腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的防治

腹膜透析(PD)相关性腹膜炎是腹膜透析患者的严重并发症,降低腹膜透析相关感染的风险应该是每个PD中心的重要工作目标。对于出现感染者,应在早期进行经验性治疗,并高质量留取标本,进行有效的微生物学诊断和药敏试验,以保证抗感染治疗的准确性和有效性。腹膜透析中心应积极开展团队质量改进,包括持续进行感染监测、分析感染发生的根本原因。建立全面的腹膜炎风险评估机制,尤其要重点加强主动预防理念,在开始腹膜透析治疗的同时,对高龄、糖尿病患者等高危人群进行重点预防,有意识地加强操作正规培训和再培训、积极防止腹泻和(或)便秘以及加强隧道和出口处护理等主动预防措施,尽可能降低腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生概率。     

腹膜透析相关腹膜炎的防治策略

腹膜透析(腹透)是终末期肾病的有效替代治疗方法之一。然而腹膜炎仍然是腹透最常见的并发症,是导致腹透患者技术失败的主要原因。本文阐述了中国腹透相关腹膜炎流行病学特点;参照国际腹膜透析学会指南并结合作者所在腹透中心的经验,讨论了腹透相关腹膜炎的预防和治疗策略。     

Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis withdrawal due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis has become commonly used for renal replacement therapy; however, some patients withdraw from peritoneal dialysis due to complications, including peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis, resulting in the low number of patients on peritoneal dialysis. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis withdrawal due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis are less certain. This retrospective study aimed to investigate these risk factors.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and causative microorganisms of 204 episodes of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis between 2007 and 2018 at our institution.ResultsOf the 204 episodes, 38 resulted in withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. The number of peritonitis episodes per patient-year and the incidence of cardiovascular disease were significantly higher in the withdrawal group. Similarly, this group had low levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase, cholinesterase and high C-reactive protein, and second dialysate cell counts after antibiotic administration. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum albumin (odds ratio: 0.465; 95% confidence interval: 0.249–0.868; P = 0.016) and cardiovascular disease (odds ratio: 2.508; 95% confidence interval: 1.184–5.315; P = 0.016) exhibited significant differences.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of cardiovascular disease were independent risk factors for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.     

Comparison of topical mupirocin and gentamicin in the prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Topical antibiotics have been shown to reduce exit-site infection and peritonitis. The aim of this study was to compare infection rates between mupirocin and gentamicin.

腹膜透析相关腹膜纤维化的防治进展

腹膜纤维化(PF)是终末期肾病(ESRD)患者退出腹膜透析的主要原因。腹膜组织长期暴露于腹膜透析液中,致腹膜形态及功能发生改变,并最终走向腹膜纤维化,使得腹膜超滤量下降,患者无法再利用腹膜透析进行肾脏替代治疗。近年来,越来越多的研究将目光聚集在腹膜纤维化的防治上,利用涌现出的"新药"开展了一系列的细胞实验以及动物实验,在这些实验中尤以吡非尼酮对纤维化的防治效果引人注目。本文将针对近年来防治腹膜纤维化试验成果进行总结,同时对吡非尼酮的临床应用前景进行阐述。     

Tuberculous peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a 35-year experience from a large medical center in Northern Taiwan

IntroductionTuberculous peritonitis (TBP) is a rare but fatal complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, we aimed to determine the demographic features, clinical features, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes of PD patients with TBP and to clarify possible risk factors for mortality.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed 2084 PD patients from January 1985 to December 2019. The diagnosis of TBP was established by positive peritoneal fluid culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Results18 patients were diagnosed with TBP. The incidence was 2.029 episodes per 1000 patient-years. The most common symptom was fever (94.4%), followed by cloudy effluent (83.3%) and abdominal pain (83.3%). The average peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) white blood cell (WBC) count was 172.7 cells/μL. Nine patients (50%) had WBC counts lower than 100 cells/μL and 13 patients (72.2%) had neutrophilic predominant WBC counts. Acid fast stain (AFS) was positive in 7 patients (38.9%). Only 2 patients (11.1%) continued with PD after TB infection, while 10 patients (55.6%) changed to hemodialysis. Seven patients (38.9%) died within 1 year. Significant differences were observed in sex (p = 0.040), the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.024), and PD catheter removal (p < 0.001) between TBP patients with and without mortality. However, none of them was a significant factor for 1-year mortality in multivariate Cox regression model.ConclusionPhysicians should pay attention to the unusual presentations of peritonitis, especially if symptoms include fever or an initial low PDE WBC count. Catheter removal is not mandatory if early diagnosis and appropriate therapy are available.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎经验用药分析

目的 研究华山医院及宝山分院腹膜透析（腹透）相关性腹膜炎的致病菌、耐药性及患者转归,为临床经验用药提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年1月上述两医院腹透中心收治的93例腹透相关性腹膜炎的临床表现、致病菌、耐药性及转归。 结果 75例腹透液培养阳性,阳性率为80.2％,其中革兰阳性球菌45例,革兰阴性杆菌21例,真菌2例,革兰阳性杆菌1例,革兰阴性球菌1例,多种菌混合感染5例。革兰阳性球菌主要以凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌为主,所有革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素均敏感,但对头孢唑林耐药率高达60.0%,而且耐药率有明显的逐年增加趋势。革兰阴性菌对头孢他啶的耐药率达到46.1％,所有革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南均敏感。因腹膜炎而退出腹膜透析有16例,退出率为17.2％（16/93）。腹腔使用万古霉素对残肾功能无显著影响。 结论 两院腹透中心腹透相关腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为多数。头孢唑啉耐药性逐年增高,目前不再适合作为初始治疗的经验用药。腹腔使用万古霉素可推荐作为革兰阳性菌致腹膜炎的初始经验用药。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎抗生素初始治疗方案探讨

目的 探讨头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎初始治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年5月在北京大学第三医院收治的合并腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的患者90例。其中37例次采用头孢唑啉+头孢他啶治疗,97例次采用万古霉素+头孢他啶治疗。比较其初始治疗的有效率、最终转归、细菌培养和药物敏感试验情况。 结果 头孢唑啉+头孢他啶组患者腹膜炎的初始治疗有效率为81.1%,万古霉素+头孢他啶组为86.2%,两组间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者的G+细菌感染分别为56.8%和50.5%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者在发病3周后治愈率分别为91.9%和97.9%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论 头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶均可以作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的初始治疗方案,且疗效相当。     

Relationship between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol deficiency and the risk of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol[25(OH)D3] deficiency and the risk of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis. Methods Baseline clinical data (before the peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion) of peritoneal dialysis patients treated with CAPD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from May 1, 2013 to February 1, 2016 were retrospective analyzed. All the patients were followed-up until July 31, 2016. According to the baseline serum 25(OH)D3 levels, patients were divided into deficiency group (25(OH)D3＜15 ng/ml) and non deficiency group (25(OH)D3 ≥15 ng/ml), the baseline clinical data of the two groups were also analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the time-to-peritonitis of two groups. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the relationship between the 25(OH)D3 deficiency and the risk of peritonitis. ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of the baseline serum 25(OH)D3 for the risk of PDAP in peritoneal dialysis patients. Results Compared with the 25(OH)D3 non deficiency group, 25(OH)D3 deficiency group had a significant increase incidence of peritonitis, high diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure, but serum albumin, total serum protein decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that, compared with 25(OH)D3 non deficiency group, the time-to-peritonitis episode of patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency were shorter (P＜0.05). Cox proportional hazard model showed that after adjusting for age, sex, hemoglobin, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, total Kt/V, eGFR, diabetes or not, 25(OH)D3 deficiency is the independent risk factor of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (HR 5.247, 95%CI 1.180-23.340, P＜0.05). ROC curve showed the area under the curve that baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency predict the occurrence of PDAP was 0.714, and the best cut-off point of baseline serum 25(OH)D3 was 11.35 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%, specificity 63%). Conclusions Peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis occurred earlier in peritoneal dialysis patients whose baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency. Baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency is the independent risk factor of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis, which may predict the incidence of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis.     

频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素的探讨

目的探讨频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年12月安徽医科大学附属省立医院腹膜透析置管后行持续性非卧床腹膜透析的尿毒症患者,选择1年内发生腹膜炎≥2次者定义为频发组,1年内仅发生1次腹膜炎者定义为单发组,比较2组临床及实验数据差异,并分析频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结果频发组13例,发生感染性腹膜炎30例次,单发组57例,发生感染性腹膜炎57例次。频发组与单发组相比,患者血压和体质量指数明显升高(P0.05),未及时治疗者[7例(53.85%)比13例(22.81%)]及抗感染疗程不足者[5例(38.46%)比8例(14.04%)]增多(P0.05),无效拔管率[5例(38.46%)比7例(12.28%)]增加(P0.05),血红蛋白、血白蛋白显著降低(P0.05),全段甲状旁腺素水平升高(P0.05)。病原学检查分析频发组革兰阴性菌感染率(33.33%)及真菌感染率(10.00%)均较高,但以革兰阴性菌增加的趋势最明显(P=0.035)。2组间置管时年龄、性别、透析时间、文化程度、腹膜炎诱因、病死率、残余肾功能、外周血白细胞、血钙、血磷、C反应蛋白、血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、首次腹透液白细胞数比较差异均无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示高体质量指数、严重高血压、低血红蛋白、低血白蛋白为频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结论营养不良、体质量指数过高、严重高血压为腹膜透析者频发腹膜炎的危险因素,积极纠正低蛋白血症、控制血压、保持标准体质量指数,积极按时规范治疗腹腔内源性感染有助于该病的预防和控制。     

大网膜部分切除在腹腔镜腹膜透析管置入术的应用价值

目的探讨大网膜部分切除术在慢性肾脏病5期患者腹膜透析管置入术中的应用价值。方法选择郑州大学第一附属医院腹腔镜外科于2017-01—2019-08间收治的268例慢性肾脏病5期患者,其中190例行常规腹腔镜下腹膜透析管植入术(常规腹腔镜组)、78例行腹腔镜下腹膜透析管置入并大网膜部分切除术(大网膜切除组)。对2组患者的临床资料进行比较分析。结果2组患者的年龄、性别、术前血红蛋白、术前肌酐值等一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。268例手术均获成功,大网膜切除组手术时间长于常规腹腔镜组,手术费用多于常规腹腔镜组;常规腹腔镜组堵管10例,大网膜切除组无堵管病例。差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下腹膜透析管置入并大网膜部分切除术,对预防术后大网膜包裹腹膜透析管效果良好,具有临床应用价值。     

单中心327例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌及药敏结果分析

目的 探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其耐药性.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年5月在我中心就诊的180例327例次CAPD相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其耐药性.结果 202例次培养阳性,培养阳性率为61.77％.革兰阳性球菌154例次,其中金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌123例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的60.89％;革兰阴性杆菌38例次,其中大肠埃希菌11例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的5.45％;真菌10例次,其中假丝酵母菌7例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的3.47％.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素耐药率最低,为3.25％,其次为莫西沙星,为5.19％,对利福平、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为12.99％、35.71％、45.45％,对青霉素的耐药率最高,达84.42％.革兰阴性菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率最低,为10.53％,其次为头孢他啶,为23.68％,对左氧氟沙星、头孢匹美、庆大霉素耐药率分别为26.32％、28.21％、36.84％,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率最高,达50.00％.重复感染54例,共114例次,72例次培养阳性,阳性率为63.16％,其中革兰阳性球菌63例次,占87.50％,革兰阴性杆菌9例次,占12.50％,革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌为主.结论 本中心CAPD相关性腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为多,接触污染是导致腹膜炎的主要原因.革兰阳性球菌对青霉素耐药率最高,革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率最高.     

The clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium species.

BACKGROUND: Corynebacterium species are part of the normal skin flora. The incidence of nosocomial infections caused by Corynebacterium species have increased substantially over the past two decades. However, the clinical course of Corynebacterium peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis remains unclear. METHOD: We reviewed all the Corynebacterium peritonitis in our dialysis unit from 1995 to 2002. During this period, there were 1485 episodes of peritonitis recorded; 27 (1.8%) of which were caused by Corynebacterium species. RESULTS: The underlying renal diagnosis and prevalence of comorbid conditions of the 27 patients were similar to our whole dialysis population. The bacteria isolated were resistant to penicillin in 8 cases (29.6%). Three cases (11.1%) had concomitant exit-site infection. The overall primary response rate was 74.1%; the complete cure rate was 37.0%. Episodes that received vancomycin as initial antibiotic had a marginally higher primary response rate (9 in 10 vs 11 in 17 episodes, P = 0.2) and complete cure rates (7 in 10 vs 3 in 17 episodes, P = 0.12) than the episodes that received cephalosporins, although neither of the differences was statistically significant. Thirteen cases (48.1%) had recurrent peritonitis after antibiotic therapy, 8 of which had the recurrent episode at least 30 days after stopping antibiotics (median 54 days, range 43-60 days). Eight recurrent cases (61.5%) were successfully cured by another 3 week course of intra-peritoneal vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent Corynebacterium peritonitis is common after a 2 week course of antibiotics. Recurrent Corynebacterium peritonitis may be delayed up to 2 months after the antibiotic is stopped. Recurrent peritonitis can usually be cured with a 3 week course of intra-peritoneal vancomycin, which is probably the preferred antibiotic regimen for Corynebacterium peritonitis.     

腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的临床特征

目的 回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院腹膜透析中心2006年1月至2010年12月腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的临床特征,为临床诊治提供依据.方法 选取近5年我院葡萄球菌腹膜炎的持续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者,作为研究对象,归为腹膜炎组;同时,选取相应的未发生腹膜炎的CAPD患者,作为一对一配对观察目标,归为对照组.探讨葡萄球菌腹膜炎的易感因素、菌群分布、耐药性和预后.结果 腹膜炎组和对照组各纳入74例患者,两组患者基线资料差异无统计学意义.腹膜炎组患者Kt/V低于对照组(1.74±0.03比2.61±0.48,P＜0.01),腹膜炎组营养学指标、血红蛋白[(91.70±25.43) g/L比(111.50±19.59) g/L,P＜0.01]、钾[(3.43±0.70)mmol/L比(3.78±0.73) mmol/L,P=0.002]、钠[(137.09±5.06)mmol/L比(140.57±3.55)mmol/L,P＜0.01]、氯[(98.31±6.14) mmol/L比(101.52±4.58) mmol/L,P=0.001]、钙[(2.23±0.24) mmol/L比(2.31±0.22) mmol/L,P=0.04]水平均明显低于对照组.葡萄球菌腹膜炎5年总体发病率为0.030例/腹透年,表皮葡萄球菌为主要菌种,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌.各类葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感.葡萄球菌腹膜炎近5年总体治愈率为89.19％,病死率为4.05％;表皮葡萄球菌复发率高于其他菌种,为40％.结论 营养差、透析不充分、随诊周期长、贫血、电解质失衡是葡萄球菌腹膜炎的易感因素.我院葡萄球菌腹膜炎在近5年总体发病率、病死率较前下降低,表皮葡萄球菌复发率高,需加强防治.     

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a child secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, or “abdominal cocoon,” is a rare but serious complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. It is characterized by the diffuse appearance of marked sclerotic thickening of the peritoneal membrane resulting in intestinal obstruction.A 14-year-old adolescent boy with a history of end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis presented with symptoms of acute intestinal obstruction. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed distended small bowel loops clustered and displaced to the right upper quadrant. The overlying peritoneum was markedly thickened and calcified. Laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis and the patient was treated with excision of the fibrocollagenous membrane. Postoperatively, he had prolonged ileus requiring parenteral nutritional support and peritoneal dialysis was restarted on postoperative day 10.A high degree of cognizance is needed to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition.     

Laparoscopic-assisted peritoneal dialysis catheter placement: a microinvasive technique

Background Peritoneal dialysis is an alternate form of dialysis for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although not as widely used as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis (PD) has clear advantages, especially those related to patient satisfaction and simplicity. The purpose of our study was to describe and look at the results of a microinvasive technique for placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters under laparoscopy. Methods From August 2003 to January 2006, 12 patients with ESRD underwent laparoscopic-assisted peritoneal dialysis (LAPD) catheter placement with the microinvasive technique at our institution. Data collected included age, gender, underlying renal disease, and length of operation. Followup was completed for all patients (at least 6 months) and catheter-related morbidity and mortality were also analyzed. Results There were 13 procedures performed (one patient had LAPD catheter placement twice). The average age was 45 years and the most common cause of ESRD was uncontrolled arterial hypertension. Procedural time averaged 33.6 min (range = 24–50 min). Peritoneal dialysis was introduced two weeks after the procedure and no dialysate leaks were observed. There were two catheter-related morbidities; both were catheter exit-site abscesses, one managed surgically with removal of the PD catheter and the other managed conservately with culture-sensitive antimicrobials. Patient satisfaction was beyond acceptable in 92% of the patients (12 of 13). Average longevity of the catheter was 61 weeks (427 days). There were no mortalities. Conclusion LAPD catheter placement is an easy technique with acceptable catheter longevity and minimal morbidity. The microinvasive technique leads to better patient satisfaction and cosmetic outcome without affecting its function. Therefore, we believe that by promoting microinvasive LAPD catheter placement, PD will gain more acceptance among doctors and patients.     

提高腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌培养阳性率的方法学研究

目的探讨改进腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎透出液致病菌的培养方法,提高病原菌的培养阳性率。方法收集27例患者45例次腹膜炎透出液标本。腹膜炎患者透出液同时按以下6组方法分别进行致病菌培养：传统平板法、离心平板法、BacT/Alert培养瓶法（PF瓶法、SA瓶法、SN瓶法）和冻融法。结果离心平板组阳性率高于传统平板组,差异具统计学意义（60．0％比44．4％,P＜0．05）;与离心平板组相比,PF瓶组（84．4％）、SA瓶组（82．2％）和SN瓶组（82．2％）阳性率均提高（P均＜0．01）。在检测致病菌生长所需时间（TDG）方面,与离心平板组[（24．31±9．80）h]相比,PF瓶组[（14．25±9．13）h]、SA瓶组[（12．75±7．47） h]和SN瓶组[（9．79±4．14）h]的TDG均缩短（P均＜0．01）;SN瓶组的TDG比PF瓶组和SA瓶组更显著缩短（P均＜0．01）。结论离心法能显著提高培养阳性率。BacT/Alert培养系统与普通平板技术相比,能显著提高培养阳性率并缩短检测致病菌生长所需时间。SN培养瓶法检测致病菌生长所需时间最短。     

Comparison of the efficacy of different antibiotics strategy on peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

Objective To compare the efficacy of different antibiotics strategy, introperitoneal (IP) cefazolin plus third-generation cephalosporin versus IP Vancomycin plus third-generation cephalosporin on peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. Methods All episodes of PD-associated peritonitis happened in prevalent PD patients between January 2008 and December 2012 were recruited from the PD Center of Peking University First Hospital. According to their empiric antibiotics scheme, episodes were divided into group A (where IP cefazolin plus third-generation cephalosporins were administrated) and group B (where IP Vancomycin plus third-generation cephalosporins were administrated). Multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore the influence of different empiric antibiotics scheme on peritonitis outcome. Results Patients in Group B had significantly lower level of serum albumin (33.5±6.0 vs 35.3±5.2 g/L) and cholesterol (4.6±1.3 vs 4.9±1.1 mmol/L) than those in group A. In group A, the percentage of gram-positive bacteria was similar to group B (43.2% vs 43.3%, P＝0.96), but gram-negative bacteria was numerically lower (16.9% vs 24.7%, P＝0.08). Different empiric antibiotics strategy was not independent predictor of peritonitis outcome [OR＝1.07, 95%CI(0.45, 2.56), P＝0.87]. Conclusion Both cefazolin and vancomycin can be selected as first-line empiric antibiotic covering gram-positive organisms in the treatment of PD related peritonitis.     

腹膜透析患者基线血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与首次腹膜炎的关联性

目的 回顾性分析腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者基线高水平血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是否与首次腹膜炎发生风险相关.方法 选取2013年8月至2018年7月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院肾脏内科行PD置管术并能长期规律随访的...