内支架置入对食管良恶性狭窄姑息性治疗的临床应用

目的 采用内支架置入的方法对食管良恶性狭窄和食管瘘患者进行姑息性治疗,观察并比较进口支架和国产支架的临床应用情况。方法 20例食管癌所致食管狭窄患者中,手术后吻合口狭窄3例,合并食管－气管瘘4例,食管－纵 隔瘘1例。置入进口支架10个;国产支架10个。对4例食管造影显示完全梗阻和7例严重狭窄的患者,先行球囊扩张,后置入支架。9例直接置入。结果 15例单纯食管狭窄患者置入支架后,进食情况明显改善,5例合并瘘者置入带膜支架后,瘘口消失。分别随访2个月至2年。1例20d后死于消化道大出血。3例6个月后再次出现狭窄,1例行放射治疗,2例第2次置入支架。其余患者均未出现明显的进食障碍。结论 食管内支架置入术简单、安全、近期疗效明显,无严重并发症,是食管癌性狭窄和食管瘘的一种良好的姑息性治疗方法。国产支架与进出口支架疗效相仿,值得临床推广应用。     

食管带膜金属内支架置入的定位技术初探

随着介入放射学的迅速发展，采用金属内支架对晚期食管癌。贲门癌及食管瘘进行姑息治疗，能大大改善病人的进食情况，提高生存质量，延长生存期,正确的定位和操作是食管支架置入术成功的关键。既往采取先用球囊扩张而再置入支架的方法，会加重患者胸骨后剧痛及引起食管出血和破裂等并发症的发生。近年来我们对71例食管、贲门恶性狭窄患者采用和以往不同的操作方法即不扩张狭窄食管而直接置入食管内支架的研究，现报告如下：     

覆膜食管支架置入术60例临床应用分析

目的：分析晚期食管癌狭窄、纵隔淋巴结增大侵犯食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症和食管术后吻合口狭窄、腐蚀性食管狭窄及食管破裂、食管-纵隔瘘、食管-气管瘘等病变的食管支架置入术的治疗方法及效果。方法60例中,晚期食管癌患者22例;食管癌并食管-气管瘘1例;纵隔内淋巴结增大侵犯食管导致食管狭窄10例;贲门失弛缓症18例;食管癌术后狭窄5例及腐蚀局限性食管狭窄2例;食管胸腔瘘1例、食管-纵隔瘘1例;60例均采用数字多功能X线机透视引导,其中部分病例同时采用胃镜下置入导丝放置支架治疗。结果60例患者中恶性狭窄永久性植入支架33例;良性狭窄暂时性置入支架27例,暂时性置入支架均在3-28 d安全取出;支架留置以后98％（59/60）患者的摄食能力有了很大提高,生活质量明显改善。结论食管支架置入术,简捷、安全、有效,对提高食管狭窄及食管瘘患者的生活质量、延长生命是一个好的治疗方法。     

国产被膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄疗效观察(附27例报告)

食管内支架置入术是治疗食管狭窄及食管瘘的重要手段。自 2 0 0 0年以来 ,我们应用国产被膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄 2 7例 ,获得了良好的疗效 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料　本组 2 7例 ,男 2 2例 ,女 5例 ,年龄 45～ 86岁 ,平均 61 .4岁。临床主要表现为吞咽困难及进食呛咳。根据吞咽困难分级标准[1 ] ,1级 3例 ,2级 1 7例 ,3级 7例。 2 7例恶性食管狭窄中 ,吻合口狭窄 3例 ,食管癌放疗后狭窄 6例 ,食管气管瘘 5例 ,下段癌性狭窄 4例 (图 1 ) ,其中累及贲门 1例 (图 2 ) ,食管上段癌性狭窄 8例 ,肺癌放疗后致食管狭窄 1例。1 .2…     

食管自扩金属内支架治疗良恶性狭窄

目的：评价食管自扩内支架治疗良恶性狭窄的临床疗效，探讨食管支架放置成功的因素。方法：３２例患者放置了自扩金属食管内支架。其中食管—胃吻合口良性狭窄３例，恶性狭窄２９例。食管中、上段狭窄１７例，下段及贲门狭窄１２例。３５枚支架均经口腔在Ｘ线电视及ＤＳＡ监视下置入完成。结果：５例二次放置成功，一次置入成功率８４．４％（２７／３５）。术前吞咽困难４级１９例（５９．４％），３级１３例（４０．６％）。术后吞咽困难３级３例（９．４％），０～２级２９例（９０．６％），总有效率１００％，治疗前后差异显著。结论：食管支架有助于解决吞咽困难，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄和球囊扩张治疗食管良性狭窄的随访研究

目的 研究食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和食性狭窄球囊扩张的疗效。材料与方法 191例有较完整的随访资料，其中149例食管恶性狭窄置入内支架，93例置入支架前后作了放射治疗或化学药物治疗（占65％）；42例良性食管狭窄作了球囊扩张治疗。门诊行食管造影和／胃内镜检查随访115例，通过电话或信伴随访34例。结果 随访观察1－56个，其中3野架发生轻度移位，但仍能改善病变全长，未作特殊处理。42例死亡，均为食管癌患者。术后生存时间2－34个月，平均9．5个月。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入再狭窄29例，因食物在支架内阻塞1例，因肿瘤生长发生狭窄24例，因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄4例。发生再狭窄的29例均再次作了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论 内支架置入治疗恶性食管狭窄能有效解除吞咽困难；应用带膜支架和同时作放化疗，可防止因肿瘤生长发生再狭窄，并能有效封堵食管气管瘘；吻合口和贲门癌狭窄应用返流支架，可预防返流性食管炎的发生。球囊扩张治疗良性食管狭窄，只要扩张充分，临床效果良好。     

食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的随访评价

目的　评价食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的长期随访疗效。方法92例食管狭窄做了内支架或球囊扩张 ,有较完整的随访资料。 5 9例恶性食管狭窄均置入了内支架 ,其中置入支架前后行放射治疗 (简称放疗 )和 (或 )化学药物治疗 (简称化疗 ) 3 7例 ,占 63 % ;3 3例良性食管狭窄做了单纯球囊扩张治疗。内支架置入类型 :国产镍钛记忆合金网孔支架 2 4例 ,带膜支架2 2例 ;国产GianturcoZ形支架 7例 ,带膜支架 4例 ;Ultreflex支架 2例。门诊行食管造影和内窥镜检查随访 78例 ,14例通过电话或信件随访。结果　本组病例经过 1～ 4 1个月的随访观察 ,仅 1例支架发生轻度移位 ,但仍能覆盖病变全长。食管恶性狭窄 17例死亡 ,术后生存时间 2～ 3 0个月 ,平均 8 2个月。死亡原因 :肿瘤多脏器转移 15例 ,心肌梗死 1例 ,其他原因引起死亡 1例。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入后再狭窄 11例 ,因食物在支架内阻塞 1例 ,发生食管 气管瘘 1例 ,因肿瘤组织生长发生狭窄 8例 ,因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄 1例。发生再狭窄的 11例均再次做了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论　中晚期食管癌内支架置入是解除吞咽困难有效的姑息治疗方法 ,应用带膜支架和同时行放疗、化疗可防止因肿瘤生长而发生再狭窄 ,延缓患者生命。球囊扩     

食管内支架应用技术

目的：探讨金属内支架对于治疗食管病变的应用技术及临床疗效。材料与方法：采用ｓｔｅｎｔ技术对５３例食管病变施行了食管内支架置入术。其中食管良性狭窄４例，术后吻合口狭窄１８例，恶性狭窄２５例，癌性食管－气管瘘６例，结果：记忆合金支架在食管内全部释放成功。良恶性狭窄病人术后即可进食，食管－气管瘘的病人术后瘘口堵塞成功，肺部感染得以控制。结论：食管内支架置入术对于治疗食管良性病变疗效显著、安全可靠、值得推     

应用金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄

目的：评价金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄的效果。材料和方法：１４例食管，贲门部恶性狭窄患者，１例合并有食管气管瘘。经口操作，先行球囊导管对狭窄段进行扩张，后置入金属内支架，其中１３例置入国产被覆涤纶膜Ｚ型内支架（共１５枚）。另１例应用Ｓｔｒｅｃｋｅｒ ｓｔｅｎｔ。结果：内皮架置入全部成功，术后患者狭窄得到改善，食管气管瘘孔安全封闭。术后患者平均生存时间为５．５个月。结论：金属内支架是治疗食管及     

内支架治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和食管气管瘘

目的 探讨国产带膜金属内支架姑息治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和食管气管瘘的临床价值.方法 32例晚期食管癌、食管-气管瘘、贲门癌、胃窦癌及其术后复发引起的吻合口恶性狭窄患者,在日立TU-41 500 mA和GE 3100-IQ DSA的监视下,将国产带膜金属内支架置入病变段.结果 32例37枚带膜内支架置放成功率为100％,患者吞咽困难及上胃肠道梗阻症状明显改善和解除,食管气管漏被封堵,未出现上胃肠道穿孔、大出血或死亡等严重并发症.结论 国产带膜金属内支架姑息治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和漏安全有效.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.