中华按蚊幼虫肠壁膜泡的制备及其鼠抗血清对幼虫？…

搞清Ｂ．ｓ杀虫蛋白对纹幼虫肠细胞膜的作用机理，从而改进杀虫蛋白活性。方法差速离心制备肠细胞膜泡，ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳分析其蛋白组分；测试其鼠抗血清对蚊幼虫的效应。     

致倦库蚊幼虫与具抗性蚊幼虫体内可溶性蛋白的比较研究

目的：测定致倦库蚊幼虫、具抗性蚊幼虫可溶性蛋白的组分，并分析、评价其特异性蛋白区带。方法：对正常和具抗性的Ⅲ龄、Ⅳ龄初幼虫的可溶性蛋白提取物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。结果：正常蚊幼虫主要有１２条蛋白区带，其中５５ＫＤａ和５０ＫＤａ为其特有；对马拉硫磷及溴氰菊酯具抗性的蚊幼虫，分别有１５和１７条蛋白区带，并发现６６ＫＤａ蛋白为特异性蛋白分子。结论：具抗性的蚊幼虫所特有的６６ＫＤａ蛋白分子可能为导致蚊幼虫对杀虫剂产生抗性的特异性蛋白。     

转基因蓝藻对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫杀灭作用的实验研究

目的：观察３种基因工程杀蚊幼蓝藻对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫的杀灭效果。方法：利用不同浓度基因工程藻，分别作用于不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫，计算死亡率。结果：３种基因工程藻对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫杀灭作用相似；在藻细胞浓度低于１０４ｃｅｌｓ／ｍｌ时，杀灭作用由强到弱依次为Ⅰ龄、Ⅱ龄、Ⅲ龄末Ⅳ龄初幼虫；而当藻细胞浓度高于１０５ｃｅｌｓ／ｍｌ时，对该蚊不同龄期幼虫的杀灭作用均高效。结论：应用基因工程藻现场控制蚊幼虫宜尽早喷施，可提高杀灭效果。     

转基因蓝藻地不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫杀灭作用的实验研究

目的：观察３各基因工程杀蚊幼蓝藻对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫的杀灭效果。方法：利用不同基因工程藻，分别作用于不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫，计算死亡率，结果：３种基因工程藻对不同龄期淡以库蚊幼虫杀灭作用相似；在藻细胞浓度低于１０＾４ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｍｌ时，杀灭作用由强到弱依次为Ｉ龄、Ⅱ龄、Ⅲ龄末Ⅳ龄初幼虫；而当藻细胞浓度高于１０＾５ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｍｌ时，对该蚊不同龄期幼虫的杀灭作用均高效。结论：应用基因工程藻现场控制蚊     

河北省杀（抑）虫植物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒效作用初步 …

目的：了解河北地区杀虫植物资源概况，寻找和开发本省植物生杀（抑）虫剂。方法：丙酮和植物干粉按６：１的比例浸泡提取，提取液以水稀释３０倍和１００倍浸渍自理淡色库蚊Ⅲ～Ⅳ龄幼虫。结果：以３０倍稀释液处理，造成蚊幼虫死亡率达５０％以上的植物有４４种；以１００倍液浸渍，造成蚊幼虫死亡率９５％以上的植物共７种，其中茵陈蒿、薄荷提取液的死亡率达１００％；试验中发现一些植物提取液对蚊幼虫具有生长发育的抑制作用。     

赣南地区部分植物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒效作用研究

目的了解赣南地区杀虫植物资源概况，寻找和开发该地区杀虫性植物。方法通过水、丙酮和乙醇分别提取杀虫植物液体，将提取液用水稀释浸渍处理淡色库蚊3～4龄幼虫。结果以20倍稀释液处理，致使蚊幼虫死亡率达50％以上的植物有12种；以50倍稀释液浸渍，致使蚊幼虫死亡率达80％以上的植物有5种，分别为打破碗花花、百部、夹竹桃叶、水蓼茎叶、藜芦，杀灭率分别为86％、88％、96％、98％和94％。结论打破碗花花、百部、夹竹桃叶、水蓼茎叶及藜芦等植物对淡色库蚊幼虫有良好的杀灭作用，在开发利用方面有待进一步的研究。     

蓖麻乙醇粗提液对淡色库蚊幼虫的活性研究

目的了解蓖麻不同部位的乙醇提取液对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀效果，为寻找新的杀蚊化合物打下基础。方法用95％乙醇浸提蓖麻材料，用水稀释后测定其对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫的毒效。结果在试验浓度下，蓖麻各部位粗提物对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有一定的毒杀效果，其中以茎皮和根皮粗提物的毒杀能力最强，以2500mg/L的茎皮提取液处理12h后，淡色库蚊3龄幼虫的死亡率达到100％；当浓度为625mg／L时，茎皮提取液处理36h后其死亡率可达97．78％。2500mg/L的根皮提取液处理36h后淡色库蚊3龄幼虫死亡率达到94．44％；当浓度为625mg/L时，处理72h后其死亡率仅为66．67％。与对照组相比，各处理存活幼虫发育至化蛹的平均历期延长0．52．5d。结论蓖麻茎皮和根皮提取液对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫有良好的毒杀效果，其杀蚊幼作用值得进一步研究。     

灭幼宝（S－31183）杀灭蚊幼虫效果观察

拟保幼激素杀虫剂Ｓ－３１１８３０．５％颗粒剂，在实验室条件下对致倦库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊Ⅳ龄幼虫有很强的阻碍羽化作用，其半数阻碍羽化浓度（ＥＣ（５０））分别为０．０４７、０．１３、１．５７μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ：对３种蚊幼阻碍羽化率达９５％以上的使用浓度分别是０．２７、２．４３、２４．３μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ致倦库蚊幼虫发育受药物不同浓度的影响，幼虫被药物处理后，大部分死亡出现在蛹期，但浓度在０．０９μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ，部分幼虫在羽化期死亡，成蚊（羽化不全）死亡率是１３．１％；当浓度提高为１００μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ，幼虫期死亡率达６．７％，蛹死亡率为９３．３％；此外，该制剂有较好的滞留效果，１００μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ时对致倦库蚊幼虫滞效达１个月以上。但该制剂直接对蚊蛹药效不明显。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽对K562细胞膜的质量浓度阈值作用

目的探讨家蝇3龄幼虫抗菌肽对K562细胞膜的作用。方法通过针刺感染大肠埃希菌诱导家蝇3龄幼虫大量表达抗菌肽,然后经过研磨、离心、固相萃取、反相高效液相色谱分离纯化家蝇3龄幼虫抗菌肽,采用四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝比色法和光镜观察法筛选对K562有抑制作用的抗菌肽;用不同质量浓度的峰5、峰8处理K562细胞,采用台盼蓝拒染法测定细胞存活率和生长曲线的变化;用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜检测细胞膜形态的变化;用荧光分光光度计检测细胞膜荧光素的渗漏;用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞膜的损伤程度。结果低质量浓度(<50μg/ml)对细胞存活率无明显影响,细胞整体形态变化不大,细胞荧光素渗漏较少[(18.95±0.05)～(22.49±0.68)],细胞损伤甚微;高质量浓度(≥50μg/ml)使细胞存活率明显下降,细胞形态变化逐渐增大,细胞荧光素渗漏较多[(62.77±4.08)～(70.81±0.18)],甚至大分子荧光素DextranFITC可以通过。结论家蝇3龄幼虫抗菌肽对K562细胞膜的作用存在质量浓度阈值,低质量浓度时可引起膜通透性增加,高质量浓度时可引起细胞膜严重损伤。家蝇幼虫抗菌肽可能通过直接杀伤作用抑制K562细胞生长,其作用机制首先是通过对膜作用,然后可能进一步对膜作用从而使膜上孔洞不断扩大或者进入细胞后经过其他途径抑制K562细胞生长。     

应用SDS-PAGE观察顺式氯氰菊酯对斯氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊成蚊血淋巴与幼虫蛋白的影响

目的：为合理使用顺式氯氰菊酯，配制新的高效杀虫剂复方，选择合适的药物浓度和开展蚊虫抗药性研究，观察了顺式氰氰菊酯对斯氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊成蚊血淋巴与幼虫蛋白的影响。方法：为SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。结果：与对照组相比，无论蚊幼虫蛋白还是成蚊血淋巴蛋白的电泳图谱均有明显差异。结论：顺式氯氰菊酯对两种按蚊幼虫和成蚊血淋巴蛋白有明显的影响。     

Mosquito larvicidal activity of active constituent derived from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves against 3 mosquito species

Mosqutio larvicidal activity of Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf-derived materials against the 4th-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Ochlerotatus togoi (Theobald), and Culex pipiens pallens (Coquillett) was examined in the laboratory. A crude methanol extract of C. obtusa leaves was found to be active (percent mortality rough) against the 3 species larvae; the hexane fraction of the methanol extract showed a strong larvicidal activity (100% mortality) at 100 ppm. The bioactive component in the C. obtusa leaf extract was characterized as beta-thujaplicin by spectroscopic analyses. The LC50 value of beta-thujaplicin was 2.91, 2.60, and 1.33 ppm against Ae. aegypti, Oc. togoi, and Cx. pipiens pallens larvae. This naturally occurring C. obtusa leaves-derived compound merits further study as a potential mosquito larval control agent or lead compound.     

家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白对黑色素瘤细胞的影响

目的 探讨家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白对黑色素瘤细胞（A375）的抑制作用。方法 细胞计数法、四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝（MTT）法及吖啶橙（AO）染色法测定家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白对如，A375细胞生长的影响；四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝（MTT）法测定家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白对正常人牙周膜细胞生长的影响。结果 高浓度组A375细胞数及吸光度（A）值明显降低，细胞增殖抑制率随浓度的增加而增大；而各浓度组正常人牙周膜细胞A值及细胞增殖抑制率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义；高浓度组A375见细胞凋亡。结论 家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白可能通过诱导细胞凋亡而抑制A375细胞生长，对正常人体细胞基本无抑制作用；这种抑制作用有一个阈值。     

球形芽孢杆菌C_（3－41）对嗜人按蚊和东乡伊蚊幼虫的毒性测定

本文报道球形芽孢杆菌Ｃ３－４１对嗜人按蚊和东乡伊蚊的毒性。实验室生物测定结果表明，ＢｓＣ３－４１液剂对嗜人按蚊Ⅳ龄幼虫处理后２４ｈ和４８ｈ的ＬＣ５分别为２．４０ｐｐｍ和１．７８ｐｐｍ，对东乡伊蚊的ＬＣ５０分别为５．３５ｐｐｍ和３．１４ｐｐｍ；持效为１～２周。Ｂｓ．Ｃ３－４１粉剂对嗜人按蚊和东乡伊蚊处理后２４ｈ的ＬＣ５０分别为３．３３ｐｐｍ和４．４４ｐｐｍ，处理后４８ｈ的ＬＣ５０分别为１．３６ｐｐｍ和１．４４ｐｐｍ。球形芽孢杆菌Ｃ３－４１处理蚊幼虫４８ｈ后的效果明显优于处理后２４ｈ的。     

Determination of Anopheles gambiae larval DNA in the gut of insectivorous dragonfly (Libellulidae) nymphs by polymerase chain reaction

We examined the predator-prey relationship between larvae of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae and nymphs of the dragonfly (Libellulidae). Studies were conducted to determine whether polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to detect DNA of An. gambiae in the gut of libellulid nymphs, and to determine how long after feeding on An. gambiae that mosquito DNA remains detectable by PCR. Total DNA was extracted from the gut contents of libellulid nymphs by using 2 types of DNA extraction methods. The target sequence for the diagnostic PCR was the intergenic spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA gene locus. These sequences were analyzed by using An. gambiae complex-specific primers. After analyzing nymphal gut contents with PCR at regular postfeed intervals, a 390-base pair product could be amplified. The presence of mosquito larvae was visually confirmed for up to 40 min after feeding. Regardless of the number of mosquito larvae ingested, libellulid gut contents could be amplified or visually seen up to 1 h of digestion. This result indicates the nymphs have a high rate of digestion and that PCR with An. gambiae complex primers will be best utilized within 1 h after feeding as a detection system. This study confirmed that dragonfly nymphs feed well on anopheline larvae, and that mosquito DNA, although rapidly digested, can be successfully recovered and detected from within nymphal digestive tracts.     

Isolation of mosquito-toxic bacteria from mosquito-breeding sites in Kenya.

A large number of source materials were collected for isolating entomopathogenic bacteria from larval mosquito habitats in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. Mosquito-toxic bacteria were included among the numerous types of microorganisms isolated from the habitats. The pathogenic isolates shared common structural characteristics; they were gram-positive, spore-forming bacilli that produced parasporal inclusions conferring broad-spectrum larvicidal activity against Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. Based on structural and growth characteristics, coupled with larvicidal activity, the pathogenic isolates were tentatively identified as variants of Bacillus thuringiensis. Although the collection consisted of a variety of items including soil, silt and mud, the most productive materials were larval bodies. Using healthy mosquito larvae held in a fully permeable plastic bottle, a baiting technique was developed as a means of recovering bacteria from the environment.     

Larvicidal properties of decomposed leaf litter in the subalpine mosquito breeding sites

The larvicidal properties of the dietary leaf litter originating from the vegetation surrounding the subalpine mosquito breeding sites were investigated by using 10-month decomposed alder leaf litter against different field collections of culicine taxa of various ecological origin (Aedes cantans, Aedes caspius, Aedes cataphylla, Aedes detritus, Aedes punctor, Aedes pullatus, Aedes rusticus, Anopheles claviger, Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, Culiseta morsitans). Larvae originating from sites with polyphenol-poor vegetation appeared more sensitive to ingested leaf litter than those originating from sites with polyphenol-rich vegetation. Within a given taxon (e.g., A. rusticus, A. cataphylla, C. hortensis), the overall levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase activities appeared higher in larvae able to feed on leaf litter than in pupae and adults unable to feed on leaf litter. This suggests the involvement of these enzymes in the detoxification mechanisms responsible for larval tolerance to polyphenols of the dietary leaf litter. Such a tolerance of the larval stage thus appears as fundamental in the ecotoxicological adaptation of mosquito taxa to the polyphenolic profiles of the riparian vegetation.     

Response and effect of two plant crude extracts on mosquito larvae Culex pipiens

The response and effect of two plant crude extract from dry Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) and Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) were tested against the first and third instar larvae of mosquito (Culex pipiens). The results showed that both extracts had a larvicidal effect. Neem seed extract was more toxic than Damsissa extract against both the first and third instar larvae. In addition, the young larvae (first instar) were more susceptible to Neem seeds than the old ones (third instar) as revealed from the LC50 values, while Damsissa showed nearly the same effect against both stages. Meanwhile, treatment of Neem seed extracts resulted in prolongation of the larval period accompanied with a decrease in larval activity. Moreover, the effect of the two extracts on larval total esterase isozymes was examined. Neem extract showed an adverse effect on the third instar larvae, since only one band (E1) was observed and the other 4 bands disappeared at all concentrations used, as compared with untreated control larvae (El, E2, E3, E4, and E5). Meanwhile, Damsissa extract treatment of the third instar larvae showed an additional band located between E3 and E4, and the absence of two bands (E2 and E3) after treatment with 0.5x10(4), 1x10(4) and 1.5x10(4) ppm, while treatment with 0.25x10(4) ppm did not result in any changes in larval total esterase.     

灭蚊幼油膜剂的研究

本文报告了一种依据蚊幼生态特征，将杀虫剂有效成分浓集于水表面，以化学和物理方式迅速杀灭蚊幼虫的新剂型──灭蚊幼油膜剂。该剂以溴氰菊酯、油类、表面活性剂等组成，杀虫有效成分为０．２５％。经实验室证明，用１ｍｌ／ｍ２剂量，对致倦库蚊幼虫的ＫＴ５０为２２．２３ｍｉｎ，持效１５天以上。现场应用于住宅区域的蚊幼孳生地效果明显，持效７～３０天。该剂性质稳定，杀虫迅速，使用方便，用量少，成本低，适合于基层单位使用。     

High prevalence of bacterial spore-formers active against mosquito larvae in temporary monsoon flooded sites in Orissa, India

Different ecosystems were probed in the vicinity of the city of Bhubaneswar in the Indian state of Orissa for the presence of bacterial spore-formers with activity against mosquito larvae. The most productive sites were places that were flooded during the monsoon season, including roadside ditches and shorelines of ponds. Among 630 isolates screened, 44 (7%) showed larvicidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti. The specific activity of the bacterial spore-formers varied greatly. Isolates were found with specific activities superior to the Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis reference strain of the Pasteur Institute. All mosquitocidal strains produced crystal proteins, and based on the biochemical analyses could be classified into the species B. thuringiensis. Such strains possess the potential for the development of new microbial products for mosquito control in India.     

Laboratory evaluation of biotic and abiotic factors that may influence larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis against two Florida mosquito species.

A technical powder of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis (B.t.i.) (VectoBac TP, 5,000 international toxic units [ITU]/mg), an aqueous suspension (VectoBac 12AS, 1,200 ITU/mg), and a granular formulation (VectoBac CG, 200 ITU/mg) were tested in the laboratory under different biotic and abiotic, conditions for efficacy against larvae of saltwater (Aedes taeniorhynchus) and freshwater (Culex nigripalpus) mosquitoes. Second-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae of Cx. nigripalpus were 1.3-3-fold more susceptible to both VectoBac TP and VectoBac 12AS than were the respective larval instars of Ae. taeniorhynchus. For each species, 2nd-instar larvae were several-fold more susceptible to these B.t.i. preparations than were the 4th instars. In test cups, larvae under lower densities exposed to B.t.i. concentrations sustained 5-9-fold higher mortalities than larvae under high-density conditions. VectoBac TP and VectoBac 12AS stayed in suspension for up to 24 h with similar larvicidal efficacy, which was greater at 32-35 degrees C than at 15-20 degrees C. At 60 degrees C maintained for 24 h, VectoBac 12AS was adversely affected 2-3-fold in terms of potency, but VectoBac TP was not affected. Significant loss of potency of both VectoBac 12AS and VectoBac TP occurred when exposed to 35-37 degrees C under high light intensity (140,000-170,000 lux) for 6 h. Increasing salinity levels from 0 (fresh water) to 50% sea water caused gradual efficacy declines of VectoBac 12AS and VectoBac TP against Ae. taeniorhynchus larvae. VectoBac CG caused insignificant initial and residual (up to 8 days) larval mortalities of both mosquito species. This formulation did not release the active ingredient of B.t.i. in any significant mosquito larvicidal concentration in surface layers of water, and the formulation was more effective in shallower water. Storage of all 3 formulations under constant laboratory and variable field conditions for up to 8 months did not produce detectable potency loss of these products.