近端食管胃酸反流与胃食管反流患儿呼吸道症状的关系

目的了解胃食管反流(GER)患儿近端食管胃酸反流与呼吸道症状发生的关系。方法采用食管双pH动态监测法，对31例单纯性呕吐、23例伴有反复呼吸道症状的GER患儿同时监测食管近端和远端pH值的变化，以35例健康儿作为对照组。结果单纯呕吐组远端食管各项酸反流指标、近端食管酸反流指标除最长反流时间外均大于对照组，差异有显著性；呼吸道症状组远端食管、近端食管各项酸反流指标均大于对照组，差异有显著性；但单纯呕吐组与呼吸道症状组相比较，无论在近端食管还是在远端食管，各项指标的差异无显著性；病例组远端食管各项酸反流指标均大于近端食管，差异有显著性。结论近端食管酸反流并不是GER患儿发生呼吸道症状的主要因素，而远端食管酸反流是小儿GER的主要反流形式。     

小儿胃食管反流病的治疗

胃食管反流（gastroesophageal reflux,GER）是指胃内容物包括从十二指肠流入胃的胆盐和胰酶反流入食管,可分为病理性和生理性,生理性反流可发生在正常的儿童,空腹或睡眠的情况下不发生反流;病理性反流是发作频繁或持续,导致了食管炎、食管不适的症状或呼吸道疾病等。胃食管反流的治疗是一个较长的过程,包括改变生活方式、内科药物治疗和外科手术治疗。要根据对患儿生活质量（尤其与健康相关的生活质量）的影响和治疗的经济性来选择治疗方式和药物。儿童大多数病理性反流经保守治疗,能获得满意的效果。     

小儿胃食管反流病诊断治疗方案(试行)

胃食管反流（gastroesophageal reflux,GER）是指胃内容物反流到食管,甚至口咽部,分为功能性GER和病理性GER。功能性GER：常见于6月龄以下婴儿,表现溢乳为主,多发生在餐后,睡眠时较少发生,生长发育不受影响,随年龄增长症状减轻,通常不需治疗。病理性GER：反流频发,且持续时间长,多发生于卧位、睡眠及空腹时。如有十二指肠内容物反流到食管称十二指肠胃食管反流（DGER）。胃食管反流病（GERD）是指反流引起的具有一系列食管内、外症状和（或）并发症的临床症候群,需评估和治疗。     

儿童重症肺炎与胃食管反流关系的临床研究

目的 了解重症肺炎患儿胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux,GER)的发生及其影响因素.方法 对2009年2月至2011年2月于我科PICU就诊的确诊为重症肺炎患儿25例(肺炎组)和正常儿童10例(对照组)进行连续食管pH监测,监测时间包括鼻饲前1h和餐后3h.结果 肺炎组GER发生率为60.0％(15/25),对照组GER发生率为20.0％(2/10),两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.58,P＜0.05).肺炎组GER 84.5％出现于咳嗽/吸痰和腹部压力增加时.肺炎组与对照组各项反流指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).重症肺炎患儿中伴GER者高血糖、腹胀、脓毒症、使用糖皮质激素的发生率明显高于不伴GER者(P均＜0.05).结论 重症肺炎儿童GER发病率高,表现为酸反流次数增加,酸清除能力降低.GER发生与疾病的严重程度相关.     

24小时食管pH及动力学监测在新生儿胃食管返流诊断中价值

为了解24h食管pH值监测在新生儿胃食管返流(GER)诊断中的作用和新生儿胃食管返流的临床特点及与之相关的疾病，采用便携式pH自动记录仪监测：106例临床上怀疑有胃食管返流的新生儿(症状组)，其中55例同时用台式高分辨八道胃肠动力监测系统行食管动力学监测；同时监测17例无症状新生儿(对照组)，动力学测定5例。结果显示，新生儿胃食管返流临床表现多样。以呕吐(溢乳)多见(97．6％)，其次为呼吸暂停(发绀，占14．5％)，呛咳(9．6％)；除了单纯病理性GER及继发于消化道畸形外，新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病及败血症与GER关系密切，而继发有消化道器质性疾病时，返流更严重。病理性GER食管动力异常的检出与对照组相比差异无显著性。提示新生儿胃食管返流临床表现复杂，可由多种疾病引起，及早行24h食管pH值测定是早期诊断新生儿GER的客观依据，但同时应警惕有基础疾病的可能，及时作相应的检查以增加诊断的正确性；此外尚需进一步制定与年龄相关的食管动力标准。     

健康儿童及病理性胃食管反流患儿食管动力功能研究

目的了解小儿食管运动的生理学,探讨小儿病理性胃食管反流(GER)发生的食管动力学基础。方法对60例健康儿童和62例经食管pH监测诊断为病理性GER的患儿用低顺应性毛细管灌注系统进行食管测压研究,并对健康儿童组不同年龄段之间,两组同一年龄段之间进行食管动力功能比较。结果健康儿童组下食管括约肌长度(LESL)随着年龄的增加而增长,胸内段和腹内段也相应增加(P＜0.01),下食管括约肌压力(LESP)以～1岁组为高(P＜0.05);上食管括约肌长度(UESL)随年龄的增加而增长(P＜0.01),上食管括约肌压力(UESP)以～1岁组和～3岁组为低(P＜0.01)。病理性反流患儿的食管动力功能,除～7岁组食管蠕动传导速度低于同一年龄段健康儿童外(P＜0.05),其余指标两组同一年龄段间的差异均无显著性。结论LESP的抗反流功能与年龄关系不大,LESL、UESL和UESP的功能3岁以后逐渐成熟,小儿病理性GER的发生与LESP、LESL关系不大。     

彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流的筛检价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流 (GER)的筛检价值。方法　用彩色多普勒超声以肝左叶为透声窗 ,经剑突下扫查胃食管反流患儿、正常对照儿童各 55例。分别测量与观察腹段食管长度、GER现象及反流发生频率。结果　腹段食管清晰显示率 1 0 0 % ;正常对照组小儿腹段食管长度随年龄增加而增长 ;病例组与之比较显示腹段食管长度缩短。彩超检查GER的灵敏性为 98.1 8% ;特异性为 76 .36 %。结论　彩色多普勒超声可以清晰显示腹段食管 ;胃食管反流患儿腹段食管长度缩短 ;彩色多普勒超声可作为胃食管反流的筛检手段。     

新生儿胃食管反流60例

目的 探讨新生儿期胃食管反流(GER)的临床特点与诊断。方法 对60例GER新生儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 新生儿期GER以溢奶或呕吐为主，占81．7％，并呼吸系统疾病占80％，18．3％无呕吐症状。48例行24h食管pH监测，其中轻度72．9％，中度27．1％。12例X线食管钡餐造影中轻度91．7％，重度8．3％。结论 新生儿GER临床表现复杂，缺乏特异性。食管24hpH连续监测配合食管胃钡餐造影是早期诊断新生儿GER的重要方法。     

婴儿期胃食管反流病及其诊治

胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux,GER)是指胃内容物无意识地反流到食管,甚至口咽部,如十二指肠内容物反流到食管称十二指肠胃食管反流(DGER).胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)是指反流引起的具有一系列食管内、外症状和(或)并发症的临床症候群,需作评估和治疗.小儿GERD严重影响儿童生长发育和生活质量,但临床上部分儿科医师对此病尚缺乏足够认识.文献[1]<中华儿科杂志>编委会和中华医学会儿科学分会消化学组于2006年共同制定的"小儿GERD诊治方案(试行)",对规范诊治我国小儿GERD有指导作用.     

胃食管反流引起的慢性咳嗽

胃食管反流 (GER)是指胃内容物频繁地逆流到食管内 ,从而引起一系列症状的临床综合征。病理性反流伴有症状时称胃食管反流病 (GERD)。近年来GER和慢性咳嗽的因果关系越来越引起人们的重视。伴有GERD的慢性咳嗽经治疗后症状明显减轻 ,但与GER有关的慢性咳嗽患儿没有成人所具有的典型的反酸、烧心等反流症状 ,因而易造成临床医师的误诊及漏诊从而延误诊治。现结合本院 10年来对慢性咳嗽患儿进行动态 2 4h食管pH值监测的研究 ,就与GER有关的慢性咳嗽的发生率、发病机制、诊断及治疗讨论如下。1　发生率近年来GER与慢性咳嗽的关系已受…     

Association of gastroesophageal reflux disease in young children with persistent respiratory symptoms

Forty children aged between 3 months and 3 years (median age 14 months) with persistent respiratory symptoms beyond 4 weeks or recurrence of respiratory symptoms were investigated for gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Diagnostic tests included upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, oesophageal biopsy, gastroesophageal scintiscan and 24 h ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring. GER was detected in 14 (35 per cent) of these patients; which included 38 per cent of the enrolled cases of recurrent bronchopneumonia, 40 per cent cases of reactive airway disease, and 22 per cent cases of persistent cough. Amongst the cases detected to have GER, the age of onset of respiratory symptoms was less than 1 year in 86 per cent of cases (p < 0.01), nocturnal symptoms of cough and wheeze were reported in 78 per cent (p < 0.05), and 86 per cent cases did not present with typical gastrointestinal symptoms (p < 0.01). Family history of asthma was absent in all cases of GER-related reactive airway disease (p < 0.01). Cases detected to have GER were followed for 3-6 months after starting anti-reflux therapy. A significant (p < 0.01) decrease was noticed in the number of further episodes in children with GER-related recurrent bronchopneumonia and reactive airway disease after starting anti-reflux therapy. Improvement was also noticed in nocturnal symptoms and nutritional status after anti-reflux therapy was started. Our results suggest that GER may be one of the possible contributing factors in any child with recurrent and persistent respiratory complaints. Early diagnosis and anti-reflux therapy in cases with GER-related respiratory complaints can result in significant improvement in symptoms.     

Outcomes of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease: in the first year of life, in childhood, and in adults...oh, and should we really leave Helicobacter pylori alone?

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in childhood varies by age. As in adults, GER can result in a spectrum of disease manifestations. Children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may become adults with GERD, as suggested by the frequency of childhood reflux symptoms reported by adults with reflux disease. Some studies suggest a causative association between Helicobacter pylori infection and GERD, whereas others postulate a protective role for H. pylori. To better understand pediatric GERD, age-appropriate case definitions and multicenter randomized controlled treatment trials are critically needed.     

Are proton pump inhibitors indicated for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children?

SUMMARY: Randomized controlled trials in the pediatric population that support the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are lacking. Studies are needed to establish the safety of long-term acid suppression in infants and children, as well as to confirm a causal relationship between GER and extraesophageal symptoms and signs.     

婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏与胃食管反流关系的研究进展

胃食管反流 （GER）与牛奶蛋白过敏 （CMA）都是婴儿期常见的疾病。近年来,关于两者之间关系的研究逐渐增多,有报道认为1岁以内婴儿的GER,约50%可能与CMA有关,因此全面认识CMA在婴儿GER发生和发展中的作用,对于提高临床诊疗水平具有重要意义。该综述试图阐述婴儿CMA与GER相关的研究进展,包括流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和治疗。     

婴幼儿胃食管反流相关性咳嗽治疗的初步研究

目的婴幼儿哮喘的诊断主要基于咳嗽及喘息等临床症状,神经系统功能正常的婴幼儿当出现过度胃食管反流时也可以出现类似症状。目前并无随机对照研究来评价单独使用质子泵抑制剂或联合促动力药在婴幼儿中应用的疗效。本研究的主要目的是证实在呼吸道症状提示哮喘的婴幼儿中的确存在过度胃食管反流。其次,通过随机空白对照试验,探讨使用氨基甲酰甲基胆碱和奥美拉唑治疗过度胃食管反流可否改善呼吸道症状。方法有慢性咳嗽或喘息病史且有病史支持、pH监测异常或胃排空扫描提示胃食管反流的婴幼儿22例,随机分为4个治疗组:安慰剂+安慰剂(PP治疗组)、奥美拉唑+氨基甲酰甲基胆碱(OB治疗组)、奥美拉唑+安慰剂(OP治疗组)、氨基甲酰甲基胆碱+安慰剂(BP治疗组)。通过临床问卷调查、检查和家庭日记以及pH监测数据评估患儿上述治疗前后及奥美拉唑+氨基甲酰甲基胆碱非盲试验后的情况。结果 19例纳入数据统计。PP治疗对胃食管反流或呼吸道症状没有作用,pH监测提示胃食管反流并无减少。然而根据pH监测及家长评估,OB治疗可减少胃食管反流,同时显著减少日间咳嗽,改善呼吸,无不良反应发生。结论对于临床表现提示慢性胃食管反流相关性咳嗽的婴幼儿,使用奥美拉唑和氨基甲酰甲基胆碱治疗是可行的选择。     

Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux-related symptoms in Japanese infants

BACKGROUND: To obtain precise information on the natural course of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER)-related symptoms in Japanese children, we surveyed the prevalence of regurgitation or vomiting and other GER-related symptoms and complications in infants visiting for healthy baby check-ups. METHODS: We interviewed the mothers of 921 infants who had visited for baby check-ups at 1, 4, 7 and 12 months after birth, about the number of regurgitation or vomiting episodes per day, other GER-related symptoms, milk volume, feeding interval, and the body position after feeding. RESULTS: Of 1-month-old infants, 47.1% had one or more regurgitation or vomiting episode per day. This proportion decreased to 28.8% at 4 months old and 6.4% at 7 months old. The proportion of infants with three or more episodes of these symptoms per day showed a similar pattern. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of regurgitation or vomiting between breast-fed infants and formula-fed or mixed-feeding infants either at 1 or 4 months of age. There was no significant difference in the bodyweight gain of 3-month-old infants among those with various degrees of regurgitation. There was no significant difference in the frequency of regurgitation or vomiting episodes between infants placed in a vertical position and those placed in a horizontal position after feeding. No infant had a history of chronic coughing, wheezing, bleeding or other serious conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Regurgitation is a common symptom in Japanese infants and decreases spontaneously with age. The natural history of GER must be taken into consideration when deciding the treatment.     

Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), defined as passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, and GER disease (GERD), defined as symptoms or complications of GER, are common pediatric problems encountered by both primary and specialty medical providers. Clinical manifestations of GERD in children include vomiting, poor weight gain, dysphagia, abdominal or substernal pain, esophagitis and respiratory disorders. The GER Guideline Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has formulated a clinical practice guideline for the management of pediatric GER. The GER Guideline Committee, consisting of a primary care pediatrician, two clinical epidemiologists (who also practice primary care pediatrics) and five pediatric gastroenterologists, based its recommendations on an integration of a comprehensive and systematic review of the medical literature combined with expert opinion. Consensus was achieved through Nominal Group Technique, a structured quantitative method. The Committee examined the value of diagnostic tests and treatment modalities commonly used for the management of GERD, and how those interventions can be applied to clinical situations in the infant and older child. The guideline provides recommendations for management by the primary care provider, including evaluation, initial treatment, follow-up management and indications for consultation by a specialist. The guideline also provides recommendations for management by the pediatric gastroenterologist. This document represents the official recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition on the evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. The American Academy of Pediatrics has also endorsed these recommendations. The recommendations are summarized in a synopsis within the article. This review and recommendations are a general guideline and are not intended as a substitute for clinical judgment or as a protocol for the management of all patients with this problem.     

Gastroesophageal reflux as cause of chronic respiratory symptoms

Objective : Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a relatively common disorder in infants and children. It maybe associated with severe complications. The coexistence of GER and a wide range of respiratory symptoms has been reported. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms and GERD as an underlying cause. To our knowledge, there is not a method known study for identifying this relationship and prevalence in our area.Methods : The study group consists of fifty-two (4 months-10 years) children who were referred to pediatric surgery ward for evaluation of GERD as a cause of chronic respiratory symptoms by 24 hours PH monitoring. Additionally, 10 patients with only one episode of pneumonia were evaluated as the control group. Chronic respiratory presentations include the following: chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, asthma, and respiratory distress.Results : 24 hour esophageal PH monitoring revealed GER in 22 (42.2%) patients as a cause of their chronic respiratory symptoms, while (30 (57.7%) children did not show any evidence of GER. GER was detected in 11 of 24 (45.7%) patients with chronic cough. Thirty-three patients presented with recurrent pneumonia, 13(39.9%) of whom had GER. In 8 patients with asthma, GER was found in 4 cases. None of the 6 patients with respiratory distress had GERD.Conclusion : The possibility of GERD was significantly higher in study group (children with chronic respiratory symptoms) compared to control group (p-value<0.01). All patients with chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia and asthma should be aggressively investigated for the possibility of GER. Documenting abnormal gastroesophageal reflux helps direct appropriate therapy before occurrence of major complications.     

Increased gastroesophageal reflux in infants: can history provide an explanation?

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), a problem rarely mentioned half a century ago, has now become a major source of blame for a number of pediatric maladies. Over the past few decades, the rate of GER diagnosis in hospitalized infants less than 1 y old rose more than 10-fold. An increased rate of diagnosis does not mean that GER disease is more common. The increase in diagnosis may be the result of overdiagnosis, inappropriate diagnosis or an increased ability to detect GER. However, it is also possible that increased GER diagnosis may reflect a real increase in the prevalence of pathological GER and GER disease. Three aspects of infant rearing have changed dramatically during the past 50 y: what infants are fed, how much they are fed and where they are placed between feedings. This essay examines these aspects of infant rearing and their possible relationship with increased GER.     

Gastroesophageal reflux and cow milk allergy: is there a link?

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and cow milk allergy (CMA) occur frequently in infants younger than 1 year. In recent years, the relation between these 2 entities has been investigated and some important conclusions have been reached: in up to half of the cases of GER in infants younger than 1 year, there may be an association with CMA. In a high proportion of cases, GER is not only CMA associated but also CMA induced. The frequency of this association should induce pediatricians to screen for possible concomitant CMA in all infants who have GER and are younger than 1 year. With the exception of some patients with mild typical CMA manifestations (diarrhea, dermatitis, or rhinitis), the symptoms of GER associated with CMA are the same as those observed in primary GER. Immunologic tests and esophageal pH monitoring (with a typical pH pattern characterized by a progressive, slow decrease in esophageal pH between feedings) may be helpful if an association between GER and CMA is suspected, although the clinical response to an elimination diet and challenge is the only clue to the diagnosis. This article reviews the main features of GER and CMA, focusing on the aspects in common and the discrepancies between both conditions.