安徽省2018-2020年流感监测结果分析

目的 分析安徽省2018-2020年流感监测结果,探讨流感样病例发病特点及病原学变化趋势,为流感精准防控提供科学依据.方法 根据中国流感监测信息系统中安徽省2018-2020年流感监测哨点医院报告的流感样病例(ILI)监测资料及流感实验室的流感病毒检测结果进行统计学分析.结果 安徽省24家哨点医院2018-2020年门急诊就诊人数为14 927 130例,其中ILI病例613 498例,ILI％为4.11％,0～4岁病例占53.64％;60岁及以上人群占3.50％.全省2018-2020年共报告流感样病例聚集性疫情581起,各年度分别为67起、456起、58起,疫情主要发生在冬春季节.2018-2020年安徽省17家流感监测网络实验室共检测流感样病例标本78 475份,其中阳性标本11 799份,阳性率为15.04％,2018年和2019年新甲H1型流感检出率较高,分别为65.89％、42.16％;2020年流感优势毒株为乙型Victoria系,不同监测年度流感病毒核酸检测阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=2900.832,P＜0.001).结论 2018-2020年冬春季仍是安徽省流感防控的重点时期,0～4岁的学龄前儿童是防控的重点人群;不同监测年度优势毒株不同;应持续加强流感监测,为流感防控提供依据.     

福建省2013-2015年流感监测哨点医院工作质量评价

目的 评价福建省近年来流感监测哨点医院工作质量,进一步强化全省流感监测网络的管理工作.方法 从中国流感监测信息系统导出2013年至2015年福建省21家哨点医院上报告的流感样病例(ILI)监测数据,联合应用逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)和秩和比法(RSR)分析5项评价指标,对监测质量排序,由高到低分为A、B、C和D档.结果 评价表明,监测质量A、B、C、D档任意两个档次间的医院工作质量差异均有统计学意义(方差分析SNK法);3年来达到A、B档的医院由47.6％升至71.4％,连续保持A档的仅南平及厦门的部分哨点医院;大部分哨点医院的工作质量逐年提升,尤其是龙岩两家医院在2015年均达到A档;仍有个别哨点医院的监测质量下滑.结论 福建省流感监测哨点医院工作质量整体在提升,仍有部分医院的监测管理与督导须进一步强化.     

2009-2011年锦州市流感监测结果分析

目的掌握锦州市流感流行情况,分析主流病毒类型,为更好地预防流感疫情提供依据。方法自2009年2月1日起常年开展流感流行病学和病原学监测,同年5月份开展血清学监测。对两个年度的监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析,监测资料包括哨点医院收集门诊流感样病例（以下简称ILI）就诊信息,以及来自哨点医院监测系统和暴发疫情所收集的ILI标本的病原学监测资料。结果流感样病例占门诊病例总数的3．3％,流感样病例年龄分布年轻化,年龄在〈25岁的病例占总流感样病例数的72．73％。病原学监测显示流感病毒的BV亚型为本地区主流病毒株型,占总监测毒株的68％。结论锦州市流感未出现暴发疫情,但流感样病例在2009年出现了病例聚集现象。病原学监测连续两年流感Bv毒株为主流病毒,人群获得一定免疫,未来一段时间有改变主力毒株的可能。     

广东省2005—2007年流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的分析广东省2005—2007年流感流行特征，为科学防治流感提供依据。方法对2005—2007年广东省流感监测系统的监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析，监测资料包括广东省13个地级市的14家城市综合医院或儿童医院、16所社区门诊部、16所中小学校和6家县级综合医院等的哨点医院收集门诊流感样病例（以下简称ILI）就诊信息；各地暴发疫情监测信息；来自哨点医院监测系统和暴发疫情收集的ILI标本的病原学监测资料。结果2005—2007年的哨点医院监测结果显示14家城市医院的流感样病例占门诊就诊人数百分比（以下简称ILI％）周平均为5．17％；3年中ILI％在3—7月达到高峰，而每年ILI％的高峰有所不同；2005年流感活动在3—5月有1个高峰，这个高峰是A型流感病毒（H3N2亚型）和A型流感病毒H1N1亚型共同引起的；2006年在3—4月和6月有2个流行高峰，这2个高峰分别是由B型流感病毒（Victoria系）和A型流感病毒（H1N1亚型）引起；而2007年只在6月有1个高峰，是由A型流感病毒（H3N2）引起。2005—2007年分别报告的ILI暴发疫情分别为121、172和40起，发病人数累计17310人，暴发疫情中的流感病毒毒株的流行和变化趋势与定点医院监测到的毒株流行和变化趋势一致。92％的暴发疫情发生在学校和托幼机构，而学校监测哨点的ILI％的高峰出现也较其他监测哨点医院要早1周。结论广东省流感流行的季节性高峰在春夏季，呈单峰或双峰型。中小学校和托幼机构是广东省流感防控的重点。     

2008—2010年天津市流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的了解2008年4月—2010年3月天津市流行性感冒(流感)流行特征。方法通过"中国流感监测信息系统"收集天津市国家级哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)监测数据及病原学检测结果进行分析。结果 2008年4月—2010年3月天津市国家级哨点医院上报ILI 483 941例,流感样病例占门诊病例比例(ILI%)为12.79%,病例以15岁以下儿童为主。共采集ILI咽拭子标本5 816例,分离出流感病毒1 393株,阳性率为26.86%。2008—2009年流感优势毒株为季H1,2009—2010年以甲型H1N1为主。结论 2009年甲型H1N1流感全球大流行,天津市流感流行高峰提前,且ILI发病数和病毒分离阳性率有所增多。天津市非监测期ILI%较高,需进一步开展非监测期ILI病原学监测。     

哈尔滨市2009-2010年流感监测分析

目的 了解黑龙江省哈尔滨市2009-2010年度流感流行趋势及其病毒株变化特点,为本地区防控流感提供科学依据.方法 通过<哈尔滨市流感监测信息系统>统计21家流感监测哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)数据及18家流感监测哨点学校ILI数、囚感冒缺课人数,采集哨点医院部分ILI咽拭子标本,用实时荧光聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分子生物学方法和鸡胚或狗肾细胞(MDCK)培养方法进行病毒分离,采用血凝抑制实验对分离的流感毒株进行型别鉴定.结果 2009-2010年度,哈尔滨市21家哨点医院门(急)诊共报告ILI数27 524例,ILI就诊率为9.57%;18家哨点学校共报告ILI数4 239例,ILI占总监测人次百分比为0.23%,因感冒缺课人数17 132例,占0.94%;采集ILI咽拭子标本929份,分离出阳性毒株84份,阳性率为9.04%,其中甲型H1N1型59株、B型22株、季甲H3型3株,分别占70.24%、26.19%、3.57%;2009-2010年度哈尔滨市ILI出现2个高峰,分别是2009年10月份第43周,ILI%峰值为21.06%和2010年1月份第4周,ILI%峰值为9.76%.2009年第49周之前甲型H1N1型流感毒株为优势株,第50周开始B型流感毒株为优势株.结论 ILI流行高峰与流感毒株检出高峰基本一致;流感流行高峰与2009年全球性甲型H1N1流感大流行有直接关系.     

深圳市龙岗区流行性感冒监测系统评价

目的 评估龙岗区现有流感监测系统的运作情况及其监测质量.方法 将国家疾病预防控制信息系统、深圳市疾病控制信息管理系统和深圳市学生健康监测信息系统中龙岗区2011年1月～2013年7月的流感监测数据整理为数据库,从系统的代表性、真实性、稳定性、时效性等方面评估龙岗区现有流感监测系统的运转情况.结果 龙岗区现有流感监测数据由综合医院、社康中心、学校的症状监测数据和病原学监测数据组成,龙岗区和深圳市流感样病例占门诊病例总数的百分比(ILI％)的流行趋势高度一致(r =0.83,P＜0.001),哨点医院报告的ILI％和病毒核酸检出率高度相关(r=0.71,P=0.001),学生健康监测信息系统发现流感暴发疫情的时间相对较深圳市暴发疫情系统较早(中位数为1d);在剔除寒暑假数据的影响后,哨点医院和学校监测点流感样病例鼻咽拭子标本的阳性检出率高度相关(r =0.86,P＜0.001).结论 龙岗区流感监测系统的数据具有较好的代表性和较高的稳定性,监测数据基本可靠,但受系统收集信息的制约,难以发现流感的暴发和流行,现有流感监测系统有待于进一步完善.     

广东省2005-2007年流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的 分析广东省2005-2007年流感流行特征,为科学防治流感提供依据.方法 对2005-2007年广东省流感监测系统的监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析,监测资料包括广东省13个地级市的14家城市综合医院或儿童医院、16所社区门诊部、16所中小学校和6家县级综合医院等的哨点医院收集门诊流感样病例(以下简称ILI)就诊信息;各地暴发疫情监测信息;来自哨点医院监测系统和暴发疫情收集的ILI标本的病原学监测资料.结果 2005-2007年的哨点医院监测结果 显示14家城市医院的流感样病例占门诊就诊人数百分比(以下简称ILI%)周平均为5.17%;3年中ILl%在3-7月达到高峰,而每年ILI%的高峰有所不同;2005年流感活动在3-5月有1个高峰,这个高峰是A型流感病毒(H3N2亚型)和A型流感病毒H1N1亚型共同引起的;2006年在3-4月和6月有2个流行高峰,这2个高峰分别是由B型流感病毒(Victoria系)和A型流感病毒(H1N1亚型)引起;而2007年只在6月有1个高峰,是由A型流感病毒(H3N2)引起.2005-2007年分别报告的ILI暴发疫情分别为121、172和40起,发病人数累计17310人,暴发疫情中的流感病毒毒株的流行和变化趋势与定点医院监测到的毒株流行和变化趋势一致.92%的暴发疫情发生在学校和托幼机构,而学校监测哨点的ILI%的高峰出现也较其他监测哨点医院要早1周.结论 广东省流感流行的季节性高峰在春夏季,呈单峰或双峰型.中小学校和托幼机构是广东省流感防控的重点.     

2010-2012年南昌市流行性感冒监测分析

摘要:目的　了解 2010- 2012年南昌市流感流行趋势及其病毒株变化特点,为本地区防控流感提供科学依据。方法　通过中国流感监测信息系统统计南昌市3家流感监测哨点医院流感样病例数据及网络实验室对哨点医院采集标本的核酸检测结果,分别从年度ILI年龄构成、ILI就诊百分比变化曲线、流感病例报告数、流感毒株型别季节分布和病毒分离率等指标来进行分析比较。结果　南昌市哨点医院共监测ILI病例2 415 240例,ILI就诊百分比为5.48,共报告流感病例数910例;网络实验室共检测哨点医院采集的标本1 347份,阳性率为16.11%,其中B型占40.55%,季节性H3型占44.24%,甲型H1N1占15.21%。结论　2010-2012三个流感监测年度南昌市流感一般在冬、春、夏季流行,病毒株以B型、季节H3型和甲型H1N1型相互交替流行,在不同的监测年度流感优势毒株型别存在变化,应进一步加强流感监测工作。     

2014—2021年南通市某哨点医院流感样症状病例监测分析

【目的】分析2014—2021年江苏省南通市某哨点医院流感样症状（ILI）病例监测结果,了解流感季节特征及病原学特点。【方法】从中国流感监测信息系统收集2014—2021年南通市某哨点医院常规ILI病例信息,对监测结果进行描述和分析。【结果】2014—2021年南通市某哨点医院共报告ILI病例64 110例,占门急诊就诊比例（ILI%）为3.93%。ILI病例主要集中在15岁以下儿童,占总ILI人群55.39%。ILI大致呈现春季和冬季2个流行高峰。2014—2021年期间该哨点医院共完成8 639例ILI病例咽拭子标本,其中838例核酸阳性,阳性率为10.01%(3.27%～16.75%),各年度和不同年龄段的流行毒株不相同。2014年和2015年流行毒株为H3N2,2016年和2017年以H3N2和B-Victoria为共同流行毒株,2018年流行毒株为H1N1,2019—2021年流行毒株为B-Victoria。0～4岁、15～24岁、25～59岁和>60岁年龄段流行毒株为H3N2,5～14岁流行毒株为B-Victoria。不同性别阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.364,...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.