山楂药材HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立山楂药材HPLC指纹图谱,为有效控制山楂药材的质量奠定基础.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.01%甲酸水梯度洗脱,检测波长为280 nm,体积流量为1.0 mL/min,分析时间为120 min,分析了10批山楂药材的HPLC指纹图谱.结果 在选定的色谱条件下,通过相似度分析确定23个色谱峰构成山楂药材指纹图谱的特征峰.结论 采用HPLC方法建立的指纹图谱具有精密、稳定、重现性好的特点,可用于山楂药材的质量控制.     

藏药蕨麻高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究

目的建立蕨麻药材HPLC指纹图谱分析方法。方法采用Kromasil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:208 nm,柱温:30℃。结果共有9个共有峰。共有峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积的RSD均<3%,符合指纹图谱相关要求。结论此方法准确、可靠。该指纹图谱能够用于蕨麻药材的鉴定及质量评价。     

川芎高效液相指纹图谱的研究

目的:用高效液相色谱法建立川芎的指纹图谱.方法:采用Zorbax SB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇和水梯度洗脱,检测波长323 nm,使用"计算机辅助相似度评价软件"进行数据处理,对不同批药材指纹图谱的相似度进行比较分析.结果:精密度和重复性试验中各共有峰、相对峰面积的RSD均小于5%,符合有关规定,不同批号川芎药材的指纹图谱相似度较好.结论:方法准确、重复性好,为川芎的质量控制提供了依据.     

龙胆药材的高效液相指纹图谱及聚类分析

目的建立龙胆药材的指纹图谱研究方法并进行聚类分析。方法色谱柱:Diamonsil C18柱(5μm,200 mm×4.6 mm);流动相:乙腈-体积分数为0.4%的乙酸水溶液梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;紫外检测波长:254 nm;柱温为35℃。结果精密度与重复性试验中各色谱峰对内参比色谱峰的相对保留时间和相对峰面积RSD小于5%,根据聚类分析结果,可将龙胆药材分为三类。结论该指纹图谱研究及聚类分析方法可用于控制龙胆药材质量。     

栀子药材西红花苷类HPLC指纹图谱的研究

目的 :采用高效液相色谱法建立栀子药材的指纹图谱。方法 :以AlltechC18(2 5 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm)为色谱柱 ,采用水和甲醇溶液梯度洗脱 ,流速 1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 4 4 0nm。结果 :精密度和重复性试验中对峰面积大于 2 0 %的共有峰 ,其相对峰面积的RSD均小于 5 % ,符合《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求 (暂行 )》中有关规定。结论 :本方法可作为控制栀子药材内在质量的标准。     

丹参、红花药材与丹红注射液指纹图谱相关性研究

目的 探讨丹参、红花药材与丹红注射液指纹图谱的相关性.方法 采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法,以Kromasil C 18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,乙腈-0.1%甲酸为流动相梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,检测波长263 nm.结果 丹红注射液标示26个共有指纹峰,有11个指纹峰来自丹参,14个指纹峰来自红花,表明丹红注射液与丹参、红花药材有良好的相关性.结论 所建立的高效液相色谱指纹图谱方法重复性好,可作为丹红注射液工艺与质量的控制标准之一.     

承德产山楂叶的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立承德山楂叶药材的HPLC标准指纹图谱,为科学评价和有效控制其质量提供可靠的方法。方法采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为0.5%甲酸水溶液-乙腈-甲醇-四氢呋喃梯度洗脱;0～15min,检测波长260 nm,参比波长360 nm;15～65 min,检测波长370 nm,参比波长430 nm;流速1.0 mL.min1;柱温30℃;进样量10μL。对15批山楂叶药材进行了指纹图谱研究,采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)软件进行分析。结果 15批山楂叶的HPLC指纹图谱有12个共有峰,其中7个共有峰得到确认,相似度均>0.9。结论该分析方法准确可靠,重复性好,为更好地控制山楂叶内在质量提供科学依据。     

延胡索HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立延胡索药材HPLC指纹图谱,为全面评价延胡索质量提供参考依据。方法色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX Eclise XDB-C18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);柱温为25℃;流动相为甲醇-0.1mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长为280nm。采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统A版》对10批延胡索药材指纹图谱进行分析。结果确定了11个共有峰,精密度、稳定性和重复性实验中各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD值均小于2.0%,相对峰面积的RSD值均小于5.0%,建立了延胡索药材HPLC指纹图谱,通过分析得到10批延胡索药材指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.85。结论该方法简单易行,重复性较好,可作为延胡索药材的质量评价方法。     

不同产地桑白皮HPLC的指纹图谱的研究

目的 建立简单可行的桑白皮药材指纹图谱方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,Agilent Extend-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:以乙腈-0.2%甲酸进行梯度洗脱,流速:1 mL·min-1,柱温:30℃,检测波长:280 nm,进样量为10μL.结果 用梯度洗脱得到的色谱图中各色谱峰分离较好,达到指纹图谱分析的效果.结论 该方法重复性好、检测方法简便,可为桑白皮指纹图谱的质量控制提供依据.     

射干药材的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:研究不同产地射干药材的HPLC指纹图谱,为控制射干药材质量提供依据.方法:采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);乙腈-0.4%冰醋酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1 mL·min-1;检测波长269 nm.结果:15个不同产地射干药材的指纹图谱有14个共有峰,通过与对照品的保留时间比较,确定了其中7个峰.结论:虽然不同产地药材指纹图谱具有一定差异,HPLC指纹图谱仍可以用作射干药材的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.