不同工作年限社区医务人员精神卫生知晓率 及对精神疾病的态度

目的 比较河北省保定市不同工作年限社区医务人员心理健康和精神疾病预防知识的 知晓率及对精神疾病的态度。方法 以2016 年3 月10 日至4 月10 日保定市25 个县区进行集中培训的 社区医务人员2 541 人为调查样本,实际完成问卷调查2 433 份。采用卫生部办公厅精神卫生工作指标 调查评估方案制定的《普通人群心理健康知识和精神疾病预防知识知晓率调查问卷》《病例测验》及 《精神疾病有关态度问卷》调查,以工作年限20 年为界,分为＜ 20 年组1 246 人及≥ 20 年组1 187 人, 并进行对比分析。结果 ＜ 20 年组与≥ 20 年组对精神卫生与心理保健知识知晓率的比较（98.1% 比 94.8%）差异有统计学意义（χ2=19.38,P ＜ 0.001）。病例测验中阳性症状为主精神分裂症知晓率在＜ 20 年组与≥ 20 年组比较（52.9% 比43.1%）差异有统计学意义（χ2=23.17,P ＜ 0.001）。＜ 20 年组及≥ 20 年组对精神疾病有关态度问卷总分比较［（34.90±6.42）分比（35.59±6.64）分］差异有统计学意义 （t=2.60,P=0.009）。结论 保定市不同工作年限社区医务人员对精神卫生知识知晓率不同,应加强对高 工作年限医务人员精神卫生培训力度,提高对低工作年限医务人员精神疾病态度的教育。     

林芝地区精神卫生工作者精神卫生知识知晓率及其对精神疾病的态度

目的了解西藏自治区林芝地区精神卫生工作者的精神卫生知识知晓率现状及其对精神疾病的态度,为提高后续有针对性的援藏工作提供参考。方法采用方便抽样方法抽取了林芝108名精神卫生工作人员,进行精神卫生知识问卷和精神疾病相关态度问卷调查。结果调查对象精神卫生知识总体知晓率为74.03%,年龄越大、有参加过精神/心理方面讲座的人员精神卫生知识问卷得分越高(β=0.261、0.220,P均0.05);精神疾病相关态度问卷总体得分为(45.11±5.21)分,其中有10个条目持正向态度的人员比例接近或高于50%。结论林芝地区精神卫生工作者对精神疾病的包容度较好,但精神卫生知识知晓率仍有待提高。     

保定市乡、村两级医院医务人员精神卫生知识知晓率及对精神疾病态度的调查

目的 比较保定市乡、村两级医院医务人员心理健康和精神疾病预防知识的知晓率及对精神疾病的态度.方法 以在保定市22个县及3个区进行集中培训的基层医务人员2 558人为调查样本,采用卫生部办公厅精神卫生工作指标调查评估方案制定的心理健康知识和精神疾病预防知识知晓率调查问卷及精神疾病有关态度问卷进行调查,并进行对比分析.结果 乡(镇)卫生院/社区卫生中心(乡卫生院组)467人,村卫生所/社区卫生服务站(村卫生所组)1 966人完成调查.乡卫生院组精神卫生知识知晓率高于村卫生所组(98.1％比96.1％,x2=4.380,P=0.036).乡卫生院组及村卫生所组对精神疾病有关态度问卷总分比较差异无统计学意义[(34.82±6.357)比(35.34土6.574),t=1.547,P=0.122].但乡卫生院组条目“到精神病院看病是个人失败的标志”态度好于村卫生所组,而务目“不太看得起住过精神病院的人”“大多数人会像对待其他人一样对待精神病人”态度差于村卫生所组(P＜0.05).结论 保定市村级医院医务人员精神卫生知识知晓率低于乡级医院,两级医院对精神疾病的态度不同,应加强对村级医院医务人员的培训力度.     

基层行政管理人员抑郁情绪与精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的关系

目的 了解基层行政管理人员抑郁情绪与精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的关系,为进一步提高精神卫生服务和建设社会心理服务体系提供参考。方法 于2020年10月选取济南市历城区690名街道办事处基层行政管理人员为研究对象,采用自编一般情况调查表、精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷、精神疾病有关态度问卷和抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行评定。采用多因素线性逐步回归分析探讨基层行政管理人员精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的影响因素。结果 共检出248人(37.07%)存在抑郁情绪,不同年龄(χ²=16.110)、受教育程度(χ²=18.949)、婚姻状况(χ²=8.611)、职务(χ²=11.584)者抑郁情绪检出率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。基层行政管理人员精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷评分为(15.20±2.77)分,知晓率为75.99%,精神疾病有关态度问卷评分为36(31～38)分。抑郁情绪严重程度与精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷评分呈负相关(r=-0.379,P<0.01),与精神疾病有关...     

2047名老年人群及其照料者心理保健知识知晓率调查

目的调查城市老人和看护者的心理健康知识、精神疾病防治知识的知晓程度,以利于开展有针对性的精神卫生宣传教育.方法全市19个区县,随机同时调查,共收回有效问卷2047份.结果平均正确率为54.64%,最大为90%,男性正确率平均为53.5%,女性正确率平均为55.4%,两者无明显差异,调查结果提示老年人群文化程度与知晓率正确与否成正比.结论本市老年人群及看护者对老年精神疾病及其症状认识不足,关于老年心理卫生知识知晓率情况并不十分乐观,精神卫生的宣传和教育仍有待进一步加强.     

保定市基层医务人员精神卫生知识知晓率的调查

目的 了解保定市基层医务人员心理健康和精神疾病预防知识的认识程度,并探讨其相关因素.方法 以在保定市22个县及3个区进行集中培训的基层医务人员2 558人为调查样本,采用卫生部办公厅精神卫生工作指标调查评估方案制定的心理健康知识和精神疾病预防知识知晓率调查问卷进行调查,并分析相关因素.结果 实际2 433人完成调查.基层医务人员对精神卫生与心理保健知识的知晓率为95.1％.知晓率的比较,城市和农村差异无统计学意义(97.4％比96.4％,x2=0.57,P=0.452);工作年限≤20年组高于＞20年组(98.0％比94.0％,x2=26.47,P＜0.01);中专、高中及以下学历组与大专及以上学历组差异无统计学意义(96.2％比97.2％,x2=1.57,P=0.211).问卷总分的比较,城市高于农村[(16.67±2.28)比(16.03±2.30),t=4.26,P＜0.01];工作年限≤20年组高于＞20年组[(16.33±2.14)比(15.67±2.50),t=6.99,P＜0.01];中专、高中及以下学历组低于大专及以上学历组[(15.91±2.30)比(16.56±2.25),t=-6.18,P＜0.01].Logistic回归分析显示独居、在村卫生所工作是影响精神卫生与心理保健知识知晓率的不利因素;工作年限≤20年是影响精神卫生与心理保健知识知晓率的有利因素.结论 保定市基层医务人员精神卫生知晓率不低,但不同工作年限的知晓率不同,应有针对性进行培训.     

农村居民对精神卫生知识知晓率及精神疾病有关态度问卷的性别差异

目的分析保定市农村居民对精神卫生知识现状及相关问题的态度,为进一步开展精神卫生工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段、分层、整群随机抽样方法抽取保定市农村居民共1100人,采用卫生部《精神卫生工作指标调查评估方案》制定的精神卫生和心理保健问卷、《病例测验》及精神疾病有关态度问卷进行调查并分析。结果完成调查1055人．其中男380人,女675人。男性及女性对精神卫生与心理保健知识知晓率的差异无统计学意义（66．8％比63．4％;χ^2=1．26,P=0．263）,但两组问卷正确率总分比较差异有统计学意义[（12．71±2．41）比（12．40±2．29）;t=2．10,P=0．036]。男性及女性对精神疾病有关态度问卷总分比较差异无统计学意义[（33．16±8．09）分比（32．65±7．57）分;t=1．01,P=0．311],但部分条目男女之间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论农村居民对精神卫生知识知晓率低,男女之间也存在差异,应继续加大对农村的宣传力度。     

广州地区常住人口精神障碍的患病率调查

目的 了解广州地区≥15岁人群各类精神障碍的患病率和分布特点.方法 2006年8月1～31日采取分层、整群和随机抽样法,使用复合性国际诊断交谈表3.0中文版(CIDI-3.0)对广州地区≥15岁的居民7418人完成访谈,其中"精神病性障碍"筛查阳性者由精神科医生按照美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)轴I障碍定式临床检查患者版(SCID-I/P)进行疾病诊断.结果 广州地区各类精神障碍加权时点患病率为4.33%,加权终生患病率为15.76%.在加权时点患病率中,排在前三位的是酒精使用障碍(1.38%)、重性抑郁障碍(0.80%)和精神分裂症(0.49%).各类精神障碍加权时点患病率农村明显高于城市(5.92%vs 3.73%,χ2=17.12,P＜0.001);酒精使用障碍男性明显高于女性(2.54%vs 0.17%,χ2=86.74,P＜0.001)、农村明显高于城市(2.19%VS 0.87%,χ2=20.65,P＜0.001);烟草依赖男性明显高于女性(0.50%vs 0.02%,χ2=17.78,P＜0.001);重性抑郁障碍、广泛性焦虑及未特定抑郁障碍女性明显高于男性(1.03%V8 0.59%,χ2=4.20,P=0.041;0.53%vs0.16%,χ2=6.88,P=0.009;0.43%vs 0.13%,χ2=5.75,P=0.016).结论 广州地区的精神卫生问题值得重视.其中,重性抑郁障碍、酒精使用障碍和精神分裂症患者是社区开展精神卫生服务中的重点人群.     

桂林市农村地区精神疾病流行病学调查

目的:了解桂林市15岁以上农村居民各类精神疾病的患病水平和分布特征。方法:2007年7月至12月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取桂林市3个县2800名15岁以上农村居民为对象进行入户调查。以中国疾病预防控制中心精神卫生中心提供的中文版复合性国际诊断问卷为筛查工具,以国际疾病及相关健康问题分类第10版为诊断标准。结果:完成调查2628人,调查完成率93.9%。桂林农村15岁以上人群精神疾病的总时点患病率23.59‰,总终生患病率29.30‰。终生患病率前3位病种为酒依赖(11.42‰)、精神分裂症(8.37‰)和抑郁症(7.61‰)。农村地区女性终生患病率为20.56‰,低于男性的38.70‰(χ2MH=6.969,P=0.008)。酒依赖终身患病率在55～74岁年龄段和壮族人群中患病率较高结论:酒依赖、精神分裂症和抑郁症是桂林市农村地区精神疾病防治重点。     

中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况调查分析

目的了解中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况、态度并探讨其相关影响因素。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取中山市小学、初中及高中共12所学校983名教师,采用一般情况调查表、精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷、儿童青少年常见精神疾病知识问卷及精神疾病态度问卷进行问卷调查。结果精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷总评分(15.92±2.50)分,总体正确率为79.6%;9种儿童青少年常见精神疾病中掌握最好的是抑郁症(38.0%),其次是精神发育迟滞(34.2%)和多动症(33.6%),最差为抽动症(13.4%);精神疾病态度问卷总评分(35.94±5.52)分。组间比较显示:女性教师精神卫生知识与心理保健问卷总评分高于男性教师,中学组教师在儿童青少年常见精神疾病总评分上优于小学教师,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。相关分析显示,教师精神疾病态度问卷总评分与其年龄及工作年限呈负相关(r=-0.07,P均0.05)。被调查的983名教师中,有228名(23.2%)反映在其教学工作中遇见过患有精神疾病的学生,97.2%(955名)的教师认为有必要学习精神卫生知识,在知识获得途径方面,新闻、杂志或网络所占比例最高(70.2%),专业讲座或培训(8.6%)及专业书籍(7.8%)较低。结论中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况总体较好,具体病种掌握不均衡,对待精神疾病态度有待改变,可以借助新兴媒体进行有针对性的指导和宣教。     

长沙市民精神卫生知识知晓率调查分析

目的了解长沙市城乡居民精神卫生的知晓现状,同时为精神卫生知识的宣传和普及提供参考,也为精神卫生法更好地实施提供依据。方法采用整群随机调查的方法,在雨花区的两个社区和望城靖港镇的两个自然村发放问卷3100份,收回有效问卷3020份。结果总体基本知晓率为33％,部分知晓率为50％,较少知晓率为17％。多数市民表示理解精神疾病患者并愿意帮助他们。城乡、年龄、职业、文化程度的不同对精神卫生知识的知晓差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论长沙市市民对精神卫生知识知晓情况尚可,可能与长沙市民政局牵头开展的精神病患者社区药物治疗有关,但对精神疾病及其症状认识仍显有不足,精神卫生的宣传和教育仍有待加强。     

Pakistan mental health country profile

The Republic of Pakistan is a South East Asian country with a population of over 140.7 million. Its population is fast growing and the majority (70%) live in rural areas with a feudal or tribal value system. The economy is dependent on agriculture and 35% of the population live below the poverty line. Islam is the main religion and ‘mental illnesses’ are stigmatized and widely perceived to have supernatural causes. The traditional healers along with psychiatric services are the main mental health service providers. The number of trained mental health professionals is small as compared to the population demands and specialist services are virtually non-existent. Lack of data on prevalence of various mental illnesses and monitory constraints are the major hurdles in the development of mental health services. A number of innovative programmes to develop indigenous models of care like the ‘Community Mental Health Programme’ and ‘Schools Mental Health Programme’ have been developed. These programmes have been found effective in reducing stigma and increase awareness of mental illness amongst the adults and children living in rural areas. Efforts by the government and mental health professionals have led to the implementation of a ‘National Mental Health Policy’ and ‘Mental Health Act’ in 2001. These aim at integrating mental health services with the existing health services, improving mental health care delivery and safeguarding the rights of mentally ill people. A favourable political will and the help of international institutions like the World Health Organization are required to achieve these aims.     

Attitudes of mental health professionals toward people with schizophrenia and major depression

Several studies reveal poor knowledge about mental illness in the general population and stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness. However, it is unknown whether mental health professionals hold fewer stigmatizing attitudes than the general population. A survey was conducted of the attitudes of mental health professionals (n = 1073) and members of the public (n = 1737) toward mental illness and their specific reaction toward a person with and without psychiatric symptoms ("non-case" as a reference category). Psychiatrists had more negative stereotypes than the general population. Mental health professionals accepted restrictions toward people with mental illness 3 times less often than the public. Most professionals were able to recognize cases of schizophrenia and depression, but 1 in 4 psychiatrists and psychologists also considered the non-case as mentally ill. The social distance toward both major depression and the non-case was lower than toward schizophrenia. However, in this regard, there was no difference between professionals and the public. The study concludes that the better knowledge of mental health professionals and their support of individual rights neither entail fewer stereotypes nor enhance the willingness to closely interact with mentally ill people.     

Health status of individuals with serious mental illness

We examined indices of the health of persons with serious mental illness. A sample of 100 adults with schizophrenia and 100 with major mood disorder were recruited from randomly selected outpatients who were receiving community-based psychiatric treatment. Participants were surveyed about health indicators using items from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III and the National Health Interview Survey. Their responses were compared with those of matched samples from the general population surveys. A total of 1% of persons with serious mental illness, compared with 10% from the general population sample, met criteria for all 5 of selected health indicators: nonsmoker, exercise that meets recommended standards, good dentition, absence of obesity, and absence of serious medical co-occurring illness. Within the mentally ill group, educational level, but not a diagnosis of schizophrenia versus mood disorder, was independently associated with a composite measure of health behaviors. We conclude that an examination of multiple health indicators may be used to measure overall health status in persons with serious mental illness.     

Pakistan mental health country profile

The Republic of Pakistan is a South East Asian country with a population of over 140.7 million. Its population is fast growing and the majority (70%) live in rural areas with a feudal or tribal value system. The economy is dependent on agriculture and 35% of the population live below the poverty line. Islam is the main religion and 'mental illnesses' are stigmatized and widely perceived to have supernatural causes. The traditional healers along with psychiatric services are the main mental health service providers. The number of trained mental health professionals is small as compared to the population demands and specialist services are virtually non-existent. Lack of data on prevalence of various mental illnesses and monitory constraints are the major hurdles in the development of mental health services. A number of innovative programmes to develop indigenous models of care like the 'Community Mental Health Programme' and 'Schools Mental Health Programme' have been developed. These programmes have been found effective in reducing stigma and increase awareness of mental illness amongst the adults and children living in rural areas. Efforts by the government and mental health professionals have led to the implementation of a 'National Mental Health Policy' and 'Mental Health Act' in 2001. These aim at integrating mental health services with the existing health services, improving mental health care delivery and safeguarding the rights of mentally ill people. A favourable political will and the help of international institutions like the World Health Organization are required to achieve these aims.     

气功相关精神障碍患者82例随访对照分析

目的：对气功所致精神障碍与气功相关的精神分裂症的临床特点差异进行探讨。方法：收集在1990年至2000年间连续入院患者中与气功相关的精神病性障碍患者82例，其中住院时诊断为气功所致精神障碍46例，精神分裂症36例。收集两组病例的人口统计学、临床表现等资料并作5年以上随访。结果：气功所致精神障碍（气功组）与精神分裂症（分裂症组）比较，在性别、婚姻、年龄、接受教育年限、起病年龄及病程方面差异均有显著性（P均〈0．001）。获得68例5年以上的随访资料，其中气功组38例，分裂症组30例。至随访结束，气功组中84％（32例）、分裂症组中57％（17例）维持原诊断，二者差异有显著性（P〈0．001）。气功组的精神障碍缓解程度达89％（34例），而分裂症组的缓解程度仅33％（10例），差异有显著性（P〈0．001）。气功组的社会功能也明显优于分裂症组（P〈0．01）。结论：气功所致精神障碍与气功相关的精神分裂症是两种不同类型的疾病，根据临床特点，二者可以鉴别。     

重庆市独生子女心理健康调查

目的：了解重庆市城乡９￣１６岁独生子妇心理卫生情况。方法：采用Ａｃｈｅｎｂａｃｈ儿童行为量表（ＣＢＣＬ）,艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）幼年版进行调查。结果：城市儿童心理卫生问题的发生率为１１．９％,农村为１４．５％;城市儿童孤独、胆小、兴奋、焦虑、社交不良、品行不良、强迫行为、偏食等心理卫生问题明显高于农村儿童;农村儿童的注意障碍、神经质等多于城市儿童。结论：在干预独生子女心理卫生问题的同时,要注意城市与农村儿童的区别,以及性格特征的差异。     

Developing mental health services in Nigeria

This grass-roots level mental health awareness programme considerably increased use of community-based mental health services in a part of Nigeria where knowledge about treatability of mental illness was limited. The benefits of the programme were sustained for a significant period after the initial awareness programme. In order for attitude changes to be reinforced, similar awareness programmes must be repeated at regular intervals.     

Rural attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness and treatment resources

The stigma associated with mental illness is purported to be a major factor in the resistance of rural residents to mental health services. Through mail questionnaires and personal interviews, the authors gathered data from 3,057 rural residents in six Midwestern states on their attitudes toward and knowledge of mental illness and mental health services. They also examined the relationships between the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their knowledge and attitudes. In contrast to the findings of several other studies, the rural respondents in this study reported positive attitudes about treatment of mental illness. They expressed a high level of awareness of a variety of mental health services and appeared satisfied with those services. The authors discuss possible reasons for the discrepancies between the findings of this study and the studies reporting negative attitudes.