诊断和治疗性胰胆管造影并发胆道感染的危险因素和防治

目的探讨胆道梗阻性疾病和胆道梗阻部位对诊断和治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)并发胆道感染的影响,分析胆道感染引起败血症的病原菌及药敏试验结果。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月~2003年12月间587例次诊断和治疗性ERCP患者的临床资料,比较恶性梗阻、胆管结石、炎性狭窄和胰胆管未见异常之间胆道感染的发生率;胆道感染又按梗阻部位分为肝门组、肝总管组、胆总管组及胆管未见异常组,比较各组间感染的发生率。结果术后发生胆道感染120例次,梗阻原因中恶性胆道梗阻发生率最高(65%),梗阻部位又以肝门部发生率最高(81.8%),其次为肝总管(42.2%)和胆总管(18.2%),三者之间比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。44例胆道感染合并败血症患者血培养阳性,以绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌等革兰阴性杆菌为主(79.5%)。结论在ERCP操作中,肝门部梗阻和恶性梗阻是并发胆道感染的主要危险因素,术后确保胆道胆汁引流通畅和感染早期应用强效抗生素是防治感染的重要环节。     

急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎PTCD术后感染的病原菌分布及相关因素分析

目的探讨急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)术后感染的病原菌分布,分析感染的相关因素。方法选择2018年2月～2020年2月本院收治的急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎PTCD术后感染患者64例,为观察组;另收集未感染者60例作为对照组。分析PTCD术后感染的病原学特征及耐药性,并探讨感染的相关危险因素。结果 64例感染者共分离培养出90株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌65株(72.22%),以大肠埃希菌(27.78%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(17.78%)为主;革兰阳性菌25株(27.78%),以屎肠球菌(12.22%)和粪肠球菌(6.67%)为主。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、氨曲南耐药(耐药率50.00%～100.00%),对阿米卡星、亚胺培南敏感(耐药率0～28.00%);屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌主要对达托霉素及红霉素耐药(耐药率50.00%～100.00%),对氨苄西林、万古霉素敏感(耐药率0～33.33%)。单因素分析显示,AOSC患者PTCD术后感染的发生与年龄、胆道感染史、引流方式、梗阻部位、术前Child-pugh评分有关(P0.05),其中内外引流、梗阻部位、术前Child-pugh评分为独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎PTCD术后感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其感染的独立危险因素为内外引流、梗阻部位、术前Child-pugh评分,可供临床参考。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术导丝辅助胆道活检与超声内镜引导下穿刺活检诊断恶性胆管狭窄的对比研究

目的比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)导丝辅助胆道活检与超声内镜引导下穿刺活检(endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration,EUS-FNA)诊断恶性胆管狭窄的差异性。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年8月于武汉大学人民医院就诊的恶性胆管梗阻患者128例,其中经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者63例,EUS-FNA检查患者65例。比较两组检查方法灵敏性的差异。结果经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者中36例获得组织学诊断,活检灵敏性为57.1%;行EUS-FNA检查65例患者中47例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为72.3%;所有病例均未发生严重并发症。其中肝门部胆管梗阻及胆总管中上段63例,ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者35例,其中23例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为65.7%;EUS-FNA检查患者28例,18例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为64.3%;胆总管远端胆管梗阻患者65例,ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检患者28例,13例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为46.4%;EUS-FNA检查患者37例,29例获得组织学诊断,灵敏性为78.4%。结论经ERCP导丝辅助胆道活检及EUS-FNA技术均是胆道恶性梗阻的安全、简便、易于掌握的获取组织的有效手段,EUS-FNA更适用于胆总管远端梗阻的诊断。     

ERCP或ERCP联合PTCD胆总管支架置入胆管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值

目的分析经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)或ERCP联合经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)胆总管支架置入胆管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)的临床价值。方法回顾性分析92例ERCP或ERCP联合PTCD胆总管支架置入胆管引流治疗MOJ患者的临床资料,术后随访3～12个月,分析近远期疗效,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制累积生存图,并根据术后4 w内的胆红素改善情况和生存情况将患者分为有效组与无效组,采用Logistic逻辑回归分析影响ERCP或ERCP联合PTCD胆总管支架置入胆管引流近期疗效的危险因素。结果共植入支架92枚,手术成功率为100%,围术期无急性肝功能损害、大出血、胆漏等严重并发症。术后4 w内9例(9.8%)血清总胆红素(TBIL)下降≤25%或升高,5例(5.4%)死于肝肾衰竭或呼吸衰竭。无效14例,有效78例。术后复查CT或磁共振成像(MRI),在术后5～12个月共59例(64.1%)再次梗阻,其中44例(47.8%)死于原发肿瘤进展转移。Kaplan-Meier法分析,患者平均生存时间为(226.16±10.42)d。年龄、术前胆道感染、Child-Pugh评分是影响ERCP或ERCP联合PTCD胆总管支架置入胆管引流近期疗效的独立危险因素。结论 ERCP或ERCP联合PTCD胆总管支架置入胆管引流是治疗MOJ的重要手段,做好术前评估及抗感染、护肝等处理,有助于提升疗效。     

内镜技术在肝外胆汁淤积性黄疸患者中的临床应用分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）胆管引流术对各种良恶性肝外胆汁淤积疾病的治疗效果。方法 139例肝外胆汁淤积患者先行ERCP检查,确定胆管狭窄梗阻病变部位和性质后,再选择以下治疗方法：内镜下乳头肌切开术（EST）、内镜下乳头括约肌气囊扩张术（EPBD）、内镜下鼻胆管引流（ENBD）、内镜下塑料胆道支架引流（ERBD）和内镜下金属胆道支架引流（EBMSD）。结果针对良性胆管狭窄行EST、EPBD、ENBD及ERBD共59例,主要见于胆总管结石、胆管炎、胆管乳头狭窄和肝移植术后胆道并发症;针对恶性胆管狭窄行ENBD 14例,ERBD 6例,行EBMSD 26例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门与肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后TB il及DB il等肝功能指标明显下降;术后两组分别有10、6例出现血淀粉酶一过性增高。结论经内镜下ERCP治疗技术在肝外胆汁淤积患者中的应用是安全有效的,对各种良恶性病变引起的胆管狭窄梗阻起了一定的治疗作用。     

胆肠吻合与经内镜十二指肠乳头切开术后胆道感染的回顾性分析

目的 对各种原因引起的胆道梗阻患者行胆肠吻合术和内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST),分析术后胆道感染的发生率.方法 对南开医院2008年1月～2011年8月行胆肠吻合术的120例(其中胆总管十二指肠吻合术30例,胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术90例)及同期行EST的640例胆道梗阻病例进行回顾性分析.结果 术后随访589例,随访率77.5％,随访时间为6个月～3 a,胆总管十二指肠吻合术后胆道感染发生率38.1％(8/21),胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术为7.1％(5/70),EST为2.0％( 10/498).结论 胆总管十二指肠吻合术简便易行,适用于高龄、合并症多、身体状况差的患者,但远期胆道感染率高;胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术灵活自如,适用于高位胆道梗阻,远期感染率低;EST具有创伤小、恢复快、适应证广的优点,尤其适用于艟管下端病变,术后远期胆道感染率低,可替代大多数开腹手术.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效及术后并发症的影响因素。方法回顾性分析136例行ERCP治疗的老年胆总管结石患者的临床资料,分析其临床疗效及术后并发症发生的影响因素。结果 136例老年胆总管结石患者经ERCP治疗后,取石成功率和取净率均为100%,住院时间、疼痛缓解时间和抗感染治疗时间方面均较显著。经单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析,括约肌功能障碍(SOD)病史(OR=1.318,95%CI=1.114~4.926)、胰管显影(OR=1.101,95%CI=1.022~2.731)和插管时间>60 min(OR=1.026,95%CI=1.016~3.769)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胰腺炎的主要危险因素;胆道结石病史(OR=1.249,95%CI=1.105~3.621)、胆道中高位梗阻(OR=1.412,95%CI=1.263~4.788)和胆管治疗史(OR=1.281,95%CI=1.051~2.871)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胆道感染的主要危险因素。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石疗效显著,术后并发症影响因素主要为SOD病史、胰管显影、插管时间、胆道中高位梗阻、胆道结石病史和胆管治疗史。     

ENBD在预防肝吸虫病患者ERCP术后并发胰腺炎的临床价值

目的观察内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)预防肝吸虫性胆道梗阻内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后并发急性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法收集我院因肝吸虫性胆道梗阻行ERCP治疗的患者106例,其中ENBD组65例,对照组41例,比较两组术后急性胰腺炎的发生率。结果 ENBD组术后发生急性胰腺炎3例(9.2%),对照组则为5例(29.3%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ENBD能有效预防肝吸虫性胆道梗阻患者ERCP术后急性胰腺炎的发生。     

胆道镜在胆道手术中的应用

目的探讨胆道镜在胆道手术中的应用价值.方法对经CT、B超、ERCP或MR证实为胆石症的32例胆道手术患者术中进行胆道镜探查,常规开腹切除胆囊或切开胆管将结石取出后,胆道镜经胆囊管残端或胆管切开处插入胆道依次探查左右肝管,肝总管、胆总管.结果32例患者中发现肝管残留结石1例,胆总管残留结石2例,胆总管末端狭窄2例,胆管癌1例.3例残留结石中2例以取石器将结石取出,1例结石嵌顿在乳头开口处,以胆道镜推送至十二指肠内.2例胆总管末端狭窄,给予胆道镜下扩张治疗,减轻了术后因胆总管末端狭窄而导致的不良后果.1例在探查中发现胆总管下端不光滑,有小结节状隆起,取组织病理检查证实为胆管癌而改变术式,避免了再次开腹手术.结论胆道手术时行胆道镜探查,可减少残留结石的发生,并能及时发现其他病理情况,给予相应治疗,减少漏误诊的发生.     

先天性胆管扩张症合并肝内胆管扩张的手术治疗对策

目的探讨先天性胆管扩张症合并肝内胆管扩张的手术治疗对策,以提高手术的远期疗效。方法第1组不管是否提示合并肝内胆管扩张,均单纯行扩张胆总管、胆囊切除,肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合。第2组在第1组手术术式基础上,对胆管狭窄者行胆管成形术和冲洗处理胰胆管共同通道。采用时序分组进行对比分析研究。结果第1组13例,6例合并肝内胆管扩张,4例为囊样扩张。第2组共46例,18例有肝内胆管扩张,其中11例为囊样扩张,同时存在胆管狭窄。第2组术后腹痛、胆道感染的发生率明显低于第1组。讨论在标准根治术(囊肿切除胆道重建)的基础上对近端肝内胆管狭窄矫治、可能存在的复杂胆道畸形的处理及远端胰胆管共同通道冲洗,可有效降低术后胆道胰管并发症的发生,提高手术远期疗效。     

消化道清洁对于预防内镜逆行胰胆管术后胆道感染的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的探讨口腔护理联合十二指肠冲洗对于预防ERCP术后胆道感染的作用。方法将573例梗阻性黄疸患者随机分为对照组190例（行常规ERCP诊疗）,盐水组（碘尔康漱口加生理盐水冲洗十二指肠乳头及内镜钳道,然后行ERCP诊疗）192例,抗生素组（碘尔康漱口加0．8％阿米卡星溶液冲洗后行ERCP诊疗）191例。术前收集患者临床资料,随访ERCP术后各组胆管炎发生率。结果3组在性别、年龄、梗阻部位、梗阻性质、术前总胆红素水平及白细胞计数的差异无统计学意义。对照组、盐水组及抗生素组ERCP术后胆管炎发生率分别为21．1％（40／190）、13．5％（26／192）和4．7％（9／191）,3组间差异有统计学意义（x2=22．409,P=0．000）。高、低位胆管梗阻胆管炎发生率分别为19．5％（65／333）和4．2％（10／240）,差异有统计学意义（x2=27．175,P=0．000）。而良、恶性梗阻胆管炎发生率差异无统计学意义（x2=0．449,P=0．503）。高位梗阻病例亚组分析结果示胆管炎发生率为：对照组29．7％（33／111例）、盐水组20．5％（24／117例）、抗生素组7．6％（8／105例）,3组间差异有统计学意义（x2=16．905,P=0．000）。结论高位胆管梗阻患者行ERCP诊疗更容易罹患胆管炎;在实施ERCP诊疗前,采用口腔护理联合肠道及内镜钳道冲洗能有效降低术后胆管炎的发生率,而采用抗生素溶液冲洗的效果更佳。     

使用增剪侧孔的PTCD引流管治疗高位胆道梗阻

目的探讨使用增剪侧孔的PTCD引流管治疗高位胆道梗阻的方法与疗效。方法 36例高位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,其中肝门部胆管癌32例,肝转移癌4例。经皮穿刺一侧肝内胆管,增剪侧孔的PTCD外引流管通过闭塞段,猪尾型头端置于接近闭塞部的肝总管或胆总管,侧孔位于梗阻近段,实现全肝（Bismuth-CorletteⅠ、Ⅱ型梗阻）或一侧肝脏（Ⅲ、Ⅳ型梗阻）无肠液返流的内外引流。Ⅳ型梗阻病变累及肝段胆管时,引流管侧孔置于穿刺道所在肝管,头端通过闭塞段置于另一闭塞的肝段肝管,增强引流效果。结果 31例成功施行跨越闭塞段后置管,完成内外引流27例和多闭塞段的单引流管外引流4例,技术成功率86%。5例因导丝未能通过闭塞段,用常规方法行一侧肝叶或肝段胆管外引流。术后1周左右总胆红素平均值由术前（189±53）μmol/L降至（135±34）μmol/L,平均下降幅度（33±13）%;临床症状改善。结论应用增剪侧孔的引流管治疗高位胆道梗阻灵活、方便,近期疗效肯定,可选择做为临床常用方法。     

Interventional ERCP in patients with cholestasis. Degree of biliary bacterial colonization and antibiotic resistance]

Interventional ERCP in patients with cholestasis. Degree of biliary bacterial colonization and antibiotic resistance.Biliary obstruction together with bacterial colonization of the bile duct may lead to development of acute cholangitis. The aim of our prospective study was to investigate the presence and degree of biliary bacterial colonization by means of bile aspiration during ERCP in patients with biliary obstruction. Furthermore, we evaluated antibiotic therapy regimens, which would cover the bacterial species obtained by ERCP and subsequent culture in each patient. In addition, analysis of risk factors was performed that would predispose to the development of cholangitis.80 patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of biliary obstruction underwent ERCP with initial aspiration of bile via the cannulation catheter.This material was used to culture aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and determine the colony count/ml bile, followed by identification of each species and antibiotic resistance testing. The minimal inhibitory concentration for Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Piperacillin, Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Gentamycin und Metronidazole was determined. Immediately after the ERCP or if the body temperature (after ERCP) rose to > 38 degrees C blood cultures were obtained.In 45 (56 %) patients biliary colonization with bacteria could be identified (56 %). In 20 patients a single isolate was cultured, in 25 cases mixed infection was present. A total of 83 species were isolated. The most common bacteria were E. coli, Enterococcus and Klebsiella. 9.6 % of all isolates were obligatory anaerobes. In 9 of 80 patients bloodcultures tested positive for bacterial growth (rate of bacteremia: 11.3 %). 10 patients had acute cholangitis clinically before ERCP, 13 patients developed signs of infection after ERCP.Statistically significant factors contributing to the risk of infection were age of the patient, the clinical condition of the patient before ERCP and the biliary colony count.Patients with development of infection after ERCP showed a significantly higher incidence of bacterial colonization of the biliary tree and a higher colony count.In all bacterial species Imipenem (4.5 %) or Levofloxacin (2.2 %) exhibited the lowest rate of in-vitro resistance.Based on these data, the implementation of Levofloxacin in combination with anaerobic coverage is advantageous as a calculated therapy for patients with acute cholangitis.     

结合EPCP与螺旋CT三维成像对阻塞性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：探讨对阻塞性黄疸更精确的影像学诊断方法。方法：对４５名怀疑有阻塞性黄疸的病人,行常规ＥＲＣＰ检查,退镜后立即进行螺旋ＣＴ扫描。将螺旋ＣＴ三维成像显示胆管阻塞的原因、位置和程度与ＥＲＣＰ的检查结果相比较。结果：４５名病人中,螺旋ＣＴ胆管造影显示了３０名病人有胆管阻塞,没有假阳性或假阴性病例。胆管阻塞的原因有：胆管结石２４例、胆管癌３例、胆管狭窄３例。ＥＲＣＰ与螺旋ＣＴ胆管造影均能对２４例胆管结     

Combination of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage in malignant hilar biliary obstruction

Adequate biliary drainage (BD), defined as more than 50% of liver volume drained, is an ideal BD method in patients with advanced and unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with multi‐segmental BD is technically challenging. ERCP with percutaneous biliary drainage (PTBD) or PTBD alone has cumbersome maintenance of PTBD line and external bag. The utility of EUS‐guided BD (EUS‐BD) has risen significantly over last 5 years mostly in the clinical setting of distal bile duct obstruction. Information on EUS‐BD for malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) is thus far limited to only two small studies. This review suggests a new concept of a combination of ERCP and EUS‐BD (CERES) for BD in MHBO as a primary BD method whereby ERCP with a single self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) is placed into either the right or the left intrahepatic bile duct (IHD). If SEMS is placed in the right biliary system, EUS‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS‐HGS) can subsequently be carried out. However, if the stent is placed into the left biliary system, EUS‐guided hepaticoduodenostomy (EUS‐HDS) is done. For MHBO with non‐functioning right lobe of the liver, EUS‐HGS is carried out after failed ERCP, or primary HGS can be carried out in the left lobe of liver. For MHBO with non‐functioning left lobe of the liver, EUS‐HDS is carried out after failed transpapillary stenting of the right lobe by ERCP. Based on our experience, CERES is promising as it can fulfil gaps of both PTBD and ERCP by allowing internal drainage that can circumvent the inconvenience associated with PTBD and offer higher technical success rate compared to ERCP with bilateral SEMS placement.     

正常胰胆管汇合患者胆汁淀粉酶升高与胆道疾病关系的研究

目的探讨正常胰胆管汇合（NPBJ）者胆汁淀粉酶升高与胆道疾病的关系。方法连续202例患者（胆管胆汁组）在内镜治疗胆道疾病时抽取胆管胆汁检测淀粉酶,其中68例同时检测胆汁脂肪酶,149例做胆汁细菌培养,27例测Oddi括约肌压力（SOM）,38例测胆管压力。另外73例（胆囊胆汁组）经皮经肝胆囊镜治疗胆囊结石,取胆囊中胆汁检测淀粉酶,31例进行胆囊黏膜活检。两组病例均除外先天性胰胆管汇合异常、胆肠吻合术和既往内镜乳头切开治疗者。结果胆管胆汁组95例（47．0％）淀粉酶升高,其中肿瘤（56．9％,29／51）与非肿瘤疾病（43．7％,66／151）差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但肝门部胆管癌大多数（7／9）淀粉酶值升高;胆汁脂肪酶水平与淀粉酶有明显的相关性（r=0．561）;淀粉酶水平与Oddi括约肌和胆管压力无明显关联;胆汁细菌培养阳性率在淀粉酶值正常和升高者之问无明显差异。胆囊胆汁组34．3％淀粉酶升高,其中87．5％见胆囊上皮细胞异型增生,与淀粉酶正常者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论NPBJ胆道疾病患者胰液向胆管逆流发生频度较高,淀粉酶升高者中肿瘤和非肿瘤疾病无显著差异,但淀粉酶升高者胆囊上皮细胞异型增生和肝门部胆管癌发生频度高。     

经内镜胆管引流术375例评价

为评价经内镜胆管引流术在梗阻性黄疸、急性化脓性胆管炎等疾病中的应用效果，在１４１６例次逆行性胰胆管造影检查（ＥＲＣＰ）中，发现有胆道梗阻、胆道感染或为预防胆道感染即时行经内镜胆管引流术３７５例。结果成功３６２例，成功率为９６．５％；其中鼻胆管引流（ＥＮＢＤ）２２５例，塑料内支撑管引流（ＥＲＢＤ）９１例，金属支架引流（ＥＭＢＥ）４６例；其疗效满意率分别为９１．６％、９１．２％、９７．８％。早期胆管炎发生率分别为０．９％、５．５％、２．２％。结果提示经内镜胆管引流术是减除梗阻性黄疸、治疗急性化脓性胆管炎、预防ＥＲ－ＣＰ后感染和防止结石嵌顿安全而且有效的方法。     

Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in hepatic hydatid disease

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study evaluated the use of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in pre- and postoperative patients with hepatic hydatid disease. METHODS: For 8 years, ERCP was performed in 39 patients with hepatic echinococcal disease. Indications in the preoperative group of patients (n = 19) included a cholestatic enzyme profile in all cases; jaundice or acute cholangitis also was present in, respectively, 14 and 7 cases. In the postoperative group (n = 20), indications for ERCP included persistent external biliary fistula after surgery in 10 patients, jaundice in 8, acute cholangitis in 7, and right upper quadrant pain in 2 patients. RESULTS: ERCP findings in the preoperative group included cystobiliary fistula (9 patients), external compression of the hepatic biliary system (5), hydatid vesicles and/or membranes within the biliary tract (3), intrahepatic duct stricture (1), and a normal cholangiogram (4). The most common ERCP finding in the postoperative group was external biliary fistula (10 patients); other findings consisted of hydatid cyst material within the bile duct (4), bile duct stenosis (2), cystobiliary fistula and hydatid cyst material in the bile duct (1), cystobiliary fistula (1), hydatid membranes in the gallbladder (1), extrinsic compression to bile ducts (1), and a normal cholangiogram (1). In the preoperative group, endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 11 patients, with balloon catheter extraction in 2; complete resolution of findings was achieved in 10 cases. In the postoperative group, sphincterotomy (with balloon or basket extraction as needed) was performed in 19 patients, stents were placed in 2 patients, 1 patient underwent balloon dilatation, and 1 had nasobiliary drainage; there was complete resolution of the findings in 14 of the 20 patients. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP and related therapeutic maneuvers are safe and valuable in the pre- and postoperative management of patients with hepatic hydatid disease.     

10955例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术患者临床总结分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆胰疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2013年7月间完成ERCP诊治的患者10955例,其中男6186例,女4769例,平均年龄（65．57±14．44）岁。总结并分析ERCP诊治病种、发病年龄、年度数量、麻醉方式及插管成功率等指标。结果10955例患者中,诊断性ERCP167例,治疗性ERCP10788例。2002年至2012年ERCP手术例数年平均增长率是19．58％。首次ERCP胆管插管成功率是97．23％,总ERCP胆管插管成功率是99．59％。常见的ERCP诊治疾病包括肝外胆管结石（40．85％）、肝门部胆管癌（10．53％）、化脓性胆管炎（10．44％）、胰头癌（10．04％）、慢性胰腺炎（8．24％）、肝外胆管癌（7．68％）、壶腹周围癌（6．96％）、胆源性胰腺炎（3．94％）、良性乳头狭窄（3．88％）、乳头癌（3．50％）。肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、良性乳头狭窄高发年龄是40～50岁,慢性胰腺炎高发年龄是50—60岁,胆源性胰腺炎、肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、乳头癌的高发年龄是70—80岁。2011年至2013年中,98．74％患者行全凭静脉麻醉ERCP。结论ERCP已经成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段,适合于肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆管梗阻等疾病,尤其是高龄患者的诊治。全凭静脉麻醉ERCP是安全、有效的。     

Vascular reconstruction of the hepatic artery using the gastroepiploic artery: a case report.

A 59 year-old woman with obstructive jaundice secondary to proximal bile duct carcinoma underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTDB). This revealed complete obstruction of the bifurcation of the hilar hepatic duct and encasement of the right hepatic artery. Wedged hilar hepatectomy with combined resection of the extrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, and the encased right hepatic artery was performed. The hepatic artery was reconstructed using an in situ right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) pedicle graft. The anastomosis was protected with fatty tissue from the greater omentum. This technique can be used to reconstruct the hepatic artery after radical surgery for malignant hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease.