Methods: The hearts of 12 ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs were perfused with Krebs-Ringer's solution (97% oxygen, 3% carbon dioxide) at constant perfusion pressure using the Langendorff technique. Atrial and ventricular bipolar electrodes were placed to measure heart rate (HR) and atrioventricular (AV) conduction time. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), coronary flow, and inflow and outflow oxygen tensions were also measured. Oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption (MVO2), and percentage of oxygen extraction were calculated. Each heart was perfused with increasing randomized concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10 micro Meter) of both isomers and the racemate of bupivacaine.
Results: Racemic and isomeric bupivacaine equally and dose dependently decreased cardiac function. At 10 micro Meter bupivacaine these changes were HR, -17 +/- 2%; LVP, -50 +/- 3%; coronary flow, -20 +/- 40%; and MVO2, -46 +/- 40%. The (+) isomer significantly prolonged AV conduction compared with the racemate and the (-) isomer at all concentrations. At 10 micro Meter, AV time was 54 +/- 6% longer with the (+) isomer and 30 +/- 4% longer with the (+/-) racemate than with the (-) isomer. The greater delay in AV time with the (+) than the racemate or (-) isomer led to a second-degree AV dissociation in 10 of 12 of hearts treated with (+) bupivacaine. 相似文献
Methods: The concentration-dependent electrophysiologic effects of halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane (0 - 2 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) were studied in guinea pig Langendorff-perfused hearts fit with instruments to simultaneously measure atrial and AV nodal conduction times and atrial monophasic action potential duration. Atrial and AV nodal effective refractory periods were measured simultaneously using a computer-assisted premature stimulation protocol. The concentrations of anesthetics in the gas phase were monitor by an infrared gas analyzer.
Results: Volatile anesthetics caused markedly different concentration-dependent effects on atrial conduction, repolarization, and refractoriness, and on AV nodal function. At equianesthetic concentrations, halothane depressed atrial conduction the most, whereas desflurane caused the greatest shortening of atrial monophasic action potential duration. Halothane had no significant effect on atrial refractoriness, whereas at 2 MAC desflurane significantly shortened and isoflurane significantly prolonged atrial effective refractory periods by 18.1 +/- 13.5% and 13.2 +/- 14.7%, respectively. On an equi-MAC basis, the rank order of potency for the anesthetics to prolong AV nodal conduction time and AV nodal ERP was halothane > desflurane > isoflurane. 相似文献
Introduction
Lung transplantation has become the mainstay therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease refractory to medical management. However, the number of patients listed for lung transplantation largely exceeds available donors. The study of lung preservation requires accurate, cost-effective small animal models. We have described a model of ex vivo rat lung perfusion using a commercially available system.Methods
Male Wistar rats weighing 250 g-300 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg body weight). The surgical technique included heart-lung block extraction, assembly, and preparation for perfusion and data collection. We used an IL-2 Isolated Perfused Rat or Guinea Pig Lung System (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, Mass, United States; Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Alemanha).Results
Preliminary results included hemodynamic and pulmonary mechanics data gathered in the experiments.Conclusion
The isolated rat lung perfusion system is a reliable method to assess lung preservation. 相似文献Methods: Isolated rat hearts (n = 80) underwent 30 min of no-flow ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Two groups with eight hearts each underwent the protocol without intervention (control-1 and control-2), and, in eight hearts, preconditioning was elicited by two 5-min periods of ischemia before the 30 min ischemia. In the six treatment groups (each n = 8), ketamine, R (-)- or S (+)-ketamine were administered at concentrations of 2 or 20 [mu]g/ml before preconditioning. Eight hearts received 20 [mu]g/ml R (-)-ketamine before ischemia. Left ventricular (LV) developed pressure and creatine kinase (CK) release during reperfusion were determined as variables of ventricular function and cellular injury.
Results: Baseline LV developed pressure was similar in all groups: 104 +/- 28 mmHg (mean +/- SD). Controls showed a poor recovery of LV developed pressure (17 +/- 8% of baseline) and a high CK release (70 +/- 17 IU/g). Ischemic preconditioning improved recovery of LV developed pressure (46 +/- 14%) and reduced CK release (47 +/- 17 IU/g, both P < 0.05 vs. control-1). Ketamine (2 [mu]g/ml) and 2 or 20 [mu]g/ml S (+)-ketamine had no influence on recovery of LV developed pressure compared with preconditioning (47 +/- 18, 43 +/- 8, 49 +/- 36%) and CK release (39 +/- 8, 30 +/- 14, 41 +/- 25 IU/g). After administration of 20 [mu]g/ml ketamine and 2 or 20 [mu]g/ml R (-)-ketamine, the protective effects of preconditioning were abolished (LV developed pressure-recovery, 16 +/- 14, 22 +/- 21, 18 +/- 11%; CK release, 67 +/- 11, 80 +/- 21, 82 +/- 41 IU/g; each P < 0.05 vs. preconditioning). Preischemic treatment with R (-)-ketamine had no effect on CK release (74 +/- 8 vs. 69 +/- 9 IU/g in control-2, P = 0.6) and functional recovery (LV developed pressure 12 +/- 4 vs. 9 +/- 2 mmHg in control-2, P = 0.5). 相似文献
Methods: The authors compared the coronary and myocardial effects of terlipressin (1-100 nm, n = 10), AVP (10-1000 pm, n = 10), and norepinephrine (1-100 nm, n = 10) on an erythrocyte-perfused isolated rabbit heart. The cardiac effects of terlipressin were also assessed in erythrocyte-perfused hearts in which the myocardial oxygen delivery was maintained constant and buffer-perfused hearts. Finally, the cardiac effects of terlipressin and AVP were studied in hearts pretreated by [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP (0.1 [mu]m), a selective V1a receptor antagonist.
Results: Norepinephrine induced a biphasic coronary effect associated with a concentration-dependent increase in myocardial performances. AVP and terlipressin significantly decreased coronary blood flow and impaired myocardial performances from 30 pm and 30 nm, respectively (P < 0.05). The cardiac side-effects of terlipressin were confirmed in buffer-perfused hearts but the maintenance of a constant myocardial oxygen delivery constant abolished its effects on myocardial performances. The cardiac effects induced by terlipressin and AVP were nearly completely abolished on hearts pretreated by [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP. 相似文献
Methods: Guinea pig hearts were isolated, perfused at 55 mmHg with a crystalloid or erythrocyte perfusate at 37 [degree sign]C, and heart rate, left ventricular pressure, coronary flow (CF), effluent pH, and oxygen tension were monitored. Effluent [NO] was measured by a Clark-type electrode (sensitivity >or= 1 nM = 3 pA) with a selectively permeable membrane. Effluent [L-cit] was measured by chromatography. Before, during, and after exposure to halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane, hearts were infused with as much as 100 nM bradykinin to induce increases in CF and effluent release of NO and L-cit.
Results: In crystalloid-perfused hearts, 10 nM bradykinin produced maximal concentration-dependent increases in CF (87 +/- 2%), [NO] (24 +/- 4 nM), NO release (128 +/- 18 pmol [middle dot] g [middle dot]-1 min [middle dot]-1), and [L-cit] (58 +/- 8 nM). Isoflurane slightly increased CF but not NO. Anesthetics did not alter the bradykinin-induced CF, NO slope relationship, or change [L-cit]. In erythrocyte-perfused hearts, isoflurane also did not alter the bradykinin-induced increase in CF and decrease in percentage of oxygen extracted. 相似文献
Methods: The effects of increasing concentrations (0, 10, 25, and 50 micro Meter) of propofol, ketamine, and thiopental on ventricular repolarization were evaluated by measuring the monophasic action potential duration at 90% repolarization (MAPD90) in guinea pig Langendorff-perfused hearts in the absence or presence of erythromycin (100 micro Meter). If an anesthetic enhanced erythromycin-induced prolongation of MAPD90, its effects on the delayed rectifier (IK) and inward rectifier (IKl) potassium currents were measured using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.
Results: At clinically relevant concentrations, only thiopental significantly modulated erythromycin's effect on MAPD90. Thiopental at 10, 25, and 50 micro Meterr prolonged MAPD90 from a control of 163 +/- 6 ms by 18 +/- 4, 30 +/- 3, and 31 +/- 4 ms, respectively. In a separate group, erythromycin prolonged MAPD90 from 155 +/- 2 ms to 171 +/- 2 ms (n = 21, P < 0.001). In the presence of erythromycin, thiopental at 10, 25, and 50 micro Meter caused significantly greater prolongation from a control of 171 +/- 2 ms by 39 +/- 2, 58 +/- 3, and 72 +/- 6 ms, respectively. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments indicated that thiopental inhibited IK and IKl. 相似文献
Methods: The effects of thiopental and methohexital (50 [micro sign]M) on APD at 50% (APD50) and 90% (APD90) repolarization were studied in guinea pig and rabbit single ventricular myocytes using the patch-clamp technique in a whole-cell configuration. The ionic mechanisms underlying the APD changes were evaluated by measuring the anesthetics' effects on the L-type calcium inward current, the inward rectifier potassium current, and the delayed rectifier potassium current in guinea pig cells and on the transient outward potassium current in rabbit cells.
Results: Thiopental and methohexital caused opposite effects on APD. Whereas thiopental prolonged APD50 and APD90 in guinea pig and rabbit ventricular myocytes, methohexital shortened them. Thiopental markedly depressed both the inward and outward components of the inward rectifier potassium current, whereas methohexital caused minimal inhibition of the inward component and no change in the outward component. The delayed rectifier potassium current was inhibited by thiopental but significantly potentiated by methohexital. Neither thiopental nor methohexital significantly affected the transient outward potassium current or the L-type calcium inward current. 相似文献
Methods: Both bupivacaine enantiomers were tested on rat heart isolated mitochondria. Oxygen consumption, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and enzymatic activities of the four complexes of the respiratory chain were measured.
Results: No significant differences were found between R(+)- and S (-)-bupivacaine on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation with a similar dose-dependent decrease in adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Complex I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ubiquinone reductase) was the enzymatic complex of the respiratory chain most sensitive to the bupivacaine isomers. Half-inhibitory concentrations for R (+)- and S (-)-bupivacaine were not statistically different (3.3 +/- 0.4 mm and 2.8 +/- 0.6 mm, respectively). 相似文献
Methods: Isolated guinea pig hearts perfused with crystalloid buffer and performing pressure-volume work were used. Hearts were subjected to 15 min global ischemia and 20 min reperfusion. In the intervention groups an intracoronary bolus of 3 x 106 PMNs was applied in the second min of reperfusion, either in the absence or presence of 0.5 or 1 minimum alveolar concentration sevoflurane or isoflurane. The number of sequestered PMNs was calculated from the difference between coronary input and output (coronary effluent) of PMNs. Performance of external heart work, determined pre- and postischemically, served as criterion for recovery of myocardial function. Additionally, the expression of the integrin CD11b on the cell surface of PMN was measured before and after coronary passage.
Results: Injection of PMN in the reperfusion phase, but not under nonischemic conditions, reduced recovery of external heart work significantly (from 55 +/- 7% to 19 +/- 11%). Addition of sevoflurane or isoflurane in concentrations of 0.5 and 1 minimum alveolar concentration to the perfusate reduced postischemic PMN adhesion from 36 +/- 8% to basal values (20 +/- 7%) and prevented decline of cardiac function. CD11b expression on PMNs increased significantly during postischemic coronary passage under control conditions. Again, both anesthetics in both concentrations inhibited that activation. 相似文献
Methods: Isolated guinea pigs hearts were perfused at 70 mmHg via the Langendorff technique initially with a salt solution at 37[degrees]C. Hearts were then perfused with fresh filtered (40-[mu]m pore) and washed canine erythrocytes diluted in the salt solution equilibrated with 20% O2 in nitrogen (control), with 20% O2, 40% Xe, and 40% N2, (0.5 MAC), or with 20% O2 and 80% Xe (1 MAC), respectively. Hearts were perfused with 80% Xe for 15 min, and bradykinin was injected into the blood perfusate to test endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, 80% Xe was tested for effects on the cardiac ion currents, the Na+, the L-type Ca2+, and the inward-rectifier K+ channel, in guinea pig myocytes suffused with a salt solution equilibrated with the same combinations of Xe, oxygen, and nitrogen as above.
Results: In isolated hearts, heart rate, atrioventricular conduction time, left ventricular pressure, coronary flow, oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, cardiac efficiency, and flow responses to bradykinin were not significantly (repeated measures analysis of variance, P > 0.05) altered by 40% or 80% Xe compared with controls. In isolated cardiomyocytes, the amplitudes of the Na+, the L-type Ca2+, and the inward-rectifier K+ channel over a range of voltages also were not altered by 80% Xe compared with controls. 相似文献