老年患者围插管期MAP、HR及血糖变化与术前HbA1c水平的关系

目的 观察老年患者全麻诱导气管插管期间MAP、HR及血糖(BG)变化与术前糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平的关系.方法 112例行择期非心脏手术的老年患者按麻醉前HbA1c水平分为四组:A组,24例,HbA1c＜5.7％;B组,34例,5.7％≤HbA1c≤6.4％;C组,27例,6.5％≤HbA1c＜7％;D组,27例,7％≤HbA1c≤8％.记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)、10 min(T4) MAP、HR及BG变化.结果 C、D组插管后各时点MAP均明 显低于A、B组(P＜0.05);D组又明显低于C组(P＜0.05).D组T3、T4时HR均明显慢于A、B、C组(P＜0.05).全麻诱导插管期MAP、HR降低的程度与术前HbA1c水平呈正相关(r=0.637、r=0.502)(P＜0.01).四组插管期BG值升高的程度与术前HbA1c水平呈正相关(r值分别为0.871、0.845、0.847和0.859)(P＜0.01).结论 老年患者术前HbA1c水平增高预示在全麻诱导气管插管期间可有显著的MAP和HR下降及BG升高.     

2型糖尿病患者HbA1C与血尿酸的相关关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)与血清尿酸(SUA)的相关关系.方法 选取202例T2DM患者,依据SUA水平分为尿酸正常对照(NC)组及高尿酸血症(HUA)组,采用Spearman分析HbA1C与SUA的相关性.按HbA1C控制目标分为达标组(HbA1C<7.0％)、一般组(7.0％≤ HbA1C<10.0％)、差组(10.0％≤HbA1C),比较不同性别、不同HbA1C控制水平的SUA浓度.结果 HUA组BMI、TG、空腹C肽、SUA、SCr、SBP较NC组升高(P<0.05),而HbA1c、HDL-C、eGFR较NC组降低(P<0.05).Spearman分析示T2DM患者的SUA与HbA1C呈负相关,然而仅男性SUA随不同HbA1C控制水平(<7.0％、7.0％～10.0％、≥10.0％)的升高有明显下降趋势(P<0.001),女性虽有下降趋势但无统计学差异.经logistic回归分析示HbA1C是高尿酸血症的负相关因素.结论 T2DM男性患者SUA与HbA1C负相关,故应在血糖控制后重新评估血尿酸水平,避免延误高尿酸血症的治疗.     

T2DM合并DN患者血清MASP-2水平及其与DN相关生化指标的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清甘露糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶2(MASP-2)水平及其与DN相关生化指标的关系。方法 检测T2DM患者65例(A组)、T2DM合并DN患者63例(B组)和健康体检者66例(C组)的DN相关生化指标。ELISA法检测三组血清MASP-2水平。Pearson相关分析B组患者血清MASP-2水平与DN相关生化指标的相关性。采用多重线性回归分析B组血清MASP-2水平的独立影响因素。结果 B组糖尿病病程长于A组(P<0.05)。A组和B组FBG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、SCr、BUN、血尿酸(SUA)、尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(UmAlb/UCr)和血清MASP-2水平均高于C组(P<0.05),而HDL-C低于C组(P<0.05)。B组FBG、HbA1c、SCr、BUN、SUA、UmAlb/UCr和血清MASP-2水平均高于A组(P<0.05)。B组血清MASP-2水平与糖尿病病程、FBG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、SCr、BUN、SUA和UmAlb/UCr呈正相关(r=0.727...     

糖化血红蛋白和N末端脑钠肽原与急性冠脉综合征心功能的关系

目的 探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)的表达水平与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者心功能的关系.方法 检测ACS患者68例(A1组,38例,合并糖尿病;A2组,30例,无糖尿病)和健康体检者20名(B组)血清HbA1c和NT-proBNP水平.结果 A1组血清HbA1c水平明显高于A2组和B组[(9.47±1.62)％ vs.(5.86±0.31)％和(5.64±0.22)％](P＜0.01),但A2组和B组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).A1、A2组血清NT-proBNP均明显高于B组[(441.84±78.63) μg/ml、(217.31±34.52) μg/ml vs.(86.33±15.26) μg/ml] (P＜0.01),且A1组NT-proBNP高于A2组(P＜0.01).在ACS患者,血清HbA1c和NT-proBNP水平随着心功能病情加重而明显增加(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).ACS患者血清HbA1c和NT-proBNP水平呈显著正相关(r=0.524,P＜0.05).结论 ACS患者血清HbA1c和NT-proBNP水平明显升高;联合检测血清HbA1c和NT-proBNP可以用于ACS患者心功能的评估.     

糖尿病肾病患者超敏C反应蛋白的临床观察

目的检测并比较2型糖尿病(T2DM)及T2DM伴有糖尿病肾病的患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,并探讨其相关性。方法 86例T2DM患者随机分为两组:依据24h尿蛋白的定量分为A组糖尿病组(尿蛋白定量UAlb<30mg/24h)44例,B组糖尿病肾病组(尿蛋白定量UAlb≥30mg/24h)42例,以及健康体检的正常对照组44例。检测血浆胰岛素采用放射免疫法测定,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、尿蛋白排泄率(UAER)。结果 T2DM两组与对照组hs-CRP水平比较,A、B两组血清hs-CRP水平均高于对照组C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);B组血清hs-CRP水平高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),hs-CRP与各指标多元线性相关分析,T2DM患者hs-CRP与HbA1c、INS、HOMA-IR之间存在正相关。HbA1c:r=0.286,P<0.05;INS:r=0.332,P<0.05;HOMA-IR:r=0.36,P<0.01。结论 T2MD患者hs-CRP与HbA1c、INS、HOMA-IR之间存在正相关。     

2型糖尿病患者外周血内皮祖细胞与CD_(62)P改变的临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)外周血中内皮祖细胞(EPCs)与与CD62P的关系。方法采用流式细胞仪测定30例初诊T2DM患者包括10例血糖控制良好(HbA1c<7%)T2DM患者(A组)、10例血糖控制中等(HbA1c7~11%)T2DM患者(B组)、10例血糖控制较差(HbA1c>11%)T2DM患者(C组)及10例糖耐量正常的健康对照者的外周血中EPCs和CD62P的含量。结果 EPCs在T2DM组显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05);血小板CD62P表达阳性程度在2型糖尿病患者中显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。C组EPCs水平明显低于B组及A组,C组与B组有差异(P<0.05);C组与A组有差异(P<0.01);B组低于A组,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组CD62P的水平显著高于B组及A组(P<0.05,P<0.01),B组与A组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性显示EPCs与CD62P(r=-0.564,P<0.01)呈负相关;EPCs与空腹血糖(FPG)(r=-0.341,P<0.05)呈负相关;CD62P与FPG(r=0.443,P<0.01)呈正相关。结论人类空腹血清EPCs水平在T2DM患者中明显降低,而CD62P明显增高,二者间存在一定的相关性。     

血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1检测对糖尿病病情判断的价值

目的探讨血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1(PECAM-1)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者病情判断的价值。方法将19例T2DM患者分为A组(空腹血糖>10mmol/L,11例)和B组(空腹血糖7.10～10mmol/L,8例);另16例健康人为对照组(C组)。用ELISA法检测血清PECAM-1,同时检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和血糖(BG)。结果 A组的PECAM-1和HbA1c均高于C组(P<0.01)。A组PECAM-1与BG水平呈显著正相关(r=0.912,P<0.01),B组PECAM-1与HbA1c水平呈显著正相关(r=0.743,P<0.05)。结论 T2DM患者血清PECAM-1的高表达与高糖状态有关,可能是糖尿病血管并发症发生因素之一。     

老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者血清脂联素、超敏C反应蛋白及颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并脑梗死患者血清脂联素(APN)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的变化.方法 测定正常对照组30例(A组)、T2DM非脑梗死组30例(B组)及T2DM合并脑梗死组33例(C组)的血糖、血脂、肝肾功能、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、hs-CRP,ELISA法测定血清APN水平,超声测定IMT;分析组间差异.结果 与A组相比,B,C组hs-CRP、IMT均升高,C组升高更明显(P＜0.05);A、B、C三组血清APN水平依次降低(P＜0.05);APN水平与hs-CRP和IMT均呈负相关(r=-0.528、r=-0.585,P＜0.05).结论 T2DM合并脑梗死患者动脉炎性反应引起动脉粥样硬化更加明显;联合检测血清APN、hs-CRP及IMT,对T2DM患者合并脑梗死可能有预测和辅助诊断作用.     

Relationship of serum vascular adhesion protein-1 and diabetic angiopathy in type-2 diabetic patients

目的 探讨血管黏附蛋白1 (VAP-1)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发血管病变发生中的作用.方法 ELISA法检测T2DM患者(A组,19例)、糖尿病并发大血管病变患者(B组,19例)及健康对照组(C组,15例)血清VAP-1、hs-CRP水平,同时检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和血糖.结果 A组、B组VAP-1、hs-CRP和血糖水平均高于C组(P＜0.01).A组hs-CRP与血糖水平呈正相关.B组VAP-1与hs-CRP和血糖水平均呈正相关,hs-CRP与血糖和HbA1c均呈正相关.结论 T2DM患者血清VAP-1、hs-CRP高表达与体内高糖状态有关,是糖尿病血管并发症促发因素之一;其水平监测可预测T2DM患者血管并发症.     

2型糖尿病患者血浆钙结合蛋白复合物与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿(T2DM)患者血浆钙结合蛋白复合物(S100AS/A9)与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性.方法 采用ELISA法检测单纯T2DM组(A组,30例)、T2DM合并颈动脉病变组(B组,50例)及正常对照组(C组,36例)患者血浆S100A8/A9水平,同时检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂及白细胞介素6(1L-6).结果 A、B组血浆S100A8/A9水平均显著高于C组(P<0.05),B组血浆S100A8/A9水平明显高于A组(P<0.05).S100A8/A9与IL-6呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.05),S100A8/A9与HbA1c及血脂无相关性.结论 T2DM患者血浆S100A8/A9与慢性炎症有关,可能在动脉粥样硬化形成中起着重要的作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.