Sensitisation about condom use in Gabon (1999): evaluation of the impact of a comic book

The authors report the evaluation of the impact of a comic book about condom use distributed to Gabonese high school students in Libreville and Lambarene in 1999. This evaluation was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire completed by 954 students in 11 high schools immediately before distribution of a comic book about condoms and by 771 students 15-30 days afterwards. The anonymous questionnaire contained multiple-choice and open questions about knowledge, attitudes and practices. During the second survey (same schools and same classes), the questions tested knowledge about AIDS and about the stories in the book. The student populations who responded to the two questionnaires were homogeneous for sex, age, school class, and province of residence. Knowledge about the modes of HIV/AIDS contamination improved substantially between the two questionnaires, with knowledge about the mother-child transmission pathway increasing from 47% to 75% of responders. At the same time, and without any significant difference by sex, class or province, individual adhesion to the role of the condom as a means of prevention against AIDS progressed from 64% to 95%. The students questioned wanted AIDS prevention information to be better integrated into their curriculum and, in particular, they wanted educational activities in this area in their school, either by their teachers or in special information areas. Thus, the 48-page comic book by young Gabonese artists was perceived as a good method of condom education for the young (75%) and as an excellent method for inducing awareness about it among them (89%). The book's contents had been absorbed, and the students found that the stories and the message were well matched. Moreover, the extension of the readership beyond the initial distribution at the first evaluation (7.5 readers reported per copy) showed that the messages in the book spread well beyond the student group.     

医科大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为调查

目的：了解医科大学生关于艾滋病知识(K)、态度（A）及行为（B）的现状，探寻其影响因素，为制定相应的预防艾滋病的策略和措施提供依据。方法：对安徽医科大学的1465名在校学生通过问卷调查的方式进行艾滋病防治知识、态度、行为（KAP）的调查及分析。结果：医科大学生对于艾滋病的基本知识有了一定程度的了解，基本掌握艾滋病的主要传播途径，但有关艾滋病的专业知识，多数学生仍很模糊；49.4％的学生认为婚前性行为不可取；7.0％的学生发生过性关系；89.8％的学生希望了解性病/艾滋病的知识，96.7％的学生认为在大学中开展艾滋病健康教育很必要。结论：作为艾滋病防治的一级预防措施，在大学中开展系统的艾滋病防治和性教育工作非常重要，不仅可以提高他们自身的知识并促进改变行为，同时可将有关知识和健康的性道德、性行为推广到同伴、家庭和社会。     

Are Physicians Educable?

Third-year medical students on their pediatric rotation at the University of New Mexico (UNM) are assigned to spend two mornings with school nurses at the students' choice of schools. Each student is given a list of goals and questions relating to those goals to guide his/her experience. Following the two sessions, each student answers a questionnaire testing understanding of aspects of the school nurse's work and interrelationships between school nurses and physicians. Of the first 67 students responding to the questionnaire, 66 found the program valuable and worthy of continuation. The medical students' understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the nurses whose work they observed appeared excellent. Two-thirds of the students perceive poor communication with physicians as a major frustration for the nurses. Their appreciation of this need, plus their ability to recognize the many capabilities of school nurses, should result in better interaction between the two professions.     

合肥市某高校 252 名学生艾滋病知识和行为调查分析

目的为了解当前大学生群体艾滋病知识掌握程度及渠道,找出薄弱环节,为学校及公共卫生部门提供依据。方法本研究采用随机整群抽样,在合肥市一所高校内按照不同专业、班级随机抽取252名学生作为调查样本。在调查对象知情同意和保密的原则下,进行匿名自填式问卷调查。结果被调查大学生群体的艾滋病基本知识问题回答正确率为70．98％,防治知识问题回答正确率为32．74％。群体对于19个关于艾滋病基本知识的问题中,有4个问题的回答正确率不足50％;对于7个关于艾滋病诊断和治疗的问题,有4个回答正确率不足20％;有156名学生（63．16％）对艾滋病患者有恐惧感;有178名学生愿意参加艾滋病健康教育活动。结论应强化政策宣传力度,加大艾滋病校园健康宣教投入,努力使艾滋病防治知识传播的专业化、系统化、多渠道化,提高青年学生的艾滋病防治工作效果。     

广州市大中学生预防艾滋病健康教育行动效果评估

目的 评价大、中学生预防艾滋病健康教育效果，为开展相关研究提供依据。方法 采取整群随机抽样的方法，以无记名自填式答卷方式，对广州市大学生2071名、高中生2589名、职中学生2796名预防艾滋病健康教育前后情况进行对比分析。结果 大、中学生在预防艾滋病健康教育后。对20项艾滋病相关知识知晓率显高于教育前；对12项艾滋病相关行为的态度，教育后亦有了不同程度的改变:结论 安全性行为教育、反吸毒教育是对大、中学生进行预防艾滋病健康教育的重点内容；参观图并茂的展览。发放健康教育处方，观看VCD，是预防艾滋病健康教育的较好形式；在传播预防艾滋病知识的同时，更要注重大、中学生对艾滋病相关态度的转变；预防艾滋病健康教育还应与性伦理、性道德、法制教育相结合，效果会更明显。     

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and suburban adolescents: Knowledge,attitudes, behaviors and risks

A seventy-nine question survey concerning AIDS was administered to 142 students in a high school senior class in Manhasset, Long Island, an affluent New York City suburb with a low incidence of AIDS. The instrument elicited information about knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, behaviors, and risks. Overall knowledge levels were high. However, substantial numbers of students demonstrated poor knowledge about the epidemiology of AIDS. Only a minority (22.7%) knew that most new cases of AIDS in the United States are among intravenous drug users. Of great concern is that 17.1% thought that AIDS could be contracted during a routine visit to the doctor's office. Of equal concern is that 19.9% thought or were not sure that AIDS could be transmitted while donating blood. When questioned about their attitudes toward those with AIDS attending school, visiting their homes, or living on their blocks, students exhibited the lowest level of tolerance for the school setting with 14.8% objecting to the presence of AIDS-infected students. While 97.9% knew of the protective effect of condoms, 25.6% were either not sure or erroneously thought that urinating after sexual intercourse lowers the risk of contracting the disease. Only a minority of students (39.7%) thought that the government was telling the truth about AIDS. While only 29.8% had had sexual intercourse, most (56.5%) planned to become sexually active in college. This coupled with the consumption of alcohol to the point of getting high or drunk by 57.1% and a history among 15.2% of having sexual intercourse while drunk is of concern. Significant AIDS risk factors found in this population include alcohol use and sexual activity.This study was undertaken in fulfillment of the requirements for the fifty-fifth Annual Westinghouse Science Talent Search while the author was a student at Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York.I would like to thank Jay Fleisher, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor and epidemiologist at SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, who assisted me in developing the survey instrument and in the overall study. I would also like to thank Jack A. DeHovitz, M.D., Associate Professor and Director of the AIDS Prevention Center at SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, who helped me in the initial phases of the study. Christine Rucker, Director of the AIDS Prevention Center's Teens Helping Each Other (THEO) program, and Denise Williams of the THEO Program helped me with designing the survey questions. During the summer of 1994 I worked in the THEO program in Brooklyn with many inner-city teenagers who also made suggestions about the survey. I wish to thank all of them for their assistance. I am very grateful to Mr. Frank McDermott, District Coordinator for Social Studies at Manhasset High School who provided valuable guidance on this project.     

1085名大学生AIDS知识·态度健康教育效果评价

目的了解娄底市大学生AIDS知识知晓程度及对AIDS患者的态度和开展AIDS健康教育的效果,以便制定针对性的健康教育策略。方法采用整群抽样法,对1058名学生进行AIDS基本知识和态度前后两轮问卷调查。结果12道AIDS基本知识问卷题,宣传教育前回答正确在80%以上有5道题,经宣传教育后回答正确在80%以上有11道题,所有问题前后两次知晓率比较差异均有显著性意义。学生对待AIDS患者持关心态度,前后两次回答差异无显著性,愿意同AIDS患者同班上课且教育后明显高于教育前,差异有显著性意义。结论以学校为基础的AIDS健康教育行之有效,让学生完整地了解AIDS基本知识并持之以恒,才能更有效地遏制AIDS发病和流行。     

HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviors assessment of Chinese students: a questionnaire study

The objective of this study was to assess students' knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV and AIDS. A questionnaire was administered to a cross section of 259 Chinese undergraduates. Respondents were asked to provide information about knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Study results indicated that the majority of undergraduates had a moderate level of HIV and AIDS knowledge, acceptance and attitudes towards people with HIV and AIDS. Boys had more acceptance and positive attitudes towards people with HIV and AIDS than girls. Students majoring in medicine performed better (more knowledgeable and accepting) than non-medical students. Differences between students with various monthly expenditures were found-- 6.2% of students had 3-5 sexual partners which has rarely been found in Chinese students; most students did not know HIV VCT centers and most students did not show their confidence for controlling of HIV and AIDS in China. In conclusion, students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS was uneven. A peer educational program to talk about self esteem, healthy sexual attitudes, being human-accepting and loving should be developed in the near future.     

Teaching AIDS

This article reviews a peer group Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) educational program at a university in Australia. Studies in the US have shown that most adolescents, although sexually active, do not believe they are likely to become infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and therefore do not attempt to modify their sexual behavior. A 1st step in educating students is to introduce them to condoms and impress upon them the fact that condoms should be used at the beginning of all sexual relationships, whether homosexual or heterosexual. In this program 3rd year medical students were targeted, as they are effective communicators and disseminators of information to the rest of the student body. After class members blow up condoms, giving them a chance to handle various brands and observe the varying degrees of strength, statistical evidence about the contraceptive failure rate of condoms (0.6-14.7 per 100 women-years) is discussed. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol-9 used in conjunction with condoms, are also discussed, as are condoms for women, packaging and marketing of condoms, including those made from latex and from the caecum of sheep, the latter condoms being of questionable effectiveness in preventing transmission of the virus. The care of terminal AIDS cases and current global and national statistics on AIDS are presented. The program also includes cash prizes for the best student essays on condom use, the distribution of condoms, condom key rings and T-shirts, and a student-run safe sex stand during orientation week. All of these activities are intended to involve students and attract the interest of the undergraduate community. Questionnaires administered to students at the end of the course revealed that the lectures were received favorably. Questionnaires administered to new medical and English students attending orientation week revealed that 72% of students thought the stand was a good idea and 81% and 83%, respectively found it informative, while only 3% and 8%, respectively were offended by it.     

An evaluation of a school-based AIDS/HIV education program for high school students.

The effect of a 1-hr school-based AIDS/HIV education program on the knowledge and attitudes of high school students was evaluated with a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control Health Risk Survey. One urban and one suburban school each were randomly assigned to an educational intervention (n = 535) or a control group (n = 659). All students received a posttest 2 weeks after the intervention. Knowledge was based on responses to 12 true-false questions (pretest alpha = .76, posttest alpha = 0.81). Principal components analysis was used to develop three attitude scales and risk-taking behavior was assessed by self-report. Data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate ANOVA. The groups did not differ in knowledge level at pretest. At posttest the education group had significantly (p < or = 0.006) higher knowledge even after controlling for the effects of previous AIDS education (p < or = 0.019), gender (p < or = 0.007), and Hispanic ethnicity (p < or = 0.048). After the education program, students were less worried about exposure to the AIDS virus, but were more worried (p < or = 0.048) about AIDS acquisition during their adult life. Although single school-based AIDS/HIV education programs may increase knowledge, more extensive education may be needed to change the behavior and attitudes of older high school students.     

Reducing HIV and AIDS through Prevention (RHAP): A Theoretically Based Approach for Teaching HIV Prevention to Adolescents through an Exploration of Popular Music

Using popular culture to engage students in discussions of HIV prevention is a nontraditional approach that may complement current prevention efforts and enhance the ability to reach youth who are at high risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Hip-hop or rap music is the dominant genre of music among adolescents, especially Black and Latino youth who are disproportionately impacted by HIV and AIDS. This paper describes the rationale and development of the Reducing HIV and AIDS through Prevention (RHAP) program, a school-based program that uses hip-hop/rap music as a vehicle for raising awareness among adolescents about HIV/AIDS. Constructs from the Social Cognitive Theory and the Sexual Script Theory were used in developing the program. It was piloted and evaluated among 26 middle school students in East Harlem, New York. The lessons learned from a formative evaluation of the program and the implications for developing other programs targeting public health problems are discussed. The RHAP program challenges the traditional pedagogue–student paradigm and provides an alternative approach to teaching about HIV prevention and awareness.     

上海师范大学生艾滋病／性病和安全必天造地设斩同伴教育

目的 帮助年轻人掌握有关艾滋病/性病知识,树立正确的性道德观念,方法 采用同伴教育的方法对上海某师范大学一年级新生进行艾滋病/性病和安全性行为教育,结果 该同伴教育极大地提高了大学生对有关生殖、性病和艾滋病的知识水平,使大学生了解了什么是安全性行为以及如何避免高危性行为以远离艾滋病;改变了万古长青生对艾滋病病人和艾滋病病毒感染的恐惧、躲避和憎恶的态度。结论 在大学生中开展同伴教育十分有效。     

大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为现况调查

[目的]了解大学生对艾滋病（AIDS）知识的掌握程度,探讨针对大学生有效的AIDS宣传教育方式.[方法]采用不记名问卷方式,对成都市某大学学生随机进行现况调查.[结果]大学生AIDS基本知识全项回答正确率16.6%,男生高于女生;3大传播途径知晓率达90%以上;对艾滋病感染者及病人存在恐惧和歧视;有7.9%学生回答有异性性接触,2.0%学生回答有同性性接触,4.1%回答有吸毒行为,其中静脉吸食海洛因有0.7%;最近1次性生活使用安全套12.3%;获得艾滋病知识宣传主要途径是报刊、电视、网络;90%以上愿意接受并参与艾滋病知识宣传.[结论]该校应加强对大学生AIDS宣传教育;充分依靠大学生人群开展宣传教育.     

Students teaching AIDS to students: addressing AIDS in the adolescent population

Adolescents are at high risk for developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because of their sexual curiosity and exploration, drug experimentation, and lack of knowledge. At present, the only way to reduce this risk is through education. In an effort to increase AIDS education among adolescents, a program called Students Teaching AIDS to Students (STATS) is proposed. The goal of this project is to help train medical students to become AIDS educators in the schools, churches, and youth organizations of their local communities. The project involves preparation and distribution of a package of materials which can be used by medical students to initiate a STATS program. The package consists of a manual which explains the essentials of starting a youth health education project, suggests how to gain approval for the project within the community, and contains curriculums with basic AIDS information and exercises. The curriculum material is tailored for presentation to students over two school-class periods on separate days and contains age-appropriate information. Another component of the package is the slide show tailored to explain STATS to school boards, parent groups, and the leaders of other youth organizations. A video tape to help answer difficult questions put by students has been selected to be part of the curriculum for school grade levels 7 to 12. These materials are geared to facilitate the start of a successful AIDS education program for adolescents.     

"I get to spend time with my patients": nursing home physicians discuss their role

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to learn about the role of the nursing home physician, and to begin to identify and articulate key concepts related to the role. DESIGN: A qualitative exploratory methodology was selected. Two medical students interviewed nursing home physicians in person, using open-ended questions. SETTING: The data reflect the nursing home setting. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve physicians who practice full-time or part-time in a nursing home setting were interviewed. Six physicians were fellowship trained and seven were affiliated with an academic medical center. Eight physicians were from an urban area, and four were from a rural area in a Midwestern state. MEASUREMENT: Qualitative data were grouped and coded to develop conceptual categories. RESULTS: Physicians were categorized as "pursuers, inheritors, or practice builders," based on their path to coming to care for nursing home residents. The medical directors among the physicians reported that their role was heavily dependent upon the desires of the nursing home administrator. Students were encouraged to visit many nursing homes to learn about the different ways in which the medical director role can be played out. Physicians reported positive aspects of their role including relationships with residents, families,staff; interesting and meaningful patient care; and autonomy. Less desirable aspects included: staff turnover, difficult expectations, and administrative issues. Although physicians indicated that social and indeed professional stigma are troublesome to people who work in nursing homes, they assured the medical student interviewer that caring for nursing home residents was gratifying and meaningful work. CONCLUSION: The need for physicians to care for the growing number of nursing home residents will continue for decades. Learning more about how physicians come to care for nursing home residents can be used to develop better ways to recruit, train, and retain physicians. Information about what nursing home physicians value about their role can be used to structure more desirable roles.     

大学生艾滋病相关知识与性行为的调查分析

目的了解大学生艾滋病知识水平、性行为发生情况以及二者的关系,为艾滋病的健康教育提供依据。方法采取分层整群抽样的方法抽取湖南某大学大一、大二、大三在校大学生1208名,用自行设计的问卷调查。结果3.4%的被调查学生和男/女朋友以外的其他人发生过性行为,安全套的使用率较低;和男/女朋友以外的人发生过性行为的学生艾滋病知识得分低于其他学生,发生性行为时经常、偶尔和从不使用安全套的三组学生艾滋病知识得分差异无显著性意义。结论危险性行为的发生和艾滋病知识水平有关,同时也可能受到性观念等因素的影响。艾滋病的健康教育应该将艾滋病知识和性教育相结合,重在改变危险性行为。     

Innovation, Peer Teaching, and Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Outreach from a School-Based Clinic

The gum-chewing 10th grade student with teased hair eyed the quiet line of seventh grade girls seated nervously across the table from her in the mid-school library. The 10th grade student was their “teacher” for the next 30 minutes, leading a discussion about AIDS. “So,” she asked, chewing between phrases, “You girls know about latex condoms?” She then rattled off a series of questions and teaching points about AIDS — “African green monkeys,” “unprotected sex,” “shared needles.” The 10th grade student was contributing to her inner city high school class project, run in conjunction with the school-based clinic. She was sharing her special knowledge about AIDS, taught by the clinic staff, with younger children as a service to her community. What this novice teacher was lacking in professional delivery she made up for in enthusiasm for both her subject and for her important, new leadership role.     

Stigma, discrimination, and HIV/AIDS knowledge among physicians in Barbados.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of clinical knowledge of HIV/AIDS that physicians in Barbados have and their attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: In 2000 the Barbados Association of Medical Practitioners conducted a survey in order to assess its members' views on HIV/AIDS issues. Over a two-month period 203 physicians (76% of all those practicing in the country) were interviewed. The survey included physicians working in private practice and the public sector. They were surveyed individually concerning their attitudes towards counseling as well as their clinical knowledge, perception of safe practices, fear of occupational exposure, views on ethical issues, experience treating HIV/AIDS patients, and background with HIV/AIDS continuing education. RESULTS: In comparison to physicians who had graduated in later years, physicians who had graduated in 1984 or earlier had seen fewer HIV/AIDS clients, had lower levels of knowledge about the disease, were more likely to test for HIV/AIDS without informed consent, and were less likely to have ever attended a continuing education training course on HIV/AIDS. Overall, knowledge of the clinical indications of HIV/AIDS was low, and 76% of the physicians did not think they had adequate counseling skills. Over 80% of the physicians were comfortable looking after HIV/AIDS patients. While 95% of the physicians would not release HIV test results without a patient's consent, 33% would test, without consent, a seriously ill patient, and 15% would test without consent a patient upon whom they had to perform an invasive procedure if they perceived the patient to be from a high-risk population such as gay men or commercial sex workers. Only 53% of the physicians had attended an HIV/AIDS in-service training program between 1995 and 1999. CONCLUSIONS: Physician training in Barbados should focus on all aspects of HIV/AIDS care, including clinical and emotional factors. Attendance at such training should be mandatory for public sector physicians, and medical school curricula need to be examined to ensure their HIV/AIDS content is current and comprehensive.     

大学生艾滋病KAP现况调查

目的了解大学生对艾滋病（AIDS）的知信行,探讨针对大学生的AIDS宣传教育方式。方法采用不记名问卷方式,对成都市某大学学生随机进行现况调查。结果大学生AIDS基本知识全项回答正确率16.6%,男生高于女生;3大传播途径知晓率达90%以上;对艾滋病感染者及患者存在恐惧和歧视;有7.9%学生回答有异性性接触,2.0%学生回答有同性性接触,4.1%回答有吸毒行为,其中静脉吸食海洛因有0.7%;最近1次性生活使用安全套12.3%;获得艾滋病知识宣传主要途径是报刊、电视、网络;90%以上愿意接受并参与艾滋病知识宣传。结论应加强对大学生AIDS宣传教育;充分依靠大学生人群开展宣传教育。     

师范大学学生艾滋病相关知识、态度及性观念的调查

目的了解师范类大学生对艾滋病知识、态度和性观念的现状，为探索有针对性的艾滋病行为干预提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法对杭州一所大学师范类专业的1499名大学生进行了匿名问卷调查。结果师范大学学生对于艾滋病的基本知识有一定程度的了解，基本掌握艾滋病的主要传播途径，但对于一些日常生活接触是否会传播艾滋病回答正确率较低，基本知识女生正确率高于男生。41．1％的学生赞同婚前性行为，93.8％的学生认为在大学中开展艾滋病健康教育很必要，88．5％的学生愿意学习预防艾滋病的知识。结论对师范类大学生开展艾滋病防治和性教育工作非常必要，有助于提高他们自身的知识并促进改变行为。