喉非特异性肉芽肿治疗方法的优先选择

目的 探讨喉非特异性肉芽肿的综合治疗方式的优先选择及治疗效果。方法 确诊为喉非特异性肉芽肿的患者20例,对8例有气管插管史者,未经任何保守治疗即行支撑喉镜下手术治疗,术后吸入类固醇2周;12例无气管插管史者,给予制酸药为主,支撑喉镜下手术、吸入类固醇、语音疗法为辅的治疗。结果 所有患者治疗疗程结束后随访6个月,有气管插管史患者出现复发1例,经再次手术、术后吸入类固醇治疗后治愈;无气管插管史患者,10例仅经制酸治疗后症状完全消失,2例经同时配合予支撑喉镜下手术、吸入类固醇及语音疗法后治愈。结论 喉非特异性肉芽肿病因复杂,治疗方法多样,对于有气管插管史者,优先选择手术及术后吸入类固醇治疗可缩短治疗时间,疗效显著;对于无气管插管史者,优先选择以制酸治疗为主的综合治疗,疗效显著。     

双丙酸倍氯美松吸入剂治疗喉肉芽肿

喉非特异性肉芽肿好发于声带软骨部。目前主要靠喉显微外科手术钳除,很易复发。复发的主要原因是由于手术损伤了披裂软骨或软骨膜,或术后愈合过程有障碍。有报告局部注射皮质类固醇有效。为研究局部外用的类固醇抗炎药双丙酸倍氯美松吸入剂(BDI)的治疗效果,9例喉肉芽肿患者接受了BDI治疗。由定量喷雾器一次喷出BDI50mg。一日喷吸4回,每回喷2次(100mg),连续2～6个月。结果:有3例3个月内、1例6个月、1例7个     

喉硬结病的临床特点与治疗

目的　探讨喉硬结病的临床特点和治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 1981年 5月～ 2 0 0 2年12月收治的 4 3例经病理证实的喉硬结病患者的临床资料和治疗方法。结果　 4 3例中声嘶 4 3例次、呼吸困难 19例次。喉部病变以萎缩期为主 2例 ,肉芽肿期为主 35例 ,瘢痕期为主 6例。主要病变局限于声门区 13例 ,局限于声门下区 1例 ;累及声门上区和声门区 18例 ,累及声门区和声门下区 8例 ,声门上区、声门区和声门下区均受累 3例。采用抗生素治疗 2 4例 ,手术治疗 7例 ,放射治疗 2例。采用抗生素治疗 2 4例中 ,18例治愈 ,另 2例复发后再进行抗生素治疗治愈 ;2 4例中 4例伴 2度或 3度喉阻塞者行预防性气管切开术。 1例伴 2度喉阻塞的肉芽肿期患者采用手术和抗生素结合的方法治愈。 6例伴喉狭窄的瘢痕期患者通过手术成形治愈。 1例采用放射治疗后 4年复发 ,1例抗生素治疗无效的患者采用放射治疗与抗生素结合的方法治愈。结论　硬结病可侵犯喉部导致发声困难和喉阻塞 ,抗生素治疗对多数喉硬结病患者有效 ,治疗后有必要进行长期随访。对喉硬结病导致瘢痕性喉狭窄的患者需手术成形。     

喉硬结病的临床特点与治疗

目的探讨喉硬结病的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1981年5月～2002年12月收治的43例经病理证实的喉硬结病患者的临床资料和治疗方法。结果43例中声嘶43例次、呼吸困难19例次。喉部病变以萎缩期为主2例，肉芽肿期为主35例，瘢痕期为主6例。主要病变局限于声门区13例，局限于声门下区1例；累及声门上区和声门区18例，累及声门区和声门下区8例，声门上区、声门区和声门下区均受累3例。采用抗生素治疗24例，手术治疗7例，放射治疗2例。采用抗生素治疗24例中，18例治愈，另2例复发后再进行抗生素治疗治愈；24例中4例伴2度或3度喉阻塞者行预防性气管切开术。1例伴2度喉阻塞的肉芽肿期患者采用手术和抗生素结合的方法治愈。6例伴喉狭窄的瘢痕期患者通过手术成形治愈。1例采用放射治疗后4年复发，1例抗生素治疗无效的患者采用放射治疗与抗生素结合的方法治愈。结论硬结病可侵犯喉部导致发声困难和喉阻塞，抗生素治疗对多数喉硬结病患者有效，治疗后有必要进行长期随访。对喉硬结病导致瘢痕性喉狭窄的患者需手术成形。     

低温等离子治疗喉损伤性肉芽肿9例

目的 研究提高喉损伤性肉芽肿手术治疗效果的新方法。方法 9例喉损伤性肉芽肿患者中男2例,女7例;22～65岁,平均45岁; 9例患者就诊前1～3个月均有气管内插管史;经抗炎、禁声、雾化吸入治疗1～2月后无好转。2例尚有呼吸困难。在支撑喉镜下导入显微镜调整焦距,充分显露喉腔病变,开启流量泵和低温等离子射频消融系统,连接喉用7.0刀头,用脚踏板控制刀头,将等离子刀头置于肉芽肿表面,从上至下消融肉芽肿,直至肉芽肿基底,尽可能避免损伤周围黏膜。术后应用地塞米松及庆大霉素雾化吸入1周。结果 9例患者均一次手术成功,手术后肉芽肿复发1例,复发部位为对侧,经再次手术,未再复发。8例随访3个月～2年,未见复发,1例失访。病理检查证实,切取的肉芽组织表现为鳞状上皮黏膜慢性炎性反应,并有少量炎性细胞浸润。结论 低温等离子射频消融术治疗喉损伤性肉芽肿,为喉损伤性肉芽肿提供了一种安全、有效、微创的理想治疗术式,可避免术后复发。     

CO2激光治疗喉接触性肉芽肿的疗效观察

目的 观察CO2激光切除喉接触性肉芽肿术后结合发声矫治和药物治疗的效果.方法 对15例喉接触性肉芽肿,采用全身麻醉气管插管,在支撑喉镜下用CO2激光切除病变,术后雾化吸入和休声2周,纠正病人不正确的发声方法,同时应用抗胃酸药物治疗1个月,术后随访6个月.结果 术后1个月复查,12例患者声带创面愈合良好,黏膜光滑.3个月复查,3例复发,2例经药物保守治疗后肉芽肿消失,1例保守治疗无效再次手术切除后痊愈,6个月复查15例病人无复发,治愈率80%.结论 应用CO2激光切除喉接触性肉芽肿,结合发声矫治和药物治疗,疗效好,复发率低.     

声带突肉芽肿的临床治疗分析

目的对声带突肉芽肿患者进行硫酸锌药物和CO2激光手术治疗的疗效对比分析,探讨该类疾病的有效治疗方法。方法对2007～2012年共26例声带突肉芽肿患者进行治疗,15例患者饭后服用硫酸锌口服液100 ml(含硫酸锌200 mg),3次/d,直至肉芽肿消退,11例患者采用CO2激光手术治疗,术后雾化吸入类固醇激素及声休2周,所有患者之前均未有任何治疗。结果硫酸锌药物治疗组1～3个月内均痊愈,随访1年未见复发,CO2激光手术治疗组有3例患者术后2～3个月复发,再行CO2激光手术,随访1年均未见复发,两组患者均无并发症发生。结论与手术治疗相比,硫酸锌药物治疗声带突肉芽肿更为安全有效,尤其对手术后复发者疗效显著,不失为一种很好的治疗及补救措施。     

成人气管插管后喉肉芽肿的临床分析

目的探讨成人气管插管后喉肉芽肿的形成原因及诊疗方法。方法回顾性研究1996年1月-2006年12月诊治的8例气管插管后喉肉芽肿成人患者，分析其气管导管口径和留置时间与发生插管后喉肉芽肿的关系，总结诊疗经验体会。结果所有患者所用气管导管均为F28-F30；导管留置2-23h，平均7．4h。全部病例均有拔管后的迟发性声嘶发生；喉肉芽肿物多位于声带突处，6例为单侧，2例双侧。均先予以保守治疗，2例经保守疗法治疗而痊愈，另6例经手术切除而治愈。肉芽肿组织病理学表现为炎性肉芽肿。经随访观察1年以上，所有病例的喉肉芽肿均完全消失而无复发。结论结合气管插管史，综合分析咽喉部症状特别是迟发性声嘶和喉镜检查所见，即可确诊。保守治疗或手术切除均可获得良好疗效。     

纤维喉镜下Nd:YAG激光和直达喉镜下CO2激光治疗喉接触性肉芽肿疗效分析

目的研究纤维喉镜下Nd:YAG激光和直达喉镜下CO2激光治疗喉接触性性肉芽肿的方法,并比较其疗效。方法回顾性分析经组织病理确诊的64例喉接触性肉芽肿患者,28例采用全身麻醉气管插管,支撑喉镜在显微镜协同下用CO2激光切除病变,封闭创面;36例采用局部麻醉,纤维喉镜下引导光纤,用Nd:YAG激光切除病变。术后随访6个月以上。结果 64例喉接触性肉芽肿患者中,28例采用CO2激光切除,1次手术治愈率仅为21.83%,2次手术治愈率为28.57%,3次手术治愈率为10.71%,3次以上手术仍复发者为39.28%;36例采用Nd:YAG激光切除,1次手术治愈率为33.33%,2次手术治愈率为30.56%,3次手术治愈率为25.00%,3次以上手术仍复发者为11.11%。两者比较CO2激光切除病变复发率明显高于用Nd:YAG激光切除病变(P<0.05)。结论喉接触性性肉芽肿有强烈的复发倾向,仍以激光手术治疗为主,手术中尽可能减轻对喉的刺激,喉部局麻避免插管,对于治疗因插管引发的喉接触性肉芽肿极为重要;术后采取综合疗法,能缩短治疗时间,提高治愈率,减少并发症和不良反应。     

18例喉接触性肉芽肿的临床病理分析

目的：总结喉接触性肉芽肿的临床病理特点及诊治体会。方法：回顾性分析18例喉接触性肉芽肿患者的临床及病理资料。结果：18例患者均病理检查均呈典型炎性肉芽肿,但有1例见少量异型细胞;15例行手术治疗,初次手术后复发率为60％,复发者再次手术,其中4例术后采取抗胃食管反流治疗,仍有3例复发;3例未手术随访观察者1例自愈,2例观察2～4年病情无明显变化。结论：喉接触性肉芽肿好发于中年男性;根据肉芽肿的特定好发部位及外观,临床诊断不难,但仍应重视病理检查,防止漏诊个别有恶变倾向的病例;本病手术治疗后复发率高,抗胃食管反流治疗的疗效有待进一步考证。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.