两种不同的麻醉方法用于直肠癌根治术效果的比较

目的比较两种不同的麻醉方法用于直肠癌根治术对其血流动力学,全麻药用量、拔管时间的差别。方法选择诊断明确的直肠癌患者40例,ASAI～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,A组采用全麻复合连续硬膜外阻滞组（复合组）,B组采用单纯全麻组（对照组）。结果A组患者麻醉后,术中,拔管时,MAP、HP相对平稳,B组患者麻醉后,术中,拔管时均出现MAP升高（P〈0．05）、HR增快（P〈0．05）,与A组比较有统计学意义。结论全麻复合连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉用于直肠癌根治术具有麻醉效果确切、术中及拔管时血流动力学平稳、术后清醒快等优点,且减少了麻醉性镇痛药及肌肉松弛剂的用量。     

基础麻醉复合乳腺阻滞麻醉用于乳腺区段切除手术的研究

目的探讨基础麻醉复合乳腺阻滞麻醉用于乳腺区段切除手术的镇痛效果和对呼吸循环的影响。方法随机抽取ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级患者,年龄20—65岁,拟行乳腺区段切除术。将患者随机分成3组（n=30）,A组：静吸复合麻醉;B组：基础麻醉＋局部麻醉;C组：基础麻醉复合0．25％罗哌卡因行乳腺阻滞（主要行T2-7肋间神经阻滞）。结果综合镇痛效果,术中：A组与C组镇痛效果优于B组（P〈0．05）;术后：B组与C组镇痛效果优于A组（P〈0．05）。结论基础麻醉复合乳腺阻滞麻醉用于乳腺区段切除术中与术后均能取得良好的镇痛效果,对呼吸循环的影响较小,安全性高。     

不同浓度利多卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的效果分析

目的比较不同浓度碳酸利多卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的麻醉效果。方法拟行阑尾切除术患者160例随机分为A、B、C、D组各40例,A组予1.72%碳酸利多卡因,B组予2%盐酸利多卡因,C组予1.72%碳酸利多卡因复合2%盐酸利多卡因,D组予1.72%碳酸利多卡因复合2%盐酸利多卡因行硬膜外麻醉。观察4组患者术后舒适度（BCS）评分,监测并记录麻醉不良反应,感觉神经阻滞情况（采用针刺皮肤法）、切皮前运动神经阻滞情况和术前（T0）、切皮（T1）、术毕（T2）的HR、MAP、SpO2。结果 A组、B组麻醉不良反应发生率高于C组、D组;BCS评分D组低于其他组;A组、C组感觉阻滞起效时间、达最高平面时间显著短于B组、D组;A组、C组运动神经阻滞程度优于B组、D组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论 1.72%碳酸利多卡因复合2%盐酸利多卡因（3：1）用于硬膜外麻醉效果最好。     

甲状腺手术三种不同麻醉方法的疗效分析

目的比较3种不同麻醉方法应用于甲状腺手术的麻醉效果，以探求适宜的麻醉技术。方法选取本院2011年1月～2012年1月90例甲状腺手术患者随机分为A，B，C3组，每组30例OA组颈丛阻滞麻醉，B组气管内全身麻醉，c组喉罩通气全身麻醉。观察3组患者麻醉前后及术中和B，C两组拔管即刻的MAP，HR的变化，及B、C术后并发症等情况。结果3组之间MAP、HR变化比较：-ID时点3组之间差异无统计学意义，T1、-13和T4时点A组和B、C两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），12和巧时点A、B两组和C组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。组内比较A组T1-T5与rID比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），B组12与T1、巧与T4比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），c组术后发生咽痛及声音嘶哑人数少于B组。结论三种麻醉方法各有优异，甲状腺手术麻醉应根据病变程度选用适合的麻醉方法，但喉罩通气全身麻醉术中血流动力影响小，术后不良反应少，适应范围相对更广泛。     

不同麻醉管理方法对双侧全膝关节置换术后栓塞的预防

目的：探讨双侧全膝关节置换术中不同麻醉方法术中管理对循环功能和降低术后栓塞的发生率使患者平稳度过围手术期。方法总结22例行双侧全膝关节同期置换术的麻醉处理资料患者,随机分为2组,A组给予静-吸复合全身麻醉,B组给予连续硬膜外麻醉。对2组患者麻醉前（T0）、切皮前（T1）、切皮后30 min（T2）、2 h （T3）、骨水泥应用期间（T4）、术毕（T5）不同时段的生命体征、血流动力学的改变进行比较。结果B组HR、MAP稳定性优于A组（ P ＜0．05）,2组SpO2比较差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论双侧全膝关节同期置换术的麻醉处理,不仅要进行详细的术前评估、熟悉掌握各种麻醉方式、麻醉药物和术中的管理,还要综合分析各种因素对麻醉及术后并发症的影响,制订适宜的麻醉方案才能保障手术和术后康复的顺利进行。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对高血压病人上腹部手术中的应激反应的影响

目的 观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对高血压患者上腹部手术的应激反应的影响.方法 选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级上腹部手术含并高血压患者60例,随机分为三组,每组20例,A组选择全麻复合硬膜外阻滞,B组单纯全麻,C组为连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉.观察术中不同时段的应激反应,并行麻醉效果评价.结果 A组患者术中血压平衡程度明显优于B、C组（P＜0.05）.在气管插管及拔管期,B组血压显著升高（P＜0.05）,C组术中探查时血压下降明显大于A、B组,且明显肌紧、牵拉不适、HR、血氧饱和度波动明显（P＜0.05）.A组苏醒及拔管时间明显短于B组（P＜0.05）,麻醉效果评价A组优于B、C组.结论 全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于高血压患者上腹部手术可减轻应激反应,循环状态稳定,是一种很好的麻醉方法.     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼在胸腔镜手术中的麻醉效果比较

目的评价瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉在胸腔镜手术中的麻醉效果。方法选择在胸腔镜下行肺大泡结扎手术患者40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚组（A组）和芬太尼复合异丙酚（B组）,每组20例。观察麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管前（T1）、气管插管即刻（T2）、气管插管后5min（T,）的BP、HR;记录术毕停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间;记录拔管后即刻、30min疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）;随访记录术中知晓发生率和术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应。结果A组插管期心血管不良反应显著低于B组（P〈0．05）,A组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间明显短于B组（P〈0．05）。两组患者均未出现术中知晓、术后恶心呕吐。结论瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉明显优于芬太尼复合异丙酚。     

不同麻醉方法在老年患者上腹部手术中的应用比较

目的 比较不同麻醉方式对老年上腹部手术患者的循环及应激反应的影响.方法 60例拟行上腹部手术的老年患者,随机分为单纯全麻组(A组),单纯硬膜外阻滞组(B组),全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(C组).术中连续监测平均动脉压(MAP),心率(HR),麻醉药用量,于麻醉前(T1)、插管后(T2)、切皮时(T3)、进腹探查(T4)、手术操作(T5)、关腹时(T6)、拔管后即刻(T7)(硬膜外阻滞组为手术结束时)共7个时点抽取外周静脉血测定血清皮质醇和内皮素的浓度.结果 (1)麻醉前3组间MAP、HR差异均无统计学意义,但在插管后MAP、HR均有不同程度升高,且A组大于C组,A、B组于T4、T5时MAP、HR显著升高(P＜0.05),T7时达高峰,而同时点C组MAP、HR无明显波动.(2)3组术中血清皮质醇和血浆内皮素浓度均升高,但C组低于A、B两组(P＜0.05).(3)C组全麻药用量小于A组,硬膜外用药量小于B组.结论 全麻复合硬膜外阻滞法用于老年患者上腹部手术时,应激反应小且循环稳定,是一种适宜老年患者上腹部手术的麻醉方式.     

异丙酚复合氟比洛芬酯用于无痛人工流产术的临床观察

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合异丙酚用于人工流产术的麻醉效果及安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级人流孕妇60例,随机均分为三组各20例,A组：单纯使用异丙酚2mg／kg;B组：先缓慢静咏注射芬太尼1μg/kg,10min后使用异丙酚2mg／kg;C组：先静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg,10rain后使用异丙酚2mg／kg。三组静脉注射异丙酚的速率均为80mg／min,必要时追加适量异丙酚。连续监测HR,MAP,SpO2,记录术中相关指标及麻醉期间不良反应。结果B、C组术后苏醒时间和全程异丙酚用量均少于A组（P〈0．05）。在睫毛反射消失时、异丙酚给药2min及术毕各组HR、MAP、SpO2均降低（P〈0．05）,B组SpO2显著低于A、C组（P〈0．05）,术中SpO2在85％～89％及〈85％区段的发生率B组高于A、C组（P〈0．05）。B、C组术后2h镇痛优者高于A组（P〈0．05）。A、B组术后恶心呕吐发生率高于C组（P〈0．05）。A组苏醒期兴奋躁动发生率高于B、C组（P〈0．05）。B组呼吸暂停发生率高于A、C组（P〈0．05）。结论比洛芬酯复合异丙酚用于人工流产术镇痛效果良好,且能减少异丙酚用量,同时降低不良反应发生率。     

硬膜外复合全麻对胸部外科手术患者血流动力学的影响

目的探讨硬膜外复合全麻对胸部外科手术患者血流动力学的影响。方法将80例择期开胸手术患者随机分为硬膜外复合全麻组（A组）和单纯全麻组（B组）各40例,术中连续监测收缩压（SPB）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）。2组患者分别记录麻醉前（T0）、插管前（T1）、插管后5min（T2）上述各参数的变化及术后清醒躁动情况。结果 A组T2时间点MAP、HR稳定于基础水平,而B组T2时间点MAP、HR仍呈上升趋势,2组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A组术后清醒躁动发生率为12.5%（5/40）,低于B组的80.0%（32/40）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论硬膜外复合全麻用于胸部外科手术,能明显减少心血管不良反应,减轻各种应激反应,保持血流动力学稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.