1A (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor stimulation. Although many agents have been used to attenuate the cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation, few of them are related to urapidil. This study was done to evaluate the effects of urapidil on reducing the cardiovascular response to intubation. Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 ASA I–II adult surgical patients without cardiovascular disease were divided into two groups of 15 each, receiving either an i.v. bolus of 0.6 mg·kg⁻¹ urapidil 5 min before intubation or an equivalent volume of saline as control. The heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were determined intermittently for 5 min before and 10 min after intubation. The mean blood pressure, product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and coefficient of variation (CV) of these variables around intubation were calculated. Results Urapidil had no effects on the heart rate (P>0.05), could effectively attenuate the increases in the diastolic and mean arterial pressures (P<0.05) caused by intubation, but had a weak effect on the systolic pressure (P>0.05) and its product with heart rate. In addition, the CV of the diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure was greater (P<0.05) in the urapidil group than in the control group, which meant that the induction procedure with urapidil was not more stable than that when saline was used as placebo. Conclusion The effects of urapidil on reducing the cardiovascular response to intubation are mild when uradipil is used 5 min before intubation. As urapidil mainly decreases diastolic blood pressure, an important determinant of cardiac blood supply, and it makes systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure fluctuate strongly during induction, we should be alert about its latent detrimental effect on patients, especially those with ischemic heart disease.     

UE可视喉镜在急诊剖宫产患儿床边气管插管术中的应用

目的比较UE可视喉镜与直接喉镜在急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中的临床效果,探讨UE可视喉镜在患儿气管插管术中的应用价值。方法选取我院2017年1月至2019年4月收治的急诊剖宫产床边有气管插管适应证的患儿40例,男17例,女23例,胎龄33～41周,BMI 11～15 kg/m~2,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。随机分为两组:UE可视喉镜组(U组)和Miller直接喉镜组(M组),每组20例。U组采用UE VL300SS型号可视喉镜和普通管芯辅助进行气管插管术,M组采用Miller直接喉镜,通过听诊两肺和监测P_(ET)CO_2确定气管导管的正确位置。记录声门暴露时间、完成插管时间。记录声门暴露等级、一次插管成功例数。记录牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管等并发症发生情况。结果 U组声门暴露时间明显短于M组,声门暴露Ⅰ级比例和一次插管成功率明显高于M组(P0.05)。两组完成插管时间以及牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 UE可视喉镜应用于急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中,能够缩短声门暴露时间,同时提高声门暴露等级,提高一次插管成功率,减少不良反应,提高气管插管安全性。     

气管导管套囊高压的影响因素及并发症的预防

气管插管是通过建立人工气道抢救和治疗危重患者的重要措施。气管导管套囊压力的监测是人工气道管理的重要组成部分。多种因素均可导致套囊压力增高,引起咽痛、咳嗽、气道炎症和气道狭窄等多种并发症,对患者术后恢复产生较多不良影响。为减少套囊高压相关并发症的发生,增强麻醉科医师套囊压监控管理意识,本文将从影响套囊压力变化的因素和套囊高压所致并发症的预防进行综述,以期为管理气管插管提供参考。     

气管插管对颈椎的影响

背景麻醉医师在气管内插管和其他气道管理操作时都常规涉及到颈部,这些操作对颈椎运动的影响,特别是对颈椎损伤患者的颈椎及神经的影响,是麻醉医师值得重视的问题。 目的简述颈椎解剖结构和各种操作对颈椎运动的影响,从而更好地指导临床工作以及提高麻醉的安全性。 内容从颈椎解剖、颈椎运动、气管内插管时的颈椎活动、插管辅助设备对颈...     

Timing of injection and plasma concentration of lidocaine before endotracheal intubation

The optimal time of intravenous lidocaine for attenuation of pressor responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation was evaluated in fifty adult patients and the correlation between plasma lidocaine level and its clinical effects were also studied.The plasma lidocaine levels were highest 0.5min after administration of lidocaine 1.5mg·kg^–1 intravenously. However, endotracheal intubation 0.5min after lidocaine administration caused significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Mean arterial pressure and HR increased with endotracheal intubation following 1, 2 and 3min after lidocaine administration, but the magnitude of increase was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in MAP changes among these three groups. It was concluded that the plasma lidocaine levels did not correlate with its suppressive effect on circulatory responses due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation should be carried out at least 1min after intravenous lidocaine administration.(Okuda M, Ohi Y, Kurata M et al.: Timing of injection and plasma concentration of lidocaine before endotracheal intubation. J Anesth 4: 150–154, 1990)     

早产儿平稳气管插管时七氟醚的最低肺泡有效浓度

目的探讨早产儿气管插管无体动反应时的七氟醚最低肺泡有效浓度(MACEI)。方法选择择期吸入全麻下行眼科手术的早产儿27例,矫正胎龄37周,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。吸入6%七氟醚进行全麻诱导,至患儿意识消失后,将呼气末七氟醚浓度调整至预定值,维持15min,然后行气管插管。根据序贯法进行研究,初始呼气末七氟醚浓度为3.0%,如气管插管时发生体动反应,下一例升高一个浓度梯度,如气管插管时未发生体动反应,下一例降低一个浓度梯度,相邻浓度梯度为0.2%。将无体动反应时呼气末七氟醚浓度到体动反应时呼气末七氟醚浓度的中点设为一个平衡点,计算所有平衡点七氟醚浓度的平均值即为MACEI。结果患儿气管插管无体动反应的七氟醚MACEI为2.55%±0.20%,MAC95是2.81%(95%CI 2.67%~3.58%)。结论早产儿平稳气管插管的七氟醚MACEI为2.55%,低于足月产儿的参考值。