周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

钙蛋白酶抑制剂对缺血再灌注损伤脊髓的保护作用

目的 观察大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后应用钙蛋白酶特异性抑制剂E-64-D,对脊髓神经细胞组织学改变和凋亡的影响及对大鼠后肢运动功能的保护作用.方法 选用纯种雄性成年SD大鼠106只,夹闭右肾动脉分支下腹主动脉30 min,再灌注即刻静脉应用钙蛋白酶特异性抑制剂E-64-D,观察再灌注后3、24、72 h和7 d脊髓损伤节段神经细胞的凋亡及再灌注后24、72h组织病理学改变;对再灌注后72 h的大鼠后肢功能进行评分.结果 脊髓缺血再灌注24 h开始出现神经细胞凋亡现象,脊髓组织出现病理学改变,神经元死亡,胶质细胞增生.应用E-64-D后,凋亡现象和细胞坏死得到抑制,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).再灌注后72 h后肢功能也得到一定程度的保护.结论 脊髓再灌注损伤后静脉应用E-64-D治疗,可以明显抑制脊髓神经细胞的凋亡,有利于神经元的存活,损伤后3 d大鼠后肢运动功能得到一定程度的改善.     

血红素氧化酶-1在脊髓缺血再灌注脊髓损伤后的表达

目的　探讨血红素氧化酶 1(HO 1)在大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中的表达。方法　制备脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,于再灌注后 4、8、16、2 4h及 2、5d收集脊髓标本。以假手术组大鼠脊髓为对照 ,采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法分别检测脊髓组织中HO 1的表达。以原位末端脱氧核糖核苷酸转移酶介导dUTP标记法测定细胞的凋亡。结果　对照组未发现HO 1表达 ,亦未见细胞凋亡。实验组在再灌注 4h左右HO 1开始表达上调 ,2d达峰值 (35 6± 2 96 ) ,与假手术组相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。在伤后 4h见凋亡细胞 ,16h达高峰 (2 9 1± 0 4 4 )。HO 1与凋亡细胞的相关系数为r=- 0 731,P =0 0 0 5 ,具有统计学意义。结论　脊髓缺血再灌注损伤诱导HO 1表达上调 ;同时引起大量神经细胞凋亡 ,表明再灌注中脊髓存在明显、持续性的损伤。HO 1在脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中表达显著增加 ,有一定的保护作用。     

细胞凋亡与缺血,再灌注损伤的研究进展

细胞凋亡是细胞的主动死亡，它参与机体许多生理及病理过程。近年来研究表明，细胞凋亡与缺血－再灌注损伤有密切关系。本文详细阐述了缺血－再灌注时细胞凋亡现象，细胞凋亡的发生机制，基因调控以及如何通过抑制细胞凋亡有效地防治缺血－再灌注损伤。     

细胞凋亡与缺血-再灌注损伤的研究进展

细胞凋亡是细胞的主动死亡，它参与机体许多生理及病理过程。近年来研究表明，细胞凋亡与缺血-再灌注损伤有密切关系。本文详细阐述了缺血-再灌注时细胞凋亡现象、细胞凋亡的发生机制、基因调控以及如何通过抑制细胞凋亡而有效地防治缺血-再灌注损伤。     

缺血预处理对兔主动脉阻断脊髓细胞凋亡的影响

在胸腹主动脉手术中常需阻断主动脉血流以便于手术顺利实施,这一过程可导致程度不同的脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,重者瘫痪。其病理基础一般认为是脊髓神经细胞坏死,近年相关研究证实,在脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中也存在脊髓细胞凋亡,特别是迟发性瘫痪与神经细胞凋亡密切相关,因而人们企图从细胞凋亡角度探讨保护脊髓功能的措施。研究表明,在心、脑等器官缺血再灌注实验模型中,缺血预处理(IPC)能明显抑制其细胞凋亡的发生,产生良好的器官功能保护作用。本实验旨在观察IPC对家兔主动脉阻断所致脊髓细胞凋亡的影响及其可能作用机制。     

氢饱和生理盐水对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用

目的 研究氢气对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其潜在机制。方法 新西兰兔随机分为3组：对照组、脊髓缺血再灌注损伤组和氢水治疗组。对照组仅接受暴露,无脊髓缺血再灌注损伤;缺血再灌注组动物采用ZIVIN法建立脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型,造成脊髓腰骶段缺血35 min 后行再灌注;氢水治疗组动物在再灌注前5 min腹腔注射饱和氢盐水（5 mL/kg）,再灌注后8 h重复注射。不同时间点检测后肢运动功能。术后72 h取脊髓进行HE染色、TUNEL染色、氧化-抗氧化指标检测及ELISA检测细胞因子。结果 含氢生理盐水治疗能显著改善动物神经功能、抑制脊髓神经元凋亡、抑制氧化应激、改善抗氧化能力,同时降低炎症相关细胞因子,从而发挥脊髓保护作用。结论 腹腔注射含氢生理盐水通过抗氧化和抗炎对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

断肢再植肌组织缺血再灌注损伤的细胞凋亡表达

目的研究断肢再植过程中缺血性损伤和缺血再灌注损伤的发生情况和病理改变，探讨细胞凋亡表达规律。方法建立大鼠后肢断肢实验模型，以光镜观察缺血和缺血再灌注早期的骨骼肌组织病理变化，以TUNEL（POD法）检测缺血和缺血再灌注过程中细胞凋亡现象的发生。结果缺血5h的大鼠断肢再植全部存活，而缺血9h者未存活。大鼠断肢再植过程中，缺血性和缺血再灌注性损伤引起骨骼肌细胞水肿、坏死和细胞凋亡，并于再灌注过程观察到微循环障碍和中性粒细胞趋化浸润现象，缺血7h凋亡率最高。结论骨骼肌存在缺血性和缺血再灌注性损伤，细胞凋亡是缺血和缺血再灌注损伤的重要病理改变。骨骼肌缺血再灌注过程存在微循环障碍和中性粒细胞趋化浸润，它们是缺血再灌注损伤的重要原因之一。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.