慈溪市2009-2011年畜牧业重点人群布鲁氏菌病感染状况调查分析

目的:了解慈溪市人间布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)在畜牧养殖、贩运交易、挤乳和畜产品加工等涉及重点职业人群的感染状况.方法:用描述流行病学方法进行调查,血清监测采用琥红平板凝集试验(RBFT)和试管凝集试验(SAT)等方法.结果:共调查和检测重点职业人群1 650人,RBFT阳性率为1.51％;SAT阳性率为1.33％,男性1.64％,女性0.61％;贩运交易、屠宰牲畜人员及其他人员SAT阳性率分别为24.00％、3.31％、0.52％,差异有统计学意义(x2 =39.41,P＜0.01).布病感染有区域性差别,差异有统计学意义(x2=69.60,P＜0.01).结论:应加强牲畜流通环节的检疫和管理,对重点人群加强健康教育行为干预,以控制布病疫情.     

2009—2015年桐乡市人间布鲁氏菌病监测结果

目的了解2009—2015年桐乡市人间布鲁氏菌病(布病)流行情况,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法采用虎红凝集试验和试管凝集试验对主动监测的从事牛羊养殖、交易、屠宰和畜产品加工等职业人群及出现可疑布病相关症状的被动监测人员进行布病血清学检测。血清学阳性者采血接种双相血培养瓶增菌培养,并进行布鲁氏菌种型鉴定,分析布病流行趋势和分布特征。结果 2009—2015年桐乡市共监测1 562人,血清学阳性52例,阳性率为3.33%,血清阳性率呈上升趋势(P=0.01),职业人群发病以牲畜屠宰、运输交易人员最高,阳性率分别为4.55%和4.10%,不同职业人群感染率差异有统计学意义(P0.01);发病时间以1—6月为主,感染人群和感染方式呈多样化。结论桐乡市应加强畜间检疫和管理,改变不良操作行为;加强大众健康教育,切实提高自我保护意识和防病能力。     

2018年乌鲁木齐市人间布鲁氏菌病现况调查

目的:对2018那年乌鲁木齐市人间布鲁氏菌病现况进行分析。方法:选取乌鲁木齐市七区一县高危人群,1150名居民,进行现场调查和血清学检测布病感染情况,并采集五个区县的牛羊血清共计517头。采用频数描述布病的感染情况,采用X2检验分析不同地区、性别、年龄等感染率的差异。结果:1150例居民布病阳性感染率3.13%。517头牲畜布病阳性率11.7%。其中,乌鲁木齐县布病感染率为5.93%以及达坂城区3.14%,高于其他地区,八个地区的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);男性感染率为3.91%高于女性1.96%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);各年龄段的布病感染率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:乌鲁木齐市仍然存在布病高危地区,乌鲁木齐县这两年布病疫情逐年提高。同时畜间的疫情也不容乐观,根据结果,建议提高高危人群在日常工作中提高个人防护意识,同时对有畜舍的管理和环境卫生消毒工作需要加强。     

2017-2019年郑州市布鲁氏菌病监测结果

目的 了解郑州市人间布鲁氏菌病(布病)监测结果,为制定防治措施提供科学依据.方法 2017-2019年,对郑州市从事牛羊养殖、屠宰人员,牛羊肉、乳制品加工、销售人员等重点从业人员进行血清学监测.同时开展健康教育和职业人群行为干预工作,采用问卷调查评价干预效果.结果 2017-2019年,共监测重点从业人员2131人,试管凝集试验(SAT)阳性37人,阳性率为1.74％,确诊新发病人11例,隐性感染26例.各年阳性率为2.63％、1.19％、1.36％,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.18,P＞0.05).不同性别、年龄阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).动物防疫员(4.48％)、县(市)区(2.00％)感染率较高,不同职业、地区间阳性率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为9.792、3.947,P值均＜0.05).防护知识、行为知晓率培训后均＞90％,且防护知识知晓率较培训前差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).结论 郑州市人间布病感染主要来自有明显接触史的养殖户及动物防疫员,应加强畜间管理,持续开展重点从业人员布病防治知识健康教育,降低其发病水平.     

浙江省布鲁菌病控制达标后疫情回升分析

目的了解浙江省布鲁菌病(简称布病)控制达标后人畜布病感染情况,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法对存栏牲畜采血作血清学检查,对重点人群采用布病皮试、血清学及流行病学调查等方法进行检测。结果控制达标后的1996-2004年中,共检查奶牛、耕牛、羊和猪等家畜116552头,检出阳性奶牛496头,阳性率为0.42%;对职业人群监测13389人,其中皮试3469人,阳性19人,阳性率为0.55%;血清学检查9920人,阳性26人,阳性率为0.26%,其中3例为急性期病人,人畜布病阳性率有逐年增高趋势。结论应做好牲畜检疫,建立牲畜健康证制度,加强对牲畜养殖、屠宰、生皮毛加工等重点人群的布病监测,以控制疫情蔓延。     

2008-2011年河北省沧县布鲁杆菌病例与感染监测分析

目的 探讨河北省沧县布鲁杆菌病(布病)流行特征和规律.方法 对2008-2011年沧县开展布病工作的疫情和人群检测资料进行统计分析.结果 2008-2011年共发生布病病例35例,35例患者,全年均有发病,多数病例集中在4-9月份,主要分布在褚村乡,占74.29％.共主动监测重点人群822人,检出感染者34例,感染率为4.14％.接触宿主来源不同其感染率不同,差异有统计学意义(x2 =19.08,P＜0.01).结论 感染与发病主要集中在职业暴露人群中,有地区、生活习惯和时间集中的趋势,传染源主要是外地区输入病畜,传播途径主要为直接接触.     

浙江省高危人群布鲁氏菌病监测结果分析

目的了解浙江省人间布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)在高危人群中的感染状况及流行病学特征,探讨布病防治对策。方法采用琥红平板凝集试验(RBPT)和试管凝集试验(SAT)对全省涉及家畜交易、屠宰、养殖、挤乳和畜产品加工等布病高危人群进行检测。结果全省12个地、市56个县(市、区)共监测高危人员5371人,检出血清学阳性129例,阳性率为2.40%,其中新发病例37例,隐性感染者92例,疫情分布在9个地、市的20个县、区。发病季节以冬春季节为主,感染人群主要为农村奶牛饲养和外来山羊屠宰人员,发病年龄为青壮年人群,感染主要与传染源的接触机会有关,也有非职业人员食源性感染布病现象。结论大量牲畜从外地引进未得到有效检疫和管理,从业人员对布病危害认识不足、自我防护意识淡薄等是浙江省布病疫情上升的主要原因。应加强牲畜流通环节的检疫和管理,做好牛羊等牲畜的集中定点屠宰,开展宣传教育,作业过程中做好个人防护,以控制疫情。     

浙江省布鲁氏菌病流行现状及防治对策探讨

目的：了解浙江省布鲁氏菌病防治现状。探讨今后布病防治对策。方法：对存栏牲畜采血作血清学检查，对重点人群采用布病皮试、血清学及流行病学调查等方法进行检测。以及时发现人畜布病疫情，采取防控对策。结果：1983-1995年间全面开展了畜间布病普查。共查11个地市的86个县（市、区）的奶牛、山羊和猪等家畜共计238403头，检出布病阳性326头，阳性率为0．14％。人间布病共监测11个地市42个县（市、区）18098人，皮试阳性355人，阳性率1．96％，血清学阳性7人，阳性率为0．04％。控制达标后的1996-2005年中。共检查奶牛、耕牛、羊和猪等牲畜180675头，检出阳性奶牛和山羊1245头，阳性率为0．69％。对职业人群监测18262人，其中皮试5182人，阳性28人，阳性率为0．54％；直接血清学检查12897人，阳性110人，阳性率为0．85％，发现布病病人31例，人畜布病阳性率有逐年增高趋势。结论：应做好牲畜检疫，建立牲畜健康证制度，加强对牲畜养殖、屠宰、生皮毛加工等重点人群的布病监测，以控制疫情蔓延。     

2014年平顶山市布病高危人群血清学筛查结果分析

摘要:目的　了解平顶山市布鲁氏菌病（简称布病）在高危人群中的感染状况及流行病学特征。方法　对布病高危人群进行血清学检测,采用虎红平板凝集试验（RBPT）和试管凝集试验（SAT）进行阳性鉴定。结果　2014年平顶山市共检测布病职业人群2162人,阳性率2.54%。城区和郊县间、性别间、民族间、职业间阳性率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,年龄间阳性率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论　平顶山市高危人群布鲁氏菌感染率较高,高危人群对布病危害认识不足、自我防护意识淡薄等是布病疫情上升的主要原因,应引起有关部门的高度重视,采取综合性措施,以控制疫情。     

金华市婺城区人畜布鲁菌病调查

布鲁菌病(布病)是典型的人畜共患疾病[1],由于与职业关系密切又被列为职业病.全球有123个国家和地区有不同程度的流行.布病又是世界性的传染病.我区从80年代以来未发现布病病例.随着畜间布病的输入,我区首先从奶牛中发现了布病.为了解和控制我区布病对人群的感染侵袭,于2004年9月开展了布病高危人群的监测和流行病学调查,现将结果报告如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.