Factors Affecting Accuracy of Ventricular Volume and Ejection Fraction Measured by Gated Tl-201 Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

The electrocardiogram-gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume and ejection fraction may contain substantial errors. We evaluated whether patient-related factors affect the accuracy of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction measured by gated Tl-201 SPECT. A total of 518 patients without perfusion defects on Tl-201 SPECT or coronary artery disease were studied. Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were measured from echocardiography and adenosine stress/redistribution gated Tl-201 SPECT using commercially available software packages (QGS and 4D-MSPECT). We identified factors affecting the accuracy of gated SPECT via multiple linear regression analysis of the differences between echocardiography and gated SPECT. Gated SPECT analyzed with QGS underestimated end-diastolic and end-systolic volume, and overestimated ejection fraction, but 4D-MSPECT overestimated all those values (P<0.001). Independent variables associated with increasing the difference in end-diastolic volume between echocardiography and gated SPECT were decreasing left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness, decreasing body surface area, female sex and increasing end-diastolic volume (P<0.001). Those for end-systolic volume were decreasing left ventricular end-systolic wall thickness, female sex, and decreasing end-systolic volume (P<0.001). Increasing end-systolic wall thickness, male sex and decreasing age were independent determinants associated with an increased difference in ejection fraction (P<0.001). Adenosine stress SPECT showed significantly higher end-diastolic and end-systolic volume values and a lower ejection fraction than did redistribution SPECT (P<0.001). Patient-related factors affect the accuracy of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction measured by gated Tl-201 SPECT. Modification of gated SPECT measurements by taking account of these factors would lead to reduce systemic errors.The authors do not have any financial associations that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. None of the authors has a financial interest in any cardiac software package, and this study was not supported by any vendor or cardiac software producer.     

常量卡维地洛对急性心肌梗死近期左心室功能的影响

目的　用超声心动图评价常量卡维地洛对急性心肌梗死后近期左心室功能的影响。方法　 74例急性心肌梗死患者 ,在用药前、用药 6个月后进行超声心动图检查。用修改的Simpson法经心尖四腔和二腔切面测定左心室收缩末容量、舒张末期容量和左室射血分数。结果　卡维地洛组心率比安慰剂组减慢 ,而安慰剂组左心室舒张末期容量和收缩末期容量增加 ,卡维地洛组容量减少。卡维地洛组左心室舒张末期容量指数比安慰剂组显著减少 (t =2 .470 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;左心室收缩末期容量指数明显减少 (t =2 .6 86 ,P <0 .0 1) ,左心室射血分数增加 (t =2 .5 45 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　常量卡维地洛治疗急性心肌梗死 6个月 ,减少左心室容量 ,增加LVEF。     

Rapid freehand scanning three-dimensional echocardiography: accurate measurement of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction compared with quantitative gated scintigraphy.

This study was performed to assess clinical feasibility of rapid freehand scanning 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) for measuring left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and -systolic volumes and ejection fraction using quantitative gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography as the reference standard. We performed transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic freehand 3DE using a harmonic imaging system in 15 patients. Data sets (3DE) were collected by slowly tilting the probe (fan-like scanning) in the apical position. The 3DE data were recorded in 10 to 20 seconds, and the analysis was performed within 2 minutes after transferring the raw digital ultrasound data from the scanner. For LV end-diastolic and -systolic volume measurements, there was a high correlation and good agreement (LV end-diastolic volume, r = 0.94, P <.0001, standard error of the estimates = 21.6 mL, bias = 6.7 mL; LV end-systolic volume, r = 0.96, P <.0001, standard error of the estimates = 14.8 mL, bias = 3.9 mL) between gated single photon emission computed tomography and 3DE. There was an overall underestimation of volumes with greater limits of agreement by 2-dimensional echocardiography. For LV ejection fraction, regression and agreement analysis also demonstrated high precision and accuracy (y = 0.82x + 5.1, r = 0.93, P <.001, standard error of the estimates = 7.6%, bias = 4.0%) by 3DE compared with 2-dimensional echocardiography. Rapid 3DE using a magnetic-field system provides precise and accurate measurements of LV volumes and ejection fraction in human beings     

儿童超声心动图测量指标正常参考值的建立及临床意义

目的 建立儿童超声心动图测量指标的正常参考值,分析0～16岁儿童心肌质量、心脏大小正常值随体表面积变化的规律,为儿童心脏疾病的诊治提供依据.方法 回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院800名0～16岁体检正常儿童的超声心动图,其中男488名,女312名.对所有受试儿童心脏进行如下测量:M型测量右心室内径(RVD)、室间隔舒张期厚度(IVSd)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWd)、室间隔收缩期厚度(IVSs)、左心房内径(LAD);二维法测量主动脉环部内径(ARD)、主动脉窦部内径(ASD)、右心室长径、右心室横径、右心室流出道内径(RVOT);双平面法测量左心房容积(LAV)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV),计算每搏量(SV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心排出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、左心室容积指数(LVEDV/体表面积);实时三平面几何法测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV),计算每搏量(SV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心排出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI);测量心肌质量(LV mass),计算左心室质量容积比(LV mass/LVEDV)、心肌质量指数LV mass/体表面积和LV mass/H2.7.测量全部受试儿童的身高(H)、体重(W),计算体表面积.分析各参数与体表面积的相关性以及心肌质量指数LV mass/体表面积、LV mass/H2.7与年龄的相关性.结果 488名男童的年龄为(72.17±49.25)个月,心率为(106.52±22.71)次/min,体表面积为(0.68±0.39)m2,LV mass/体表面积为(44.51±15.23)g/m2,LVEDV为(30.51±20.12)ml,SV为(1.99±0.94)ml,CI为(2.40±0.43)L/(min·m2),LVEF为(68.83±8.93)%,LVEDV/体表面积为(34.98±14.46)ml/m2,LV mass/LVEDV为(1.29±0.30)g/ml,均大于女童的(70.78±49.43)个月、(109.45±20.97)次/min、(0.64±0.37)m2、(44.35±14.03)g/m2、(28.34±18.12)ml、(1.68±0.74)ml、(2.39±0.486)L/(min·m2)、(63.18±9.08)%、(34.89±11.53)ml/m2、(1.27±0.28)g/ml,但差异均无统计学意义(t=0.610、-0.384、0.825、0.263、1.141、1.253、-0.155、1.791、0.031、0.025,P均>0.05).M型超声心动图测量的RVD、IVSd、LVPWd、IVSs、LAD与体表面积均呈线性相关(R2=0.802、0.683、0.690、0.715、0.824,P均=0.000),且各年龄段均为RVD/LVD>1:3,IVS/LVPW<1.30,LAD/ASD为0.9～1.24;二维超声心动图测量的ARD、ASD、右心室长径、右心室横径、RVOT和双平面法测量的LAV、LVEDV、LVESV、SV、CO及实时三平面几何法测量的LVEDV、LVESV、SV、CO与体表面积均呈线性相关(R2=0.898、0.919、0.298、0.655、0.910、0.845、0.938、0.911、0.934、0.877、0.937、0.915、0.922、0.873,P均=0.000);双平面法及实时三平面几何法测得的LVEF和CI与体表面积均无相关性(R2=-0.145、-0.033、-0.080、-0.057,P均>0.05).LV mass增长与体表面积呈线性相关(R2=0.926,P=0.000);LV mass/LVEDV不随体表面积而变化(R2=-0.263,P=0.100);LV mass/体表面积不随年龄而变化(R2=-0.432,P=0.111);LV mass/H2.7与年龄具有相关性,0～1岁儿童LV mass/H2.7为(45.92±8.04)g/m2,1～3岁为(40.10±8.33) g/m2,3～6岁为(30.90±6.60) g/m2,6～9岁为(23.88±5.55) g/m2,9～16岁为(23.97±3.80)g/m2.实时三平面几何法测量的LVEDV为(28.87±20.48)ml,LVESV为(10.39±7.93)ml,SV为(18.26±12.47)ml,LVEF为(1.78±1.00)%,CO为(64.80±4.68)L/min,CI为(2.72±0.67)L/(min·m2),与双平面法测量的(29.13±20.37)ml、(10.24±7.54)ml、(18.88±13.14)ml、(1.81±1.03)%、(64.76±4.78)L/min、(2.77±0.69)L/(min·m2)比较差异均无统计学意义(t=-0.198、0.298、-0.741、-0.460、0.131、-1.254,P均 >0.05).结论 儿童超声心动图M型、二维法、双平面法及实时三平面几何法测量结果与儿童体表面积间有一定的规律,可用于儿童心脏病超声心动图诊断的正常参考值,对儿童心脏疾病的诊治具有重要意义.     

术中经食管超声心动图即刻评价前室间隔旷置手术切除左心室前壁室壁瘤对左心室形状、大小及功能的作用

目的 应用术中经食管超声心动图(TEE)即刻评价前室间隔旷置(septal anterior ventricular exclusion,SAVE)手术切除左室前壁室壁瘤对左室形状、大小及功能的作用.方法 对20例拟用SAVE手术行心室几何重建(surgical ventricular restoration,SVR)的左室前壁室壁瘤患者进行前瞻性研究.全身麻醉诱导及气管插管后,将TEE探头插入食管中段.①体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)转机前,应用TEE充分了解室壁瘤的大小和位置,计算左室舒张末期球形指数(sphericity index,SI);测量左室舒张末期容积指数(end-diastolic volume index,EDVI)、收缩末期容积指数(end-systolic volume index,ESVI)及射血分数(ejection fraction,EF).②心脏复跳后,评价补片缝合位置及残留左室腔大小,计算SI、EDVI、ESVI及EF,并将其与CPB转机前比较.结果 SVR术后,左室形状更接近椭圆形,SI从0.76±0.04增加至0.84±0.05(P＜0.001);左室大小更接近正常,EDVI从(121.51±16.91)ml/m2减小至(60.27±9.93)ml/m2(P＜0.001),ESVI从(85.81±15.02)ml/m2减小至(32.44±5.36)ml/m2(P＜0.001);左室整体收缩功能明显改善,EF从(29.52±6.06)%增加至(46.02±3.90)%(P＜0.001).结论 对于左室前壁室壁瘤,SAVE手术可使成形后的左室形状更接近椭圆形,使增大的左室恢复正常大小,从而明显改善左室整体收缩功能.     

Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricle in normal infants and children

Echocardiographic studies were performed on 110 normal infants and children ranging in age from 2 days to 15 years. The following parameters of the left ventricle were measured: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters (LVEDd and LVESd), shortening fraction (LVSF), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), ejection fraction (LVEF), posterior wall thickness in end-diastole (LVPWED) and end-systole (LVPWES), mass (LVM), LVEDd/LVPWED, LVESd/LVPWES and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (LV mean Vcf). Each parameter was compared with body surface area (BSA). LVEDd, LVESd, LVEDV, LVPWED, LVPWES and LVM were expressed as a function of body surface area with exponential equations: LVEDd = 41.4 (BSA)0.49 mm, LVESd = 28.1 (BSA)0.49 mm, LVEDV = 74.1 (BSA)1.48 ml, LVPWED = 4.4 (BSA)0.45 mm, LVPWES = 9.2 (BSA)0.44 mm and LVM = 46.4 (BSA)1.48 g. LVSF, LVEDd/LVPWED, LVESd/LVPWES and LV mean Vcf were independent of body surface area: LVSF averaged 32 +/- 1 (mean +/- standard error of the mean)%, LVEF 68 +/- 1%, LVEDd/LVPWED 10.0 +/- 0.2, LVESd/LVPWES 3.1 +/- 0.1 and LV mean Vcf 1.08 +/- 0.02 circ/sec. Thus, normal values of these parameters can be applied to estimate them in pediatric patients with heart diseases.     

Saterinone: A New Dual-Action Drug in the Acute Management of Chronic Heart Failure

A new dual-action drug called saterinone combines both alpha-1 blocking vasodilatory property and phosphodiesterase III inhibition--mediated inotropism. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study was performed in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Either 2 &mgr;g center dot kg center dot min(minus sign1) saterinone (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) was injected intravenously over 3 h at rest. On-line hemodynamic measurement utilizing intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography were performed at basal time; then 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after infusion. The parameters measured were blood pressure (mmHg), systemic vascular resistance (SVR dynes center dot cm(5) center dot min(minus sign1)), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP mmHg), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP mmHg) and cardiac index (CI 1 min/m(2)) using right heart catheterization and end-systolic volume (ESV ml) and end-diastolic volumes (EDV ml), ejection fraction (EF%) using 2D echocardiography. Placebo had no significant effects on any of the parameters (p = NS). Saterinone decreased SVR by 37% (p < 0.001), PAPm by 24% (p < 0.05), PCWP by 35% (p < 0.05), ESV by 27% (p < 0.01) and increased CI by 32% (p < 0.05) and EF by 45% (p < 0.05). Saterinone appears to be a potent drug that produces improvements in both cardiac hemodynamics and LV functional parameters. Further study with this interesting agent is indicated.     

三维超声心动图对房间隔缺损患者右心功能的评估

目的应用三维超声心动图对房间隔缺损患者右心功能的进行评估。方法ASD患者5 8例,正常对照组3 2例,应用三维超声心动图,测量右心室舒张末期容量(RVEDV)、收缩末期容量(RVESV)、并计算右室射血分数(RVEF)。结果ASD患者、正常对照组RVEDV分别为( 10 1 74±2 5 17)、( 5 9 65±15 0 0 )ml;RVESV分别为( 5 6 81±16 77)、( 2 7 83±9 17)ml;RVEF分别为( 4 4 82±4 5 1) %、( 5 4 11±5 89) % ,2组间均有显著差异(P <0 0 0 1)。结论ASD患者右心室容量负荷较正常人显著增加,右心功能明显下降。     

In vitro validation of a thermodilution right ventricular ejection fraction method

A thermodilution catheter and computer system has been developed to measure right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes. To evaluate the performance of this method, the thermodilution system was evaluated in an in vitro pulsatile flow model. Thermodilution measurements of ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), and end-systolic volume (ESV) were compared with known values in a pulsatile flow bench. Thermodilution EF measurements correlated very well with the pulsatile flow model (r ²=0.95, m [slope]=0.85, SEE=4.0 EFU). Thermodilution CO and SV were highly predictive of actual pulsatile flow (r ²=0.99, m=0.99, SEE=187 ml/min andr ²=0.98, m=0.96, SEE=2.5 ml, respectively). Thermodilution end-diastolic and end-systolic volume measurements resulted in low mean eror, –1.8% and 0.6%, respectively. The standard deviations of the error for EDV and ESV were 11.0% and 16.4%. The thermodilution measurements were repeatable, with CO, SV, and EF coefficients of variation of 3.2%, 3.3%, and 4.7%, respectively. EDV and ESV were slightly more variable, with coefficients of variation of 5.5% and 7.2%, respectively.     

2DE与LVG测定冠心病患者左室容积和射血分数的对比研究

二维超声心动图(2DE)心尖两切面对65例冠心病(CHD)患者左室舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)和射血分数(LVEF)的测定值与矫正双面左室造影(LVG)测值间均有良好的相关,r分别为0.89、0.92和0.82,P均<0.001;2DE对其中24例CHD伴有室壁节段运动异常(RWMA)者的EDV、ESV和LVEF测定结果与LVG测值间也均有良好的相关,r分别为0.82、0.86和0.82,P均<0.001。2DE所测LVEF与LVG正常和异常LVEF的符合率为85％。提示2DE对CHD患者的无创心功能定量测定是准确可靠的。     

Angiocardiographic estimation of left and right ventricular volume characteristics in normal infants and children

Left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volume data were obtained from biplane cineangiocardiograms in 31 patients with Kawasaki disease who showed normal coronary arteries in selective coronary arteriograms. LV and RV volumes were calculated by using Simpson's rule method. Both of end-diastolic (EDV) and stroke volume (SV) were excellently expressed as a function of body surface area (BSA) with exponential relationship: LVEDV = 104.3 (BSA)1.61 ml (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001), RVEDV = 109.7 (BSA)1.68 ml (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001), LVSV = 68.1 (BSA)1.60 ml (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001) and RVSV = 66.8 (BSA)1.76 ml (r = 0.86, p less than 0.001). LV ejection fraction (LVEF) averaged 66 +/- 1% (mean +/- S.E.) and RVEF 58 +/- 1%. Both of them showed no significant correlations with BSA. The normal values of EDV and SV in infants and children can be predicted from their BSA by using the exponential equations demonstrated by the present study. Thus, these values in pediatric patients with heart diseases could be evaluated in terms of percentage of normal.     

实时三维超声心动图对比评价正常右心室及左心室功能

目的 观察利用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评估、比较成年人正常心脏左右心室的可行性,并探讨左右心室之间的关系.方法 应用RT-3DE全容积成像采集58名心脏正常成年人的心脏三维数据,在TomTec工作站中分析获得右心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)和射血分数(EF);在Qlab工作站中分析获得左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)和射血分数(EF).结果 右心室EDV[(85.84±20.82)ml]、ESV[(41.87士10.48)ml]分别大于左心室EDV[(69.37士17.83)ml]、ESV[(26.46±8.26) ml](P均＜0.001),而右心室EF[(50.94士5.57)％]小于左心室EF[(61.97±6.48)％,P＜0.001].左心室SV[(42.91±11.72) ml]与右心室SV[(43.96±12.15) ml]差异无统计学意义(P=0.273).左右心室的对应参数均有相关性.结论 RT-3DE是评估左右心室容积和功能的可行方法,且其相应参数在左右心室间是相关的.     

超声心动图研究血液透析病人心脏结构与负荷状态及收缩功能变化的关系

目的:探讨血液透析病人的左室结构、负荷状态、收缩力及收缩功能之间的关系。方法:超声心动图探测72例血液透析病人(按心肌重量指数分为左室重度肥厚组和无-中度肥厚组)及20例正常人的心脏结构。测量左室收缩末期室壁应力(ESS)、ESS与左室收缩末期容积(ESV)的比值及左室射血分数(LVEF)。比较两组参数的不同。结果:血液透析病人中左室肥厚(LVH)62例,占86%。血液透析病人的左室心肌重量指数(LVMI)、收缩压(SBP)、左室舒张末期容积(EDV)、ESS均明显高于对照组。ESS/ESV及LVEF低于对照组,P值均小于0.05。LVMI与EDV(r=0.736,P<0.001)、ESV(r=0.725,P<0.001)、SBP(r=0.558,P<0.001)及ESS(r=0.41,P<0.001)呈正相关。LVMI与LVEF(r=-0.643,P<0.001)及反映心肌收缩力的指标ESS/ESV(r=-0.54,P<0.001)呈负相关。结论:血液透析病人中LVH的程度与左室负荷、收缩力及收缩功能有关。超声心动图是检测心脏结构与功能的重要手段。     

Impact of presence of abnormal wall motion on echocardiographic determination of left ventricular function with automated boundary detection technique: re-evaluation

It is still unclear whether echocardiography with an automated boundary detection technique (ABD) can accurately determine the left ventricular (LV) volume and function particularly in the presence of LV wall asynergy. We intended to re-evaluate the reliability and application of the ABD, which was based on the acoustic quantification technique (Sonos 2500, Hewlett Packard) for the LV volume measurement in patients without or with LV wall asynergy. A total of 80 patients (mean age 56 years) who underwent left ventriculography (LVG) were divided into two groups. The group A consisted of 29 patients with normal LV wall motion and the group B consisted of 51 patients with generalized or regional LV wall motion abnormality. In group A patients, the LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was 96 ± 25 ml by ABD and 112 ± 33 ml by LVG and those of LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) were 44 ± 14 ml by ABD and 48 ± 17 ml by LVG, thus resulting in the underestimation of LV volume by 12% in average. Under these conditions, the LV ejection fraction (LVEF) by ABD, 54 ± 8%, correlated well with that by LVG, 58 ± 7%. Although underestimation of LV volume by 17% in average also occurred in groups B (N.S.), LVEF was found to correlate well with that by LVG; 27 ± 8% vs 30 ± 11% (r=0.87, SEE=3.1%) for 21 patients with the generalized LV asynergy; 39 ± 10% vs 39 ± 12% (r=0.86. SEE=3.3%) for 30 patients with the regional LV asynergy. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the ABD in determining the LVEF, although underestimation can occur in measuring the absolute LV volume in patients with or without LV asynergy.     

Noncompressibility of myocardium during systole with freehand three-dimensional echocardiography

BACKGROUND: Measures of ventricular performance, such as the ejection fraction, assume that myocardium is noncompressible and does not change volume significantly from end diastole to end systole. Although this principle is widely accepted as true, little data exist in the literature to support it. Freehand 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has previously been shown to be highly accurate for measurement of myocardial mass and volume. Therefore, we hypothesized that it has sufficient accuracy to test the validity of this assumption. We measured myocardial volume at end diastole and end systole in 2 groups of subjects with hypertrophy. METHODS: Forty-one healthy young adult athletes and 17 adult patients with hypertension, hypertrophy, normal ejection fraction, and heart failure symptoms underwent examination with freehand 3D echocardiography. Endocardial and epicardial surfaces at end diastole and end systole were reconstructed, and their volumes were computed. From these surface volumes, myocardial volume at end diastole and end systole and epicardial stroke volume and endocardial stroke volume were calculated. These volumes were compared with the 2 sample paired t test. RESULTS: Myocardial volume was constant from diastole to systole (174.7 +/- 45.3 mL versus 174.6 +/- 45.8 mL; P = not significant), and endocardial and epicardial stroke volumes were identical (76.0 +/- 17.4 mL versus 76.0 +/- 17.1 mL; P = not significant). The average absolute difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic myocardial volumes was 1.9 mL, or less than 1.1% of end-diastolic volume. CONCLUSION: Myocardial volume measured with freehand 3D echocardiography does not change significantly during systole. Myocardial volume may be considered noncompressible for purposes of measurement of ventricular function with freehand 3D echocardiography. Comparison of end-diastolic and end-systolic myocardial volumes may be used for quality assurance in performing 3D reconstructions.     

实时三维超声评估复杂型先心病手术前后左心功能

目的 通过实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评估复杂型先心病手术前后左心功能的对比研究,评价其临床价值.方法 22例复杂型先心病经RT-3DE检查后,应用Tomtec三维容量测量软件的心尖长轴8平面法进行手术前后左心室舒张末和收缩末容量、搏出量及射血分数等左心功能指标的测量,并用配对t检验及直线相关分析进行对比研究.结果 与术前(18.7±14.9)ml、(9.0±7.3)ml相比,术后左心室舒张末期容量(22.2±17.6)ml明显升高,术前后有显著性差异,而收缩末期容量(9.5±7.8)ml略升高,手术前、后差异无统计学意义.直线相关分析则示术前后收缩末期容量(r=0.97)相关性高于舒张末期容量(r=0.95),提示术前左心功能降低主要与舒张末期容量较小有关.与术前相比,术后搏出量明显升高[(12.7±9.8)ml vs (9.6±7.6)ml],且术后射血分数(0.58±0.03 vs 0.52±0.03)也较术前增高,提示成功纠正左右心分流后左心功能改善,趋于正常.结论 通过对复杂型先心病作出精确的心功能定量评估,RT-3DE可完善复杂型先心病术前功能诊断,并对手术矫治和术后随访、预后判断等有指导意义.     

应用新的四维左心室半自动定量工具测量正常人左心室容积和射血分数

目的 探讨新的四维左心室半自动定量工具(4DLVQ)评价正常人左心室容积和射血分数的可行性和可重复性。方法 采用新的实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)心室容积分析工具4DLVQ和传统的RT3DE分析工具TomTec分别测量24名健康志愿者左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末容积(LVESV)及左心室射血分数(LVEF),分析4DLVQ测量正常人左心室容积和射血分数的可行性和可重复性。结果 与TomTec比较, 4DLVQ测定左心室容积和射血分数耗时明显减少(P＜0.05),二者测得的LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。采用两种分析工具测定LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF相关性良好(r=0.72、0.62、0.53,P均＜0.05),Bland-Altman分析结果显示二者一致性高。与TomTec比较,采用4DLVQ测定LVEF的观察者内和观察者间变异系数小、组内相关系数(ICC)高。结论 4DLVQ分析速度快、操作简便、重复性好,是测定左心室容积和功能的一种新的分析工具。     

实时三维超声心动图评价正常儿童左、右心室容积及收缩功能

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)比较正常儿童左、右心室容积及收缩功能。方法以RT-3DE采集192名年龄2个月～13岁8个月正常儿童的左、右心室的全容积数据,并按年龄分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ组。应用TomTec LV-A-nalysis及RV-function软件分析左、右心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV),每搏输出量(SV),心室射血分数(EF)及心室容积收缩峰值速率(PSVR),对各年龄组左、右心室上述指标进行比较;同时对EDV与年龄及体格指标进行相关性和曲线估计回归分析。结果各年龄组中,RT-3DE测量左、右心室EDV差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),左、右心室ESV、SV及PSVR在部分年龄组中差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),而左心室EF高于右心室,其在5个年龄组中差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。左、右心室EDV与年龄、身高、体质量、体表面积呈正相关(r均>0.85,P均<0.001),曲线估计回归分析表明其相关性均以幂模式拟合最佳,其中与体表面积拟合的曲线最佳,回归方程分别为左心室EDV=38.58BSA1.41(r2=0.89,P<0.001)、右心室EDV=37.46BSA1.29(r2=0.85,P<0.001)。结论RT-3DE测量正常儿童左、右心室舒张末期容积相近,两侧心室存在泵血功能平衡,心室容积随年龄增长呈指数模式增长。     

Trendelenburg position and passive leg raising do not significantly improve cardiopulmonary performance in the anesthetized patient with coronary artery disease

The effects of the Trendelenburg (TREND) position and passive straight leg raising (PLR) on cardiopulmonary performance in 18 anesthetized patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were studied with a two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography probe and a thermodilution right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) pulmonary artery catheter. The TREND position (at 20 degrees) and PLR (at 60 degrees) were studied in relation to the level-supine position in random order. At 3 min, the TREND caused significant (p less than .05) decreases in heart rate (62 +/- 9 to 58 +/- 10 [SD] beat/min) and RVEF (0.48 +/- 0.11 to 0.44 +/- 0.10), and significant increases in mean arterial pressure (77 +/- 11 to 82 +/- 11 mm Hg), mean pulmonary artery pressure (16 +/- 4.3 to 19 +/- 5.5 mm Hg), wedge pressure (11 +/- 4 to 13 +/- 4 mm Hg), cardiac index (CI) (2.36 +/- 0.79 to 2.52 +/- 0.93 L/min.m2), right ventricular end-systolic volume index (44 +/- 21 to 58 +/- 21 ml/m2), right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (83 +/- 24 to 102 +/- 22 ml/m2), and shunt fraction (0.16 +/- 0.06 to 0.19 +/- 0.06). CVP and left ventricular areas did not change significantly. PLR had similar effects as the TREND position, except CI did not change significantly. Thus, the TREND and PLR resulted in minor hemodynamic improvement with right ventricular dilation, decreased RVEF, and impaired oxygenation in the anesthetized cardiac surgical patient.     

An enhanced method for left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by triggered harmonic contrast echocardiography

To elucidate the validity and reproducibility of the use of intravenous echo-contrast agent in the evaluation of left ventricular (LV) performance, we measured LV volume and ejection fraction (EF) in 42 patients with triggered harmonic contrast imaging (THCI), compared with continuous harmonic imaging without contrast agent (CHI) and with cineventriculography (CVG). In 10 of 42 patients, THCI improved LV border delineation which could not be obtained even with CHI. LV end-diastolic, end-systolic volumes and EF by both CHI and THCI correlated well with those by CVG. Although LV volumes are underestimated, THCI lessened the mean differences to about in half, compared with CHI. The observer variabilities obtained using THCI were smaller than those by CHI. These results indicate the validity of LV enhancement and the measurement of EF using THCI. We suggest that this method noninvasively provides more accurate LV systolic function with the acceptable reproducibility.