三氯新与醋酸氯己定复方消毒液杀菌效果及毒性观察

目的了解三氯新与醋酸氯己定复方消毒液杀菌效果及毒性。方法采用载体定量杀菌试验、织物浸泡消毒现场试验、木质表面消毒现场试验和动物试验等方法对消毒液进行实验室观察。结果含0.49g/100ml三氯新和0.52g/100ml醋酸氯己定的复方消毒液作用5min对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌杀灭对数值各次均〉5.00;经30次消毒现场试验,其结果表明该消毒液对织物和木质桌面上自然菌的杀灭对数值均〉1.00;对昆明种雌雄小鼠急性经口毒性实验,属实际无毒级;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,未发现该受试样品对体细胞有诱变作用。结论以三氯新和醋酸氯己定为主要抗菌成分的复方消毒液对金葡球菌和大肠杆菌有较好的杀灭效果,且储存稳定性较好,毒性较低,可用于织物及物表的消毒。     

溴氯海因对水中微生物杀灭效果及毒性试验研究

目的:了解溴氯海因对水中微生物的杀灭效果、影响因素及其毒性。方法:悬液定量杀菌试验、天然水样的消毒试验、游泳池水消毒试验及动物毒性试验。结果:以卤素(以氯计,以下同)含量1mg/L作用10min,有效卤素含量2mg/L作用2 5min可使水中大肠杆菌降至100cfu/ml;水温低至5℃、pH值>7 0、色度>10度,对有效卤素含量1 0mg/L的水杀菌效果有一定影响,延长作用时间可达合格要求。含有效卤素含量1mg/L作用30min,可使天然水样和游泳池水达合格标准。对小鼠LD50>5 000mg/kg,对皮肤刺激反应积分为0。结论:溴氯海因对水中微生物具有良好的杀菌效果,且属实际无毒无刺激,是一种较好的饮水和游泳池水消毒剂。     

复方氯羟二苯醚消毒剂的消毒效果及毒性测定

目的 了解复方氯羟二苯醚消毒剂杀灭微生物效果及其毒性。方法 采用载体定量杀菌试验与动物毒性试验等。结果 以含氯羟二苯醚1 800 mg/L的复方消毒剂溶液对布片上大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用5 min,对白色念珠菌作用10 min,杀灭率均>99.90％。10％小牛血清可使其杀菌效果略有下降。毒性试验表明,对小白鼠经口LD_(50)>5 000 mg/kg,其原液对兔眼刺激积分指数为0。结论 该复方消毒剂属有一定杀菌作用,实际无毒且对眼结膜无刺激类消毒剂。     

杨驰复合碘消毒液消毒效果及毒性检测

目的　观察以碘与醋酸氯己定络合物为主要消毒成份的杨驰复合碘消毒液的消毒效果和毒性。方法布载体浸泡定量杀灭试验 ,有机物影响试验 ,稳定性试验和系列毒理学试验。结果　含有效碘 2 0mg/L、4 0mg/L的稀释液作用 5min ,对布载体上的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭率均为 99.90 % ;2 5 %、5 0 %有机物对含有效碘 2 0mg/L的稀释液的杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果无影响 ;室温下密闭存放九个月 (6月～次年 3月 )后 ,有效碘含量下降率为 7.78% ;该产品LD50 >2 0 g/kg体重 ,属实际无毒类 ,小鼠蓄积毒性属弱蓄积毒性 ,小鼠骨髓微核试验阴性 ,家兔急性皮肤刺激试验、眼刺激试验显示无刺激性 ;棉签浸润含 4 0 0mg/L的试样稀释液涂擦手臂皮肤 ,作用lmin ,对自然菌的杀灭率为 99.0 1% ,残留菌数为 0～ 3CFU/cm2 。结论　该复合碘消毒液具有良好的消毒效果 ,安全无毒 ,适用于皮肤粘膜的消毒     

中药复合皮肤消毒喷雾剂杀菌效果及毒性评价

目的了解一种含对氯间二甲苯酚的复方中药醇提取液皮肤消毒喷雾剂的杀菌效果与毒性。方法采用悬液定量杀灭试验、加速稳定性试验和动物毒性试验等方法进行实验研究。结果该消毒剂原液及其50％的稀释液作用1min,对悬液中金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌均达消毒合格要求;该消毒剂原液及其50％的稀释液喷雾作用2min对30人次的皮肤表面自然菌的消毒现场鉴定试验均符合要求;37℃放置3个月,该消毒剂对氯间二甲苯酚、乙醇含量下降率均小于10％。该消毒剂原液使用,对小鼠经口LD50〉5000mg／kg．bw,一次性完整皮肤和破损皮肤刺激、急性眼刺激试验结果均属无刺激性,对皮肤的致敏强度为极轻度,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞元致微核作用。结论该皮肤消毒剂杀菌效果好,性质稳定,毒性低。     

家庭护士保洁水性能的试验观察

目的　了解家庭护士保洁水性能。　方法　按规范将家庭护士保洁水进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验、稳定性试验及毒性试验。　结果　家庭护士保洁水 1∶ 9的稀释液作用 2 0 min、10 min对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌杀灭率分别为 99.97%、99.93%。家庭护士保洁水 1∶ 4的稀释液作用 2 0 min对白色念珠菌杀灭率为 99.92 %。其杀菌效果随消毒剂浓度增加、作用时间延长而增强 ,随有机物含量增加而有所减弱。复方消毒剂置于 5 4℃温箱 14 d后 ,其 2 2 %的稀释液作用2 0 min对白色念珠菌仍能达到消毒效果。毒性试验结果表明 ,家庭护士保洁水无毒、对皮肤无刺激。　结论　家庭护士保洁水无毒、稳定性好 ,有较强的杀菌作用     

含氯消毒剂应用研究进展

消毒剂溶于水中能产生次氯酸者 ,称为含氯消毒剂。含氯消毒剂毒性低 ,且具有良好的杀菌作用 ,在减少病原微生物污染 ,防止感染有重要作用 ,故应用广泛。现将其研究进展简介如下。1　消毒杀菌作用1 1　单药的应用　含氯消毒剂大多是高效、广谱的杀菌剂。据报道[1] 含氯消毒剂对结核杆菌和非典型结核分枝杆菌有较强的杀灭作用。用含有 10 0 0ｍｇ/Ｌ有效氯的次氯酸钠溶液在室温作用 2 0ｍｉｎ ,可完全杀灭耻垢后分枝杆菌 ;用 10 0 0ｍｇ/Ｌ有效氯在不含有机物条件下作用 4ｍｉｎ ,对结核杆菌杀灭率可达 99 9999% ,若含有机物 ,作用时间需增加 …     

复方来苏儿消毒剂消毒效果及毒性试验观察

[目的]观察复方来苏儿消毒剂杀菌效果、影响因素、稳定性能及其毒性。[方法]用载体定量杀菌试验和动物实验测定复方来苏儿消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的杀灭效果;有机物对该消毒剂消毒效果的影响及其毒性。[结果]以甲酚含量为8 000 mg/L消毒剂溶液作用1 min、4 000 mg/L作用5 min对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌杀灭率均达99 99%; 甲酚含量为10 000 mg/L的消毒剂溶液作用1 min、8 000 mg/L的消毒剂溶液作用3 min,对白色念珠菌杀灭率达99 99%。50%小牛血清对杀菌效果有轻度影响;25%小牛血清对杀菌效果无影响。消毒剂原液放置于54 ℃、RH≥75%的环境中14 d,有效成分下降率平均为1 52%。小鼠急性经口毒性试验LD50>5 000 mg/kg·bw,属实际无毒;蓄积毒性试验为弱蓄积性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验阴性。[结论]该消毒剂对细菌繁殖体、白色念珠菌有良好的杀灭作用,受有机物的影响小,性能稳定,无毒,无致突变作用,使用安全。     

某84消毒液杀菌效果及毒性实验观察

目的 了解一种以次氯酸钠为主要成分的液体消毒剂的杀菌效果、稳定性及毒性.方法 采用悬液定量杀灭试验、自然留样稳定性试验等方法进行实验研究.结果 该消毒剂含有效氯1 000 mg/L、600 mg/L的溶液对悬液中金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌分别作用7.5 win、40 min的杀灭对数值≥5.00;含有效氯1 000 mg/L的溶液作用30min对物体表面自然菌各次试验的平均杀灭对数值均≥1.00;含有效氯600 mg/L的溶液作用40 min对黄瓜上染的大肠埃希菌的杀灭对数值≥3.00.能量试验表明该消毒剂最低合格浓度为有效氯1 000 mg/L的稀释液.置25℃±2 ℃恒温恒湿箱3个月,该消毒剂有效氯含量平均下降8.68%.该消毒剂原液急性经口毒性试验属实际无毒,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞无致微核作用.结论 该消毒剂杀菌效果较好,毒性较低,性质不稳定.     

双链季铵盐消毒效果及安全性评价

双癸甲溴铵洗消剂是一种季铵盐类消毒剂,为评价其消毒效果,以一定稀释度的双癸甲溴铵洗消剂对猪水泡病毒（SVDV）,鸡新城疫1系病毒（NCV－1）和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg)进行消毒或灭活试验,结果显示,室温下（24－26度）含有效成分为100mg/L的洗消剂稀释液在10min内可杀灭3.08mg/ml的SVDV病毒（冻干粉重量）,在10min内能有效地杀来活NCV－1,浓度为2000mg/L时30min可破坏HBSAg,经毒性试验表明,该洗消剂无毒无刺激性。     

Analysis of the vaccine potential of a natural avirulent Edwardsiella tarda isolate

Edwardsiella tarda is a severe aquaculture pathogen that can infect many fish species and cause a systematic disease called edwardsiellosis, which can lead to high mortality under certain conditions. Currently, most vaccine candidates against edwardsiellosis are based on pathogenic E. tarda strains, which can be a concern in some cases. In this study, the vaccine potential of a natural E. tarda isolate, ATCC 15947, was examined in a Japanese flounder model. ATCC 15947 was found to be relatively avirulent to flounder but able to disseminate into and survive transiently in fish tissues following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 via i.p. injection exhibited a high level of survival rate, which was increased to 100% by a booster injection. Fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 orally in the form of alginate microspheres showed a moderate survival rate, while fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 via the immersion route exhibited a low rate of survival. Following oral vaccination, ATCC 15947 could colonize transiently in the gut, liver, and spleen of the vaccinated fish. Both injection and oral vaccination with ATCC 15947 induced production of specific serum antibodies, the levels of which at different time points following vaccination were generally higher in fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 via injection than in fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 orally. Compared to control fish, fish vaccinated with ATCC 15947 showed enhanced serum bactericidal activity and significantly increased expression in genes encoding a number of immune-related factors. These results indicated that ATCC 15947 possesses good immunoprotective potential, which may be exploited in the development of E. tarda vaccines.     

Urinary excretion of vitamin B1, B2, B6, niacin,pantothenic acid,folate, and vitamin C correlates with dietary intakes of free-living elderly,female Japanese

We hypothesized that 24-hour urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins might correlate with their intake in free-living Japanese elderly females aged 70 to 84 years. We performed a cross-sectional study composed of 37 healthy, elderly, Japanese females living freely. All foods and the corresponding weights consumed for 4 consecutive days were recorded accurately. A 24-hour urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urinary content of water-soluble vitamins was measured. The urinary levels of all vitamins, except for B₁₂ (r = 0.01; P = .936), were correlated positively with the mean intake over the recent 4 days (vitamin B₁: r = 0.62; P < .001; vitamin B₂: r = 0.57; P < .001; vitamin B₆: r = 0.37; P < .005; niacin: r = 0.54; P < .001; niacin equivalents: r = 0.54; P < .001; pantothenic acid: r = 0.59; P < .001; folate: r = 0.55; P = .001; and vitamin C: r = 0.53; P < .001). Mean estimated intakes of water-soluble vitamins calculated using urinary concentrations and recovery rates showed 96% to 107% of their 3-day mean intake, except for vitamin B₁₂ (65%). We conclude that urinary levels of water-soluble vitamins, except for B₁₂, reflected their recent intake in free-living Japanese elderly females and could be used as a measure of their intake during the previous few days both for group means and for individual rankings within a group.     

Vectored co-delivery of human cytomegalovirus gH and gL proteins elicits potent complement-independent neutralizing antibodies

Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is prevalent worldwide with infection generally being asymptomatic. Nevertheless, hCMV infection can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Primary infection of seronegative women or reactivation/re-infection of seropositive women during pregnancy can result in transmission to the fetus, leading to severe neurological defects. In addition, hCMV is the most common viral infection in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients and can produce serious complications. Hence, a safe and effective vaccine to prevent hCMV infection is an unmet medical need.     

Reduction of spiked porcine circovirus during the manufacture of a Vero cell-derived vaccine

Porcine circovirus-1 (PCV1) was recently identified as a contaminant in live Rotavirus vaccines, which was likely caused by contaminated porcine trypsin. The event triggered the development of new regulatory guidance on the use of porcine trypsin which shall ensure that cell lines and porcine trypsin in use are free from PCV1. In addition, manufacturing processes of biologicals other than live vaccines include virus clearance steps that may prevent and mitigate any potential virus contamination of product. In this work, artificial spiking of down-scaled models for the manufacturing process of an inactivated pandemic influenza virus vaccine were used to investigate inactivation of PCV1 and the physico-chemically related porcine parvovirus (PPV) by formalin and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) treatment as well as removal by the purification step sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. A PCV1 infectivity assay, using a real-time PCR infectivity readout was established. The formalin treatment (0.05% for 48 h) showed substantial inactivation for both PCV1 and PPV with reduction factors of 3.0 log₁₀ and 6.8 log₁₀, respectively, whereas UV-C treatment resulted in complete PPV (≥5.9 log₁₀) inactivation already at a dose of 13 mJ/cm but merely 1.7 log₁₀ at 24 mJ/cm² for PCV1. The UV-C inactivation results with PPV were confirmed using minute virus of mice (MVM), indicating that parvoviruses are far more sensitive to UV-C than PCV1. The sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation also contributed to PCV1 clearance with a reduction factor of 2 log₁₀. The low pH treatment during the production of procine trypsin was investigated and showed effective inactivation for both PCV1 (4.5 log₁₀) and PPV (6.4 log₁₀). In conclusion, PCV1 in general appears to be more resistant to virus inactivation than PPV. Still, the inactivated pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturing process provides for robust virus reduction, in addition to the already implemented testing for PCV1 to avoid any contaminations.     

Bovine colostrum enhances natural killer cell activity and immune response in a mouse model of influenza infection and mediates intestinal immunity through toll-like receptors 2 and 4

Oral administration of bovine colostrum affects intestinal immunity, including an increased percentage of natural killer (NK) cells. However, effects on NK cell cytotoxic activity and resistance to infection as well as a potential mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of bovine colostrum (La Belle, Inc, Bellingham, WA) on the NK cytotoxic response to influenza infection and on toll-like receptor (TLR) activity in a primary intestinal epithelial cell culture. We hypothesized that colostrum would increase NK cell activity and that TLR-2 and TLR-4 blocking would reduce interleukin 6 production by epithelial cells in response to contact stimulation with colostrum. Four-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with 1 g of colostrum per kilogram of body weight before and after infection with influenza A virus (H1N1). Animals were assessed for weight loss, splenic NK cell activity, and lung virus titers. Colostrum-supplemented mice demonstrated less reduction in body weight after influenza infection, indicating a less severe infection, increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and less virus burden in the lungs compared with controls. Colostrum supplementation enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity and improved the immune response to primary influenza virus infection in mice. To investigate a potential mechanism, a primary culture of small intestine epithelial cells was then stimulated with colostrum. Direct activation of epithelial cells resulted in increased interleukin 6 production, which was inhibited with TLR-2 and TLR-4 blocking antibodies. The interaction between colostrum and immunity may be dependent, in part, on the interaction of colostrum components with innate receptors at the intestinal epithelium, including TLR-2 and TLR-4.     

In vitro cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549)

The application of polymer and composites in building and modern transport interiors raises concerns of potential health hazards during combustion. Cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549) has been investigated. A laboratory scale vertical tube furnace was used for the generation of combustion products. A range of materials used in the building and transport industry including high density-polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), fiberglass reinforced polymers (FRPs), and melamine faced plywood (MFP) were studied. The exposure of combustion toxicants to human lung cells (A549) at the air/liquid interface was acquired using a Harvard Navicyte Chamber. Cytotoxic effects on human cells were assessed based on cell viability using a selected in vitro cytotoxicity assays, including NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Morphological assessment on the effects of combustion products in human lung cells from selected materials including PVC, FRP and MFP was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The volatile organic compounds from thermal decomposition products were identified using ATD-GCMS (Automatic Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry). NOAEC (No Observable Adverse Effect Concentration), IC(10) (10% inhibitory concentration), IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration), and TLC (Total Lethal Concentration) values (mg/l) were generated. The following toxicity ranking was observed from the most toxic material to the least toxic using the NRU assay: PVC>PP>HDPE>PC >FRP-10>MFP>FRP-16; and the ATP assay: PVC>HDPE>PP>FRP-10>FRP-16>MFP>PC. The method described here could potentially be an alternative to current fire toxicity standards.     

A novel vaccine targeting Fusobacterium nucleatum against abscesses and halitosis

An abscess in a gum pocket, resulting from bacterial infection, is a common source of chronic halitosis. Although antibiotics are generally prescribed for abscesses, they require multiple treatments with risks of creating resistant bacterial strains. Here we develop a novel vaccine using ultraviolet-inactivated Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a representative oral bacterium for halitosis. A gum pocket model, established by continuous inoculation of F. nucleatum, was employed to validate the vaccine potency. Mice immunized with inactivated F. nucleatum effectively minimized the progression of abscesses, measured by swollen tissues of gum pockets. Most notably, the immunized mice were capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the production of volatile sulfur compounds of F. nucleatum. The novel vaccine inducing protective immunity provides an alternative option to conventional antibiotic treatments for chronic halitosis associated with abscesses.     

In vitro antiviral activity of hypothiocyanite against A/H1N1/2009 pandemic influenza virus

Influenza virus spreads via small particle aerosols, droplets and fomites, and since it can survive for a short time on surfaces, can be introduced into the nasal mucosa before it loses infectivity. The hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN⁻), product of the lactoperoxidase/H₂O₂/SCN⁻ system of central airways, is emerging as an important molecule for innate defense mechanism against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Here we demonstrated that OSCN⁻ displays virucidal activity in vitro against the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza virus. The concentration required to inhibit viral replication by 50% was 2 μM when virus were challenged directly with OSCN⁻ before cell inoculation. These values were even lower when inoculated cells were maintained in contact with enzyme free-OSCN⁻ in the culture medium. The last experimental conditions better reflect those of tracheobronchial mucosa, where HOSCN/OSCN⁻ is retained in the air–liquid interface and inactivates both the viruses approaching the epithelium from outside and those released from the inoculated cells after the replication cycle. Importantly no OSCN⁻ cytotoxicity was observed in the cellular system employed. The lack of toxicity in humans and the absence of damage on surfaces of fomites suggest a potential use of OSCN⁻ to avoid mucosal and environmental transmission of influenza virus. Since hypothiocyanite is normally present in human airways a low risk of viral resistance is envisaged. In vivo confirmatory studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate dose, regimen and formulation.     

Vaccination targeting surface FomA of Fusobacterium nucleatum against bacterial co-aggregation: Implication for treatment of periodontal infection and halitosis

The mechanical therapy with multiple doses of antibiotics is one of modalities for treatment of periodontal diseases. However, treatments using multiple doses of antibiotics carry risks of generating resistant strains and misbalancing the resident body flora. We present an approach via immunization targeting an outer membrane protein FomA of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a central bridging organism in the architecture of oral biofilms. Neutralization of FomA considerably abrogated the enhancement of bacterial co-aggregation, biofilms and production of volatile sulfur compounds mediated by an inter-species interaction of F. nucleatum with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Vaccination targeting FomA also conferred a protective effect against co-infection-induced gum inflammation. Here, we advance a novel infectious mechanism by which F. nucleatum co-opts P. gingivalis to exacerbate gum infections. FomA is highlighted as a potential target for development of new therapeutics against periodontal infection and halitosis in humans.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.