系统性红斑狼疮肾炎患者抗C1q抗体检测的诊断价值

目的探讨血清中抗C1q抗体浓度与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)活动度及进展的相关性,及抗C1q抗体对于狼疮肾(LN)患者临床诊断意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验,对66例狼疮肾患者(LN组)和86例无肾炎临床表现的SLE患者(非LN组)的血清进行检测分析。按照SLEDAI评分标准,将152例SLE患者,分为SLEDAI≥10组和SLEDAI<10组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测抗C1q抗体阳性率,并与SLE活动度程度进行相关性分析。结果 LN组血清中抗C1q抗体浓度显著高于非LN组(P<0.01),抗体阳性率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);SLEDAI≥10组中,抗C1q抗体浓度及阳性率明显升高(P<0.01)。抗C1q抗体浓度越高,SLEDAI评分也越高。与LN变化相关抗体有:抗C1q抗体、抗Sm抗体,与SLEDAI相关抗体有:抗C1q抗体。结论抗C1q抗体浓度可以作为SLE患者反映肾脏损伤的重要指标,并可以成为LN诊断和判断活动性大小的重要指标,与SLE的发生发展过程有着密切的相关性并且能较好的反映SLE患者疾病的活动性大小。     

抗自身抗体与系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动性及狼疮肾炎关系的探讨

目的研究抗C1q抗体、抗核小体抗体(AnuA)、抗dsDNA抗体及抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(AN-CA)等自身抗体与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)疾病活动性及肾损害。方法测定93例初诊SLE患者血清抗Clq、Anu-A、抗核抗体(ANA)、抗dsDNA、ANCA、抗Sm。结果狼疮肾炎(LN)患者血清抗C1q抗体浓度及阳性率显著高于无肾炎表现的狼疮对照组。无论患者有无肾损害,狼疮疾病活动患者抗C1q抗体浓度及阳性率显著高于疾病稳定的狼疮对照组。而AnuA和抗dsDNA抗体只在伴有狼疮肾损害的疾病活动组即活动LN的阳性率显著高于非活动LN对照组。进一步分析,在活动性LN组血清抗C1q抗体和AnuA双阳性的概率为63.6%,而无一例抗C1q抗体和AnuA同时阴性。相反,在非活动LN的SLE对照组患者无抗C1q抗体和AnuA双阳性。LN组抗C1q、AnuA、抗dsDNA抗体和抗Sm抗体阳性率显著高于非LN组。SLE疾病活动组抗Clq抗体、AnuA、抗dsDNA阳性率显著高于疾病稳定组。活动LN抗Clq抗体、AnuA、抗dsDNA抗体阳性率显著高于非活动LN。活动LN组抗C1q抗体、AnuA、抗dsDNA抗体及ANCA阳性率显著高于其他SLE组。结论抗C1q抗体、抗核小体抗体、抗dsDNA抗体都是狼疮疾病活动的指标,均与LN有关,可以相互补充,联合检测可以提高LN及疾病活动检出率。     

抗Sm抗体对儿童系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动性及狼疮性肾炎的影响

目的：探讨血清抗Sm抗体与儿童系统性红斑狼疮（ SLE）疾病活动性的关系及其在狼疮性肾炎（ LN）中的影响。方法收集2005年1月至2014年12月福建医科大学附属第二医院儿科收治的70例儿童SLE患者资料,检测所有患儿血清抗Sm抗体,评估 SLE疾病活动性及 LN病理组织学分型。根据抗Sm抗体的定性情况,分为抗Sm抗体阳性组和抗Sm抗体阴性组,分析抗Sm抗体与SLE疾病活动和LN之间的关系。结果抗Sm抗体阳性组出现肾损害高于抗Sm抗体阴性组（82．6％比55．3％,P＜0．05）。两组 SLE疾病活动性均以中度活动比例最高,但各活动水平的比较无差异（P＞0．05）。抗体阳性组肾脏病理Ⅲ、Ⅳ型中检出率明显高于阴性组（P＜0．05）。结论抗Sm抗体与儿童SLE疾病活动程度无明显相关,但抗Sm抗体阳性患儿更易出现肾损伤且病理表现更为严重。     

抗C1q抗体在狼疮肾炎血清中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨抗C1q抗体在狼疮肾炎(LN)患者血清中的表达及其临床意义。方法:使用ELISA法对46例LN患者血清进行检测,并与31例无肾炎临床表现的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者作对照。结果:LN患者血清中抗C1q抗体浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。LN患者中抗C1q抗体有较高的阳性率,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:在LN患者中,存在着抗C1q抗体的高表达。抗C1q抗体在LN发病中起重要的作用,在LN诊断和判定其活动性方面有重要作用。     

狼疮肾炎患者血清自身抗体检测及意义

目的探讨狼疮肾炎（LN）患者血清自身抗体检测的临床意义。方法检测60例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者血清抗Clq抗体、ANA抗体、抗dsDNA、核小体、抗一Sm抗体,并依据有无狼疮肾炎分为狼疮肾炎组（A组）38例和无狼疮肾炎的SLE对照组（B组）22例。结果A组抗C1q、dsDNA、核小体、抗-Sm和ANA抗体阳性率显著高于B组（均P〈0．01）,血清中抗C1q抗体水平分别与SLEDAI评分、抗ANA水平呈显著正相关（均P〈0．01）;与补体C3、C4含量呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论抗C1q抗体、dsDNA、核小体和ANA是反映SLE患者并发肾脏损害的重要指标,在LN诊断和判定活动性方面有重要作用。     

抗核小体抗体与系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动及狼疮肾的关系

目的 探讨抗核小体抗体(AnuA)与狼疮活动及狼疮肾炎的关系.方法 用酶联免疫吸附方法(ELISA)检测75例系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)组患者、50例其它风湿性疾病(NSLE)组患者以及30例健康对照组血清AnuA水平,同时检测患者血清抗dsDNA抗体、抗-Sm抗体、抗rRNP抗体.分析AnuA对SLE组的诊断价值以及与疾病活动及狼疮肾的关系.结果 AnuA在SLE患者的敏感性和特异性分别为 69.3% 和98%,敏感性高于抗dsDNA抗体、抗-Sm抗体、抗rRNP抗体,而特异性与它们没有区别;AnuA在狼疮肾炎(LN)患者中的阳性率为85.4%,在非LN患者中的阳性率为40.7%,二者差异极显著(P＜0.01),疾病活动组AnuA阳性率显著高于疾病稳定组(P＜0.05),AnuA阳性组患者口腔溃疡及肾炎的发生率显著高于AnuA阴性组(P＜0.05).结论 AnuA是SLE的又一标志性抗体,AnuA与抗dsDNA抗体、抗-Sm抗体、抗rRNP抗体联合检测,可提高SLE的诊断率.AnuA的检测有助于SLE患者疾病活动及LN的判断.     

抗脂蛋白酶抗体、抗双链DNA抗体和抗C1q抗体联合检测在狼疮性肾炎诊断中的价值

目的探讨抗双链DNA抗体（抗dsDNA）、抗脂蛋白酶抗体（抗LPL）和抗C1q抗体（抗C1q）单项检测和联合检测在狼疮性肾炎（LN）诊断中的价值。方法将77例SLE患者分为A组（LN组,41例）和B组（非LN组,36例）,比较抗dsDNA、抗LPL和抗C1q单项及联合检测与LN的关系。结果在A组患者中抗dsDNA、抗LPL、抗C1q单项和联合检测阳性率均显著高于B组（P〈0．05）。3种自身抗体联合检测与单项检测比较,敏感性有所降低,但特异性明显提高。抗LPL、抗C1q与抗dsDNA诊断一致性均较好（KLPL=0．447,P〈0．001;KC1q=0．436,P〈0．001）。结论抗dsDNA、抗LPL和抗C1q单项和多项联合检测能很好有助于LN的早期诊断,抗LPL和抗Clq在一定程度上可弥补抗dsDNA对LN诊断的不足。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者免疫功能与自身抗体的关系研究

目的:探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者血清免疫功能相关指标(免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3、补体C4)与自身抗体之间的关系。方法:选取94例SLE患者,81例其他自身免疫系统疾病患者及66例健康对照者分别作为SLE组、非SLE疾病组、健康对照组三组,检测各组血清自身抗体的表达。将SLE组按SLE疾病活动指数(SLEDAI)评分标准分成活动期组和稳定期组,按抗SmD1抗体、抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体阴阳性分别分成抗SmD1(+)组、抗SmD1(-)组、抗dsDNA(+)组、抗dsDNA(-)组,与健康对照组一起检测各组血清免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3、补体C4水平。将以上各组指标进行比较分析。结果:与健康对照组相比,SLE组和非SLE疾病组自身抗体谱中各指标(除Jo-1外)阳性率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SLE组中抗SmD1抗体、抗dsDNA抗体、抗核小体抗体(AuNA)、抗组蛋白抗体(AHA)、抗核糖体P蛋白(Rib-P)抗体阳性率均比非SLE疾病组高(P<0.05)。SLE活动期组血清免疫球蛋白IgG水平高于SLE稳定期组和健康对照组,而血清补体C3,C4水平低于SLE稳定期组和健康对照组(均P<0.05),SLE稳定期组血清IgG,C3,C4水平和健康对照组相比,血清补体C3,C4水平更低,IgG水平则要高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SLE组中抗SmD1抗体、抗dsDNA抗体阳性组血清补体C3,C4水平分别低于抗SmD1抗体、抗dsDNA抗体阴性组(均P<0.05)。结论:联合检测免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3,C4及自身抗体谱可有助于SLE的早期诊断、治疗监测及预后评估。     

153例狼疮性肾炎的临床与肾脏病理分析

目的分析狼疮性肾炎(LN)患者临床表现与肾脏病理改变及相关实验室检查异常之间的关系。方法回顾性分析153例LN患者的临床和病理资料,以及二者之间的关系。结果本组病例以Ⅳ型LN最多见(49%),其次是Ⅴ+Ⅳ型(13.7%),男性以Ⅳ型及Ⅴ+Ⅳ型为主,共占72.7%。与其他病理类型的患者比较,Ⅳ型及Ⅴ+Ⅳ型患者血清补体C3水平低,SLEDAI评分及肾组织病理活动性指数(AI)评分增高(P均<0.05)。狼疮活动及显著活动组抗dsDNA抗体滴度、肌酐(Scr)、AI评分与狼疮不活动组比较,有统计学差异(P<0.05),狼疮活动组血清补体C3水平及肾组织C3荧光沉积强度与不活动组比较也有统计学差异差异(P<0.05)。AI与Scr、SLEDAI评分及补体C3水平密切相关(r值分别为0.37、0.16和-0.32,P<0.05)。结论低补体血症、抗dsDNA抗体滴度和肾组织C3沉积强度是判断狼疮活动的特异性指标;Scr、SLEDAI评分和血清补体C3水平是AI评分的影响因素。     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体在诊断系统性红斑狼疮活动中的临床意义

目的 探讨抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)活动中的临床意义.方法 用间接免疫荧光法(IIF)及免疫印迹法,检测97例SLE患者血清中的ANCA、抗ds-DNA抗体、多种自身抗体及补体.综合分析SLE活动中的发热、关节肿痛、皮疹、肾损害、肺损害等临床表现.结果 (1)97例SLE患者中26例ANCA阳性,均为核周型(pANCA),阳性率为26.80%.(2)26例pANCA阳性组活动期20例(76.92%);71例阴性组活动期32例(45.07%),P＜0.01.(3)pANCA阳性组SLE活动期的实验室指标及临床表现均高于阴性组P＜0.05,差异均有统计学意义.结论 pANCA阳性对判断SLE活动性具有较明确的临床意义.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.