等距和非等距前交叉韧带重建的对比实验

目的 观察等距和非等距前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament，ACL)重建对膝关节功能的影响。方法 采用新鲜尸体观察等距ACL的解剖结构，在尸体和模型上重建等距和非等距ACL，分别观察重建后ACL长度和胫骨平台表面压强的变化。结果 等距ACL的重建在膝关节的全范围活动中长度的变化值最小，胫骨平台所受的压强也最小。结论 只有等距的ACI。的重建才能恢复膝关节的正常生理功能，而非等距重建的ACL会造成膝关节的不稳定(或活动受限)，或者使膝关节表面的压强增加。     

前交叉韧带重建术中隧道定位对移植物等距特性影响的研究

目的探讨前交义韧带(ACL)重建术中股骨和胫骨隧道定位变化对移植物等距特性的影响。方法选用10具正常新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,在股骨取3个定位点,第一个定位点位于右膝11点(左膝1点)过顶点前方5～6 mm处,作为前束点；第二点位于前束点前5 mm处,作为误差点；第三点位于屈膝90°时,ACL附着区长轴与经股骨-胫骨接触点的垂直线的交点,作为后束点。在ACL胫骨附着区的前后径上取3个定位点,一个位于原ACL附着区中心,称为中心点；一个位于中心点后5 mm处,称为5 mm后点；一个位于中心点后10 mm处,称为10 mm后点。模拟ACL重建步骤,经各个股骨和胫骨定位点分别钻直径为2 mm的骨隧道,通过测量钢丝和等距测量仪来检测膝关节屈曲过程中各个股骨隧道内口相对于各个胫骨隧道内口的距离变化。结果相对于某一个固定的股骨隧道内口,胫骨隧道内口的前后移位变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异无显著性意义(P＞0．05)；相对于某一个固定的胫骨隧道内口,股骨隧道内口位置的变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异有极显著性意义(P＜0．01)。从膝关节完全伸直到极度屈曲的过程中,如果股骨隧道内口选择在前束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化在生理等距范围内；若选择在误差点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的延长；若选择在后束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的短缩。结论ACL重建时,胫骨隧道内口在ACL附着区中心与棘间区后缘之间的前后移位对移植物等距特性无明显影响,股骨隧道内口的移位对移植物的等距特性有明显影响。     

同种异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带术后骨隧道扩大的分析

目的 探讨同种异体骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术后股骨和胫骨的骨隧道的改变及其对临床疗效的影响.方法 2004年1月～2005年12月对30例ACL断裂患者在关节镜监视下应用同种异体B-PT-B单束重建ACL.术后膝关节功能锻炼采用保守的康复训练方案.分别于术后1周和12个月应用磁共振测量股骨和胫骨骨隧道关节面内口的直径.术后12个月以Lysholm评分观测膝关节功能,应用KT-1000测量膝关节屈30°时的胫骨相对活动度. 结果本组30例ACL重建患者术后33%(10/30)的患者出现股骨和(或)胫骨骨隧道扩大,其中69%(11/16)的骨隧道扩大范围在2～6 mm;骨隧道扩大各级别之间的Lysholn疗效评分、术后KT值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 同种异体B-PT-B移植重建ACL术后骨隧道可有不同程度的扩大;骨隧道扩大小于6 mm时,对膝关节的功能恢复无明显影响.     

前十字韧带重建术后骨隧道扩大的原因及应对研究进展

前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)损伤是膝关节常见的运动性损伤, 可导致膝关节不稳定、运动障碍及继发创伤性骨关节炎, 严重影响患者生活质量。由于ACL损伤后难以自愈, 临床上通常采用关节镜下ACL重建的方式治疗, 以恢复膝关节稳定性与运动功能。但越来越多的研究发现ACL重建后普遍存在骨隧道扩大的现象。多种生物学(如免疫排斥、局部炎症)和机械性(如骨隧道定位偏移、移植物固定不当和激进康复等)因素被认为是引起骨隧道扩大的主要原因。目前针对骨隧道扩大是否会影响临床疗效尚存争议, 但多数学者认为骨隧道扩大不利于翻修术中骨隧道的制作和移植物的固定。因此, 最大限度地降低术后骨隧道扩大具有积极的临床意义。现有方法主要包括选择自体移植物、使用独立骨道定位技术、改良骨隧道钻取方式、采用保残重建与全内重建、制定渐进性的个体化康复方案以及通过富血小板血浆、自体骨膜包裹移植物等生物方法增强移植物的腱-骨愈合。本文通过对ACL重建术后骨隧道扩大的原因及应对措施进行综述, 以期为减少或避免术后骨隧道扩大提供理论依据与帮助。     

前交叉韧带重建术中骨隧道定位研究进展

前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤是临床最常见的膝关节运动损伤,关节镜下ACL重建术为目前治疗该损伤最有效的方法。股骨及胫骨遂道定位,尤其是股骨隧道定位,其准确性与ACL重建术的疗效密切相关。该文从ACL解剖、重建方法、骨隧道定位方法、骨隧道定位的生物力学特征及临床疗效等方面对ACL重建术中骨隧道定位的研究进展进行综述。     

胫骨隧道位置对前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节稳定性的影响

<正>关节镜前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建是骨科常见手术之一,生理性等长重建使移植物在膝关节屈伸过程中所受的张力相近。隧道制备中关于股骨隧道定位等距性及生物力学的研究较多,但有关胫骨隧道定位对生物力学影响的报道较少。     

重建前交叉韧带失败后分期翻修的疗效

目的 探讨重建前交叉韧带(ACL)失败后分期行翻修手术的疗效。方法 对20例骨隧道明显扩大的重建ACL失败患者采用一期自体髂骨植骨填充骨隧道+二期ACL翻修术治疗。记录术后膝关节的稳定及活动情况，采用Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、被动活动察觉阈值(TTDPM)试验评估膝关节功能。结果 患者均获得随访，时间12～36个月。术后6周，膝关节屈曲125°～135°,伸直-5°～0°;患者均可扶双拐部分负重下地行走。术后3个月患者均可完全负重行走。术后1年，MRI复查显示ACL均信号良好，连续性完整。Lysholm评分、IKDC评分末次随访时均明显高于术前(P<0.01),TTDPM试验末次随访时与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 骨隧道明显扩大的重建ACL失败患者采用一期植骨+二期ACL翻修术可恢复膝关节功能，效果满意。     

前交叉韧带重建中移植物固定方法的研究进展

目前,前交叉韧带(ACL)重建手术的成功率为80%～90%,有10%～30%的患者术后有持续性膝关节疼痛和不稳[1].因ACL重建术后的康复方案强调即刻的完全活动度、恢复神经肌肉功能及早期完全负重,所以,术后早期是移植物固定的薄弱环节.现已知不同固定部位的生理特性不同,胫骨固定部位的骨密度较股骨低,移植物的受力方向与胫骨隧道共线,而仅在膝关节弯曲100°时与股骨隧道共线,不同位置(胫骨或股骨)和组织类型(软组织或骨栓)的固定方法不同.本文就ACL重建中使用的移植物固定方法及其相关研究进展作一综述.     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后并发症研究进展

前交叉韧带(ACL)对于膝关节的稳定性起着重要作用,损伤可引起膝关节功能不稳及其继发的关节病变。目前关节镜下ACL重建是治疗ACL损伤的主要治疗方法。ACL重建术的移植物有自体骨-腱-骨和腘绳肌肌腱、同种异体肌腱、人工韧带等,其中自体腘绳肌肌腱移植物因创伤少、操作简便、临床效果佳等优点,被临床医师广泛应用。但自体腘绳肌肌腱重建ACL术后仍存在少量并发症,如膝关节感染、关节纤维化、骨隧道扩大、神经损伤等。该文就自体腘绳肌肌腱重建ACL术后并发症研究进展作一综述。     

骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束前交叉韧带重建的中期疗效观察

背景：骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带（ACL）已被生物力学研究证实能够很好地恢复膝关节稳定性,短期随访效果明确,但缺乏中远期的临床随访观察研究。 目的：探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建ACL的中期临床疗效。 方法：本组40例,均为男性,年龄18~35岁,平均（26.3±8.7）岁。均行关节镜下骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束同种异体胫前肌腱重建,并进行术后随访。采用IKDC评分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分,并进行麦氏征试验、抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验比较患者术前和术后的膝关节功能恢复情况和评分。 结果：40例全部获得随访,随访时间为24~48个月,平均（36.5±12.5）个月。术前麦氏征阳性8例,抽屉试验阳性27例, Lachman试验及轴移试验40例均阳性。术后上述4项试验均为阴性。术前后IKDC评分与Lysholm膝关节功能评分,均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。 结论：关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建ACL的中期疗效满意。     

虚拟现实互动技术在交叉韧带等长重建计算机辅助设计中的应用

目的 利用虚拟现实技术还原膝关节骨性结构在屈伸运动过程中的三维空间形态，为观测膝关节面交叉韧带附丽区的相对位置变化和进一步研究前、后交叉韧带等长重建最佳等长点提供计算机辅助设计新方法。方法 采用实验与计算机仿真相结合的方法，对新鲜人体膝关节标本进行屈伸运动实验，并通过激光三维扫描方法记录、计算膝关节的空间活动指标，然后重建膝关节计算机三维模型。通过实验中的空间活动指标控制此模型虚拟运动，再现膝关节各屈伸角度下股骨、胫骨和腓骨的空间位置。结果 计算机还原出各运动角度下膝关节骨性结构（股骨、胫骨及关节面）的空间形态，利用软件Geomagic的几何计算功能可分别测量模型中各个运动状态交叉韧带附丽区两点间的三维空间距离。讨论本研究方法可以真实地记录和再现膝关节三维运动过程，从空间结构上更精确、合理地寻找重建等长点，对膝关节交叉韧带手术重建有重要临床意义。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后翻修的原因分析和治疗对策

目的：总结关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）重建术后翻修的原因及处理策略。方法2005年2月至2008年1月广州军区广州总医院收治14例因ACL重建失败而需要进行翻修手术的患者,其中术后再次创伤4例、移植物失效松驰7例、膝关节粘连活动受限2例、术后感染1例。对ACL完全断裂4例、松驰失张力7例患者行一期ACL重建术,其中8例骨隧道位置正常,采用空心钻钻过原有可吸收螺钉,重新建立骨隧道;另3例骨隧道位置错误者重新定位隧道。对2例膝关节粘连患者行粘连松解手术。对1例术后感染患者行关节镜病灶清理、关节腔冲洗引流术及抗生素治疗。结果随访时间29～73个月,平均43.4个月。均未发生再次关节粘连、伤口感染、移植物断裂等并发症。IKDC评分由术前C级4例、D级10例改善为术后A级11例、B级2例、C级1例;术后Lysholm膝关节功能评分为（89±9）分,较术前的（62±10）分明显提高（P＜0.05）。结论关节镜下ACL重建失败原因复杂,翻修难度较大。详细的术前评估和手术方案的设计对于保证翻修手术成功十分重要。     

前十字韧带重建中的移植物位置偏移

目的 计算可吸收界面螺钉导致的移植物偏离隧道位移,探讨其对前十字韧带重建产生的影响.方法 19个新鲜尸体膝关节标本,随机选取5个,采用7 mm、8 mm、9 mm界面螺钉固定自体肌腱,测定偏移距离.另外14个膝关节分为等长组和解剖组,等长组膝关节测量界面螺钉固定后及校正位置的移植物拉长距离;解剖组膝关节于膝关节生物力学测试仪上分别测定ACL完整组、ACL缺失组、偏移组和校正组在134 N前向负荷下膝关节屈曲0°、15°、30°、60°和90°位的胫骨前向位移.结果 (1)肌腱偏移:直径7mm、8 mm、9mm的界面螺钉分别使移植物偏移(2.36±0.11)mm、(2.72±0.06)mm、(3.00±0.06)mm.(2)等长性:初始拉长小于3 mm,偏移拉长大于3 mm,校正拉长小于3 mm.(3)生物力学:屈膝0°、15°位,ACL完整组与偏移组、校正组差异无统计学意义.屈膝30°、60°、90°位ACL完整组与其他各组比较差异均有统计学意义,屈膝30°、60°位偏移组与校正组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 无论等长重建还是解剖重建,界面螺钉均影响移植物的股骨隧道口位置.前十字韧带重建预先校正股骨隧道口位置,移植物基本会处于预先的理想位置.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the impact of graft position shift on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction induced by femoral fixation of interference screw. Methods Nineteen fresh cadaveric knees were used and assigned to three groups. 1) Study of graft position shift: 5 knees were randomly selected, interference screws of 7 mm, 8 mm and 9 mm were used in autologous tendon fixation, then the graft position shift were measured. 2) Study of isometry: 7 knees were randomly divided into the isometric reconstruction group (D group). In the D group, Retrobutton, interference screw and interference screw in location-corrected bone tunnel were used respectively as fixation. The isometry of grafts was evaluated. 3) Study of tibia anterior translation: 7 knees were randomly divided into the anatomic reconstruction group (J group). In the J group,the tibia anterior translation was measured in four different conditions in the same joint: intact knee joint,knee joint without ACL, ACL anatomic reconstruction by interference screw fixation, and ACL anatomic reconstruction by interference screw fixation with corrected bone tunnel location. Results 1) With 7 mm, 8mm and 9 mm interference screw fixation, graft position shift were (2.36±0.11) mm, (2.72±0.06) mm and (3.00±0.06) mm respectively. 2) Graft length change: graft length change in Retrobutton group and corrected bone tunnel group were less than 3 mm, while graft length change in those fixed with interference screw were stretched in more than 3 mm. 3) Study of tibia anterior translation: there was no difference among the intact group, the anatomic group and the corrected group at 0° and 15°. However, the difference was found between the intact group and other groups at 30°、60° and 90° of flexion, as well as between these two reconstructed methods at 20° joint flexion (P＜0.05). Conclusion In both isometric and anatomic ACL reconstruction with interference screw, the graft is pushed tightly toward the femoral tunnel wall, which shifts the graft away from the desired position. In our study we find out that the corrected location of the femoral bone tunnel significantly improves the isometry of ACL reconstruction and anatomic reconstruction.     

兔自体半腱肌重建前交叉韧带拉伸断裂后组织学研究

目的观察骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)复合异体脱蛋白松质骨(DPB)行自体双股半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术后移植物断裂部位及组织学形态。方法将64只骨骼成熟新西兰大白兔分成四组,其中一组为空白对照组,其他三组选取每只兔的左侧膝关节进行手术,术中于骨隧道内植入BMP结合DPB、BMP、DPB。分别于术后第3、6、12、24周取材,保留股骨下段及胫腓骨上段,包埋后行移植物抗拉测试,观察移植物完全断裂部位及断面组织学结构,采用苏木精-伊红染色观察其变化过程。结果术后第3周,移植物断裂部位DPB组及空白对照组位于股骨隧道内,断端仅为纤维组织,BMP组及BMP结合DPB组均位于隧道内口,断端可见少量软骨样组织。术后12周各组移植物断裂部位均位于关节腔内,断端均可见大量胶原纤维,空白对照组及DPB组胶原纤维排列不规则,BMP组及BMP结合DPB组胶原纤维较规则,纤维软骨细胞增多。术后第24周各组断裂部位位于关节腔内移植物中段或近止点处,BMP结合DPB组及BMP组断端胶原纤维排列整齐、规则,可见短杆状及椭圆形细胞,空白对照组及DPB组仅见胶原纤维排列较前规则,未见软骨细胞。结论术后第24周BMP结合DPB组较其他各组更早发生爬行替代,在组织学形态上与正常前交叉韧带更相似。     

前交叉韧带的解剖结构及其与重建技术的研究现状

前交叉韧带(ACL)是膝关节内非常重要的韧带之一,同时,前交叉韧带损伤也是比较常见的一种运动损伤。目前,前交叉韧带重建技术(ACLR)是治疗前交叉韧带损伤比较传统的方式,术后能较好地维持膝关节稳定性,但对于ACL的解剖及ACLR的手术方式、骨道形状等存在多种选择,本文目的是对ACL解剖研究的新进展及其对ACLR技术的影响进行总结。     

Accurate placement of bone tunnels in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament - a contribution of computer-assisted navigation

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most frequent injuries to the knee joint in the young. ACL repair is a major orthopedic procedure most often performed in the younger adult population. Early stabilization of the knee joint by ACL reconstruction also decreases the risk of injury to other important structures. At ACL reconstruction, the biggest problem is usually the exact placement of drilled tunnels. This significantly affects the outcome of surgery, i. e., range of motion, knee joint stability, reaction of the synovium in the knee, pain, impingement and potential graft failure with lesion development. However, 70 % of ACL reconstructions are carried out by orthopedic surgeons whose experience is limited to less than 20 ACL repair procedures in a year! Arthroscopy does not allow the surgeon to gain a complete 3D view of important anatomical structures, particularly in the anteroposterior direction. Computer-assisted navigation systems should aid in minimizing these problems. First reports on the use of computer-assisted navigation in ACL reconstruction, which have already been published in the international literature, have provided clear evidence that more exact bone tunnel placement can be achieved with navigation than with the use of conventional techniques. In addition, kinematic navigation enables us to measure anteroposterior and rotational knee stability, isometry, impingement and the angles of bone tunnel placement. It permits a choice from various types of graft. Last but not least, kinematic navigation provides a tool for recording surgery outcomes without a necessity to use further examination methods. Its drawbacks, namely, the learning curve, additional fixation of navigation probes to the femur and tibia and slightly longer operative time, should be considered in the context of presumed long-term benefits for the patient.     

膝关节前交叉韧带翻修及影响首次重建疗效的相关因素分析

目的总结影响关节镜下前交叉韧带重建疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析135例前交叉韧带翻修病例的相关临床资料,进行膝关节Lysholm评分综合分析。结果膝关节继发性疾患、骨隧道位置、移植物的张力、髁间窝撞击、所移植肌腱的固定和术后康复训练6大因素是影响关节镜下膝关节前交叉韧带重建疗效的关键因素。结论高度重视以上6方面因素并正确处理,能有效提高关节镜下膝关节前交叉韧带重建的成功率和治疗效果。     

Editorial Commentary: The Ratio of Tibial Slope and Meniscal Bone Angle is a Strong Predictor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Steep Hill and a Shallow Speed Bump are a Hazardous Combination

The lateral tibial posterior slope (LTPS) and the lateral meniscal bone angle (MBA) are important geometrical features of the knee joint and have therefore been of interest in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) and ACL reconstruction. An emerging body of evidence suggests that LTPS is an independent risk factor for primary and recurrent ACL injury. Furthermore, biomechanical and clinical evidence is emphasizing the crucial contribution of the lateral meniscus to rotatory knee stability. Thus, not surprisingly, the MBA has also been shown to be an independent risk factor regarding ACL injury. The ratio of LTPS and MBA is a relatively new idea but has shown to be highly predictive for primary and recurrent ACL injury and may be used to identify patients at high risk of ACL reconstruction failure.     

Editorial Commentary: Tunnel Widening After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction May Increase Laxity and Complicate Revision

Tunnel widening (TW) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been a research area of interest in ACL reconstruction. It has been demonstrated that femoral tunnels enlarge anteriorly and distally (ie, the direction where the mechanical traction force of the graft works) rather than concentrically after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction using hamstring autografts. This finding suggests that the wall supporting the graft moves closer to the direction of the pull, leading to increased laxity of the knee joint due to TW. The causes of TW are presumed to be multifactorial, with both biological and mechanical features. Biological factors include osteolytic cytokines that enter the space between the graft and the bone through the synovial fluid. Mechanical factors include longitudinal graft motion by extracortical femoral fixation (known as the bungee effect), transverse graft motion (also called the windshield-wiper effect), improper graft placement, higher initial graft tension, accelerated rehabilitation, and so on. Although TW does not seem to affect short-term clinical outcomes from studies published to date, it is plausible to speculate that the expansion of the bone tunnel (ie, the edge where the graft tendon is fixed) would theoretically increase joint laxity to some extent, and it would be premature to conclude that TW has no effect on clinical outcomes relative to graft–tunnel micromotion. In addition, there is a general consensus that the presence of expanded tunnels often severely complicates revision ACL reconstruction. In ACL reconstruction using the hamstring tendon, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of a shift in the tunnel position when determining the location of the femoral tunnel.     

Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbandes

The treatment of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays an essential role for both clinicians and resident physicians. To date many questions regarding the outcome as well as ACL reconstruction techniques have not yet been conclusively clarified. Whether reconstruction of the ACL protects the knee from osteoarthritis is still unproven; however, it is well known that an unstable knee joint is more vulnerable to secondary injuries, such as meniscal tears. Thus, early ACL reconstruction is recommended to minimize the risk of these secondary injuries. Three alternative sources of material for autologous ACL reconstruction are commonly utilized. An accessory hamstring (i.e. semitendinosus tendon with or without the gracilis tendon), a central strip of the patellar tendon with bone blocks and a central strip of the quadriceps tendon with or without bone block are the most common donor tissues used in autografts. Besides selection of the type of graft, the tendon diameter also plays a crucial role. Some progress has recently been made with respect to tunnel placement. The aim is to find an anatomical tunnel position. Reconstruction of both the anteromedial and the posterolateral ACL bundles helps to rebuild the anatomy of the original ACL; however, scientifically this approach did not lead to any improvement in the results. For fixation techniques a differentiation is made between aperture, extracortical and implant-free fixation. Generally, re-ruptures are less common than revisions as a result of graft ruptures due to technical mistakes during surgery. The most common mistakes concern tunnel placement and graft fixation. Also overlooked instability can have a negative influence on the outcome of ACL reconstruction.