CPU86017及其旋光异构体对L-甲状腺素致大鼠心肌病异常的calcineurin和NFκB基因表达的抑制作用

目的研究CPU86017及其旋光异构体对L-甲状腺素致大鼠心肌病异常的calcineurin和 NFκB基因改变,并比较CPU86017及其旋光异构体对它们的作用.方法大鼠随机分成7组,每日给予L-甲状腺素(0.2 mg·kg-1, sc) 共 10 d 造成心肌病模型,CPU86017及其旋光异构体(SR、SS、RS、RR)(4 mg·kg-1, sc)在 d 6 连续给药 5 d.动物处死后测定心脏指数,取大鼠心脏测定心肌组织中氧化应激指标,NO和iNOS的活力,大鼠左心室心肌Calcineurin、NF-κB的基因表达由半定量逆转录酶PCR方法测定.结果L-甲状腺素致大鼠心肌病模型组心肌明显肥大,氧化应激增强,NO含量减少,iNOS活力增强,Calcineurin和NF-κB基因表达上调.给予CPU86017及其旋光异构体能不同程度地改善心肌中NO含量及iNOS活力,减轻氧化应激,可以下调这些基因的表达,其中SR比其它旋光异构体疗效好.结论Calcineurin 和NF-κB可能对L-甲状腺素所致大鼠心肌病中细胞内钙调节起着重要的作用,CPU86017及其旋光异构体SR对L-甲状腺素所致大鼠心肌病具有保护作用,该作用与抑制心肌Calcineurin、NF-κB基因的表达、抑制NOS及抗氧化有关.     

三七总皂苷对大鼠左心室构型重建的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷(total saponins of Panax notoginseng,PNS)对大鼠左室重构中一氧化氮(NO)和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)含量的影响及其相关机制。方法异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,sc,连续7 d,建立大鼠心肌肥厚模型。造模第二天开始大鼠腹腔注射PNS 25和50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,连续14 d,测定心脏重量参数;分光光度法检测左心室心肌组织中NO含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力;放免分析法检测左心室心肌组织中环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)和环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量。结果ISO模型组大鼠心脏重量参数明显增大;左心室诱生型NOS(iNOS)活力和cAMP含量显著升高;NO、cGMP含量和结构型NOS(cNOS)活力显著降低。PNS能明显提高心肌组织NO水平、cNOS活力和cGMP的含量;降低iNOS活力和cAMP含量;减轻心脏重量;抑制左室重构。结论PNS改善大鼠左心室构型重建的作用与其提高NO和cGMP含量有关。     

缬沙坦与福辛普利对儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌肥厚的影响(英文)

目的:研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂缬沙坦和新型血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂福辛普利对心肌肥厚的影响.方法:SD大鼠ip去甲肾上腺素1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d,造成心肌肥厚模型.缬沙坦ig 15 mg· kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d,福辛普利ig 30 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d.测量心重指数,心肌胶原含量,肌球蛋白ATP酶及细胞膜和线粒体Na~ ,K~ -ATP酶,Ca~(2 )-ATP酶的活性,并检测此模型中心肌细胞的凋亡水平.结果:缬沙坦和福辛普利均能阻止心肌肥厚的发生,减少胶原合成,提高肌球蛋白ATP酶及细胞膜和线粒体Na~ ,K~ -ATP酶、Ca~(2 )-ATP酶的活力,抑制心肌细胞的凋亡.结论:缬沙坦和福辛普利可防止儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌重塑,心肌细胞凋亡可能在儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌重塑中起重要作用.     

CPU86017及其手性化合物(7S,13R)-CPU86017对兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及药动学比较

目的:比较药物CPU86017及其手性化合物(7S,13R)-CPU86017对兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用和药动学差异。方法:30只新西兰白兔随机分为5组:假手术对照组(组1),缺血再灌注模型组(组2),阳性对照药普奈洛尔组(组3),CPU86017干预组(组4),(7S,13R)-CPU86017干预组(组5)。再灌注结束后取心脏测定梗死区心肌中LDH,GOT及CK的活力,并于给药后不同时间点取血,用HPLC法测CPU86017和(7S,13R)-CPU86017的血药浓度。结果:组1的GOT,CK和LDH活力分别为每毫克蛋白(689±54.3)U,每毫升蛋白(372.9±61.1)U和每克蛋白(62 696.4±478.4)U,组2的各项酶水平均较组1显著降低(P<0.01),心肌梗死损害明显。组4和组5的各酶水平显著提高(P<0.05),其中,(7S,13R)-CPU86017逆转梗死区心肌酶水平降低的作用要优于CPU86017(P<0.05)。兔腹腔注射CPU86017或(7S,13R)-CPU86017后,血药浓度按一房室模型拟合较佳。药动学研究表明,(7S,13R)-CPU86017比CPU86017具有更高的AUC。结论:对映体(7S,13R)-CPU86017比CPU86017具有更好的药理学和药动学特性。     

灯盏花素对异丙肾上腺素引起大鼠心肌肥厚和纤维化的保护作用

目的研究灯盏花素(breviscapine,Bre)对异丙肾上腺素引起大鼠心肌肥厚和纤维化的保护作用及其机制。方法用异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,Iso)皮下注射,连续7d,建立大鼠心肌肥厚和纤维化模型。造模d2起给大鼠腹腔注射Bre12.5和25mg·kg-1·d-1,连续用药14d,测量大鼠心脏重量指数(HW/BW)和左心室重量指数(LVW/BW),放射免疫分析法检测左心室心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的变化;分光光度法检测左心室心肌组织中羟脯氨酸、一氧化氮(NO)含量和Na+,K+ATPase,Ca2+ATPase活性。结果Iso模型组大鼠心重指数和左心室重量指数明显增大,左心室心肌组织中AngⅡ和羟脯氨酸含量增高,NO水平下降,Na+,K+ATPase和Ca2+ATPase活力下降,Bre能提高心肌组织中的NO含量,抑制AngⅡ产生,增强Na+,K+ATPase和Ca2+ATPase活力,降低羟脯氨酸含量,抑制胶原的产生。结论Bre对Iso引起大鼠心肌肥厚和纤维化具有一定的改善作用。     

2-巯基苯并咪唑SD大鼠灌胃给药的毒性研究

目的:研究2-巯基苯并咪唑(MBI)对 SD 大鼠所产生的毒性反应的性质和程度、剂量和毒性效应的关系、无毒反应剂量以及毒性的主要靶器官。方法:采用 SD 大鼠,灌胃给予 MBI,分为溶媒对照组和3个给药组(MBI 2 mg·kg~(-1),MBI 10 mg·kg~(-1),MBI 50 mg·kg~(-1)),连续给药28 d,期间对体重、摄食量进行监测。给药结束次日解剖取材,测定血液学及血清生化学指标,并对大鼠主要脏器进行大体观察和组织病理学检查。结果:50 mg·kg~(-1)MBI 使大鼠的体重增长及摄食量的增加受到明显抑制;10 mg·kg~(-1)和*或50 mg·kg~(-1)MBI 导致雌雄大鼠甲状腺、脑、肝脏重量明显升高,胸腺、脾脏重量显著下降;使雄性大鼠垂体、肺、睾丸重量明显升高,雌性肾上腺、颚下腺重量显著下降,肾脏重量显著升高;50 mg·kg~(-1)剂量引起大鼠 AST、LDH、CRE、BUN、CHO 等血清生化水平的显著变化;组织病理学检查发现,10 mg·kg~(-1)以上剂量的 MBI 可引起雄性和雌性动物甲状腺增生性病变、垂体前叶β细胞肿胀以及雄性动物胸腺萎缩;50 mg·kg~(-1)MBI 可引起雄性和雌性动物肝损伤,肾上腺皮质细胞的脂肪变性,以及雌性动物肾盂扩张。结论:MBI 毒性作用的主要靶器官为甲状腺;MBI 在 SD 大鼠的最大无毒反应剂量为2 mg·kg~(-1)。     

马钱子碱及其脂质体对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤作用和毒性的比较

目的:比较马钱子碱(brucine,B)和马钱子碱脂质体(brucine liposome,BL)对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤作用和毒性。方法:ICR雄性小鼠接种肝癌Heps瘤株造成移植性肝癌Heps小鼠模型(简称Heps小鼠),测定B(1·61,3·23,6·46 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),ip,8 d)和BL(以B计,1．61和3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),ip,8 d)对实体瘤小鼠的抑瘤率和腹水瘤小鼠的生命延长率;并比较各组实体瘤小鼠的体重、免疫器官(脾和胸腺)指数、血细胞指数(白细胞、红细胞、血小板和血红蛋白)和肝、肾功能指数(AST,ALT和BUN)。结果:低、中、高剂量的B(1．61,3．23,6．46 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))对Heps实体瘤小鼠的抑瘤率分别为35．05%,43．70%,46．09%;同剂量的BL(1．61,3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))的抑瘤率分别为45．41%和58．19%。BL对Heps实体瘤小鼠的肿瘤抑制作用显著强于B,但B和BL对Heps腹水瘤小鼠生存时间均无延长作用。B和BL在1．61,3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时对Heps实体瘤小鼠的造血、免疫系统以及肝、肾功能不仅无明显的毒性,相反还能提高其免疫器官的重量和指数,显著提高Heps小鼠的白细胞和血小板计数,并能显著降低Heps小鼠的AST,ALT和BUN的异常升高。结论:BL对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤活性明显强于B,并且对Heps小鼠造血、免疫系统以及肝肾的毒性低,通过深入研究BL可望成为一种新型的抗癌药物。     

山莨菪碱对脑缺血局部血流量的影响

用放射性生物微球法,观察了山莨菪碱对双侧颈总动脉结扎(BCAL)后大鼠脑局部血流量的影响.BCAL使大鼠大脑半球血流量显著减少,以中部最明显。山莨菪减10mg·kg~(-1)iv明显增加缺血最严重的大脑中部血流量,20mg·kg~(-1)iv明显增加整个大脑半球血流量,40mg·kg~(-1)iv则作用减弱。BCAL后心肌血流量明显增加,山莨菪碱20mg·kg~(-1)iv使其进一步增加,但40mg·kg_(-1)iv则使其显著减少。10～20·mg·kg~(-1)iv对BCA L后的心指数无明显影响,40mg·kg~(-1)iV则使其明显增大。     

丹参粉针剂对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨丹参粉针剂(Danshenfenzhenji,DSFZJ)对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:通过冠脉结扎、再通手术建立大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,测定各组动物心电图ST段变化、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及观察心肌组织病理学改变,观察药物的心肌保护作用。结果:与模型组比,DSFZJ低、高剂量组(iv,40,250 mg·kg~(-1))心电图ST段抬高值明显下降(P＜0．01),大鼠血清CK和LDH活性显著降低(P＜0．01),心肌组织病理损伤得到明显改善。结论:DSFZJ对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有良好的保护作用。     

CPU86017及其手性异构体CPU86017-RS对异丙肾上腺素引起心肌细胞中FKBP12.6和SERCA2a下调的改善作用

目的：探讨对氯苄基四氢小檗碱类化合物CPU86017及其手性异构体CPU86017-RS对异丙肾上腺素（ISO）引起心肌细胞中FKBP12.6和SERCA2a异常表达的改善作用。方法：将原代培养72小时的SD乳鼠心肌细胞随机分为9组：正常组,ISO组,普萘洛尔（10-6mol·L^-1）组,CPU86017低、中、高剂量组（剂量分别为10-7、10-6、10-5mol·L^-1）及CPU86017-RS低、中、高剂量组（剂量分别为10-7、10-6、10-5mol·L^-1）,除正常组外,在其余各组的培养基中均另加ISO,使其浓度为10-6mol·L^-1。继续培养24小时后,用RT-PCR和Western Blot法分别测定各组FKBP12.6和SERCA2a的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果：与正常组相比,ISO组FKBP12.6和SERCA2a的mRNA和蛋白表达明显下调（P＆lt;0.01）。不同浓度的CPU86017和CPU86017-RS均呈剂量依赖性地逆转ISO引起的FKBP12.6和SERCA2a的下调,且CPU86017-RS的作用强于CPU86017（P＆lt;0.05,P＆lt;0.01）。结论：CPU86017和CPU86017-RS对ISO诱导的心肌细胞FKBP12．6和SERCA2a异常表达具有改善作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.