浙江省1998年肾综合征出血热监测结果分析

目的：通过分析肾综合征出血热监测结果（ＨＦＲＳ），以掌握流行规律，制订防制对策。方法：采用直接免疫荧光法（ＦＡＴ），检测鼠肺ＨＶ抗原；采用间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡＴ）检测病人和健康人血清中ＨＶ抗体。结果：全省共发病２５８９例，比去年同期下降４．８４％，共报告发病县７９个；病例仍呈既分散而又相对集中的特点，其中衢州、绍兴、丽水、宁波、台州和杭州６市（地）发病最多，占全省病人总数的８８．３７％。宿主动物以黑线姬鼠居多，占野外鼠数８１．２６％；褐家鼠占室内鼠数的８４．８９％。结论：要进一步加大监测力度，尤其是对高发疫区开展人间和宿主动物监测，特别要抓好高发县市防制工作，以控制疫情。     

汉坦病毒在温州市人与动物间的流行情况

目的通过对肾综合征出血热（HFRS）监测分析,掌握温州市HFRS的流行规律,为制定HFRS防制措施提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对温州市1981-2008年HFRS人间疫情进行分析;用鼠笼捕捉小动物调查宿主动物种群构成,采用间接免疫荧光法检测小动物肺中的汉坦病毒（HV）抗原,用PCR进行基因分型。结果 1981-2008年全市共发病383例,平均发病率为0.20/10万,死亡13例,病死率为3.39%。全市10个县（市、区）均有发病,尤以瑞安市发病最多,占总病例数的53.78%。发病呈明显的季节性,冬季（11月至翌年1月）为流行高峰,占总病例数的41.25%。病例以20～50岁人群为主,占发病总数的74.76%。宿主动物监测发现野外捕获率7.16%,室内捕获率7.88%。野外以北社鼠为优势鼠种,其次为黄毛鼠;室内以褐家鼠为优势鼠种,其次为黄胸鼠。检测422份小动物肺,HV抗原阳性9份,阳性率为2.13%。提取HV抗原阳性鼠肺组织中的病毒RNA,基因分型全部为汉城病毒（SEOV）。结论调查结果提示应采取加强监测、防鼠灭鼠、疫苗接种等综合防控措施,以有效预防HFRS的流行。     

山东省1995至2000年山东省肾综合征l血热监测分析

目的 通过监测分析。掌握全省肾综合征出血热（HFRS）流行规律。控制暴发流行，进一步降低发病率，制订防制措施。方法 采用直接免疫荧光法（FAT）检测鼠肺HV抗原；采用间接免疫荧光法（IFAT）检测HFRS病人，健康人血清，结果 1995-2000年全省共发病96188例，年均发病率为18.36/10万，死亡345人，病死率为0.36%，病例仍分布在鲁中南山区和胶莱平原，鲁西北平原次之，鲁东南丘陵地区病例较少；全省17个地市137个县有病例报告，以鲁中南山区和胶莱平原的临沂，日照、济南、淄博和潍坊5市发病最多，占全省病例总数的62.24%，宿主动物野外以褐家鼠和黑线姬鼠为优势种，分别占40.44%和33.75%;室内以褐家鼠为优势种，占82.08%。结论 进一步加大监测力度及接种HFRS疫苗，是控制该病的有效措施。     

浙江省1997至2000年肾综合征出血热监测分析

目的：通过对肾综合征出血热（HFRS）监测分析,掌握全省HFRS的流行规律,控制其暴发流行,进一步降低该病的发病率,为制定防制措施提供依据。方法：采用直接免疫荧光（FAT）法,检测鼠肺HV抗原,采用间接免疫荧光（IFAT）法检测HFRS病人,健康人血清及鼠血中HV抗体,结果：1997－2000年全省共发病9041例,年均发病率为5．08／10万,死亡48人,病死率为0．53％,病例仍主要分布在沿钱塘江两岸的浙东和浙西丘陵区,浙南山区次之,浙北平原区和海岛区病例较少,全省11个地市均有发病,以浙东和浙西丘陵区的绍兴,宁波,台洲,衢州,杭州和金华6市发病最多。宿主动物野外以黑线姬鼠为优势种,占80．79％,室内以褐家鼠为优势种,占80．91％,结论：需要进一步加大监测力度,同时接种HFRS疫苗。     

2005年山东省肾综合征出血热监测分析

[目的]分析山东省2005年肾综合征出血热（Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS）监测资料,为HFRS防治提供科学依据。[方法]用夹夜法捕鼠,用间接免疫荧光技术（IFAT）检测汉坦病毒（HV）抗原,人间疫情来自各地网络直报。[结果]2005年,山东省HFRS共发病2 424例,死亡27例,年均发病率为2.62/10万,死亡率为0.03/10万。全省17地（市）有123个县（市、区）有病例报告。HFRS春季发病期报告病例数高于秋冬季发病期。病例中,20-59岁的男性农民合计1 075人,占HFRS年发病总数的44.35%,男女性别比为2.51∶1。宿主动物野外以褐家鼠为优势鼠种,室内以褐家鼠和小家鼠为优势鼠种。[结论]应进一步加强山东省HFRS人间疫情和宿主动物监测。     

2005-2009年浙江省天台县肾综合征出血热监测分析

目的探讨天台县肾综合征出血热（HFRS）的流行特征和发展趋势,以制定有针对性的防制措施。方法人间疫情流行病学调查,采用间接免疫荧光法检测患者及健康人群血清抗体;宿主动物带病毒调查,采用直接免疫荧光法检测鼠肺汉坦病毒（HV）抗原。结果 2005-2009年全县累计报告HFRS病例181例,年平均发病率6.39/10万;男女发病之比为2.42∶1（128/53）,以农民发病为主,占86.74%;室内鼠密度平均为2.10%,野外为5.76%,总鼠密度为4.87%,鼠带病毒率平均为7.48%;患者血清阳性率为77.70%。结论天台县是以姬鼠型为主的混合型HFRS疫区,需要进一步加大监测和预防力度。     

湖南省2005年肾综合征出血热监测研究

目的 掌握湖南省HFRS疫源地范围、类型、人群分布和流行规律以及宿主动物种类、带病毒率等情况，为防制HFRS提供科学依据。方法 按照2005年《湖南HFRS监测实施方案》，在全省系统开展HFRS的流行病学和病原学监测。采用IFA和ELISA检测健康人群隐性感染状况，采用间接免疫荧光法检查鼠肺HV—Ag，用双抗原夹心ELISA方法检测鼠血HV—Ab，并用单克隆抗体进行病毒分型，调查5个监测点媒介动物自然感染汉坦病毒情况。结果 2005年共报告病例546例，发病率0．84／10万。共捕获478只啮齿动物，总密度为3．4％，室外密度3．31％，室内密度3．59％。黑线姬鼠是野外的优势宿主（占38．29％），褐家鼠是室内的优势宿主（占46．91％），黑线姬鼠和褐家鼠占捕获总数的46．86％。抗原和抗体阳性鼠为39只，总感染率为8，16％。褐家鼠和黑线姬鼠的带毒指数分别为3，17％、2．80％。5个监测点间捕获率和带毒率差异有统计学意义。黑线姬鼠主要携带Ⅰ型HV，褐家鼠主要携带Ⅱ型HV。对17只阳性鼠肺病毒分型，Ⅰ型占41．18％，Ⅱ型占58．82％。结论 湖南省为姬鼠型和家鼠型混合型HFRS疫区，人群隐性感染较高，防制工作应以灭鼠和人群免疫相结合的综合防制措施，加强实验室诊断，提高临床诊断水平。     

福建省2010年肾综合征出血热监测结果分析

目的掌握我省肾综合征出血热（HFRS）疫情动态,为防治提供依据。方法对全省疫情报告进行统计分析。采用笼夜法捕鼠,计算鼠密度及鼠种构成,应用免疫荧光法对鼠肺进行HFRS病毒抗原检测。结果 2010年全省共报告HFRS病例171例,死亡1例。病例分布于58个县、市（区）,发病率居前3的是南平、宁德和福州市;宿主动物监测,室内平均鼠密度5.6%,褐家鼠占48.0%（178/371）,鼠携带HFRS病毒率为5.8%。混合型疫区周宁县野外鼠密度4.8%,黑线姬鼠占17.2%,黑线姬鼠和针毛鼠携带HFRS病毒率17.2%（5/29）。首次从华安褐家鼠中检出HFRS病毒抗原。调查证实HFRS的主要传染源仍为褐家鼠。结论 2010年福建省HFRS发病数较2009年下降了14.8%,但福州、漳州及泉州社区市疫情呈上升趋势,地区分布呈高度散发。HFRS的主要宿主动物及传染源仍以褐家鼠为主,周宁县野外鼠带毒率高,须进一步加强闽北地区混合型疫区野外鼠HFRS的监测,严防疾病暴发流行。     

天台县2001 至 2003年肾综合征出血热监测分析

目的探讨天台县。肾综合征出血热(HFRS)的流行特征和发展趋势，以制定有针对性的防制措施。方法采用描述流行病学方法统计分析HFRS疫情资料，人间疫情流行病学调查，采用间接免疫荧光法检测病人及健康人血清抗体；宿主动物带病毒率调查，采用直接免疫荧光法检测鼠肺汉坦病毒(HV)抗原。结果2001～2003年全县累计报告HFRS病例165例，年平均发病率为9．94／10万。男女发病比例为3．23：1(126／39)，以农民发病为主，占81．82％。室内鼠密度平均为2．51％，野外为5．22％，总鼠密度为4．53％，鼠带病毒率平均为16．38％。病人血清阳性率81．37％。结论天台县是以姬鼠型为主的混合型HFRS疫区，需要进一步加大监测和预防力度。     

淮阳县1993年肾综合征出血热监测总结

根据肾综合征出血热（HFRS）监测方案要求，对人间及动物间疫情进行了监测。结果如下：1．全县HFRS发病1例，于外出3个月后发病，死于福建省。2．不同人群隐性感染率：见表1。3．传染源调查结果：见表2。监测结果表明，HFRS人群平均隐性感染率为4.36%，高于全国平均值（3.27%）；流行前期明显低于后期，男性高于女性。传染源调查，共捕鼠6种1212只，总密度为17.41%；室内密度为17.6%，野外为16.94%。褐家鼠为室内优势种，占70.24%（85/121）；黑线姬鼠为野外优势种，占73.33%（66／90）。两个优势鼠种均携带HFRS病毒。鼠的总感染率为…     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.