Unusual mammographic and ultrasonographic findings in fibromatosis of the breast

Fibromatosis of the breast is an uncommon disease, most often appearing as an aggressive lesion mimicking carcinoma on mammography. We describe, in an asymptomatic 40-year-old woman, an unusual imaging appearance of fibromatosis of the breast mimicking a benign lesion at mammographic and sonographic studies.     

Extra-abdominal desmoid mimicking malignant male breast tumor

A rare case of extra-abdominal desmoid tumor is reported. A palpable mass was detected in the right breast of a 47-year-old man. Mammography showed a stellate mass without calcification, and breast ultrasound examination revealed a solid, inhomogeneous, non-calcified lesion. The result of cytological examination of the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimen was equivocal. Histology of the surgical specimen showed extra-abdominal desmoid tumor. Extra-abdominal presentation of this semimalignant tumor is rare and may mimic malignant breast tumor. Differential diagnosis is difficult and usually based on the result of the histological examination. Received: 2 July 1998; Revision received: 8 September 1998; Accepted: 14 October 1998     

腹壁外韧带样瘤MRI诊断探讨

目的：讨论腹壁外韧带样瘤的MRI平扫及增强扫描的表现，评价MRI对该病的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析5例经手术切除及病理证实的腹壁外韧带样瘤的术前MRI平扫及增强扫描表现，其中2例同时行CT平扫，3例同时行血管造影。结果：5例腹壁外韧带样瘤均位于四肢肌肉及软组织，年龄11岁～28岁，其病灶MRI表现为在T1WI上，肿物呈中等信号，其间可见条片状及斑点状低信号，在T2WI上则呈高信号，其间夹杂中等、稍低及更低的条片状、斑点状信号，后与在T1WI上所见的低信号相吻合。增强扫描后在平扫中呈等T1、长T2或长T1、长T2信号改变的区域均强化非常明显，而在T1WI及T2WI上均呈条片状、斑点状低信号区域则未见强化，5例病灶周围组织均未见水肿，3例邻近骨出现压迫性改变，2例CT显示病灶密度欠均匀，边界清晰，3例血管造影可见肿瘤染色明显。结论：MRI可以较为精确的显示腹壁外韧带样瘤的病灶形态及范围，对韧带样瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值，是目前最好的影像学检查方法。     

Retroperitoneal desmoid tumor in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis: A case report

Desmoid tumors are benign fibroblastic neoplasms, with locally invasive features and a tendency of recurrence. They are considered an aggressive non-metastatic fibromatosis. The retroperitoneal location is extremely rare. Their exact mechanism of occurrence is still controversial, but could be related to a genetic predisposition, hormonal factors or traumatic factors, including surgery. This entity faces management difficulties due to its rarity, the variable circumstances of its discovery, and the non-specific clinical manifestations. Their sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy is limited and surgery remains the only curative treatment in symptomatic cases, however observational waiting could consist the most appropriate management in selected asymptomatic patients, moreover it could avoid unnecessary morbidity from surgery or radiotherapy, which makes the management of this condition a multidisciplinary decision and should be adapted to fit the patients individually. We report a case of a retroperitoneal desmoid tumor in a 31-year-old woman with a history of familial adenomatous polyposis, through which we will discuss this extremely rare neoplastic entity.     

乳腺癌影像诊断的研究现状

近年来,随着我国女性乳腺癌发病率及死亡率的上升,提出了早期诊断乳腺癌的要求.对乳腺癌病人进行更为准确的术前分期,有利于治疗方案的制定.对化疗后疗效的监测,有利于后续方案的及时调整.在这些需求中,影像学检查的作用日益突出.目前常用的方法主要包括乳腺X线摄影、超声、CT、MRI等,了解它们在乳腺癌诊断中的研究现状,合理有效地选择检查方法,能够为临床提供更多有价值的信息.     

腋部副乳腺的X线诊断

目的 认识腋部副乳腺的X线表现。方法 回顾性复习了3年来的7562例女性接受日常乳腺X线检查的内侧斜位照片,观察有无副乳腺及其X线表现。诊断依据为：在腋内有和主乳腺不相连的腺体样结构。结果 7562例中发现腋部副乳腺161例,发生率2％,平均年龄39岁。38％发生于两侧,42％发生于右侧,20％发生于左侧。最大径线平均为3．5cm(右）和3．3cm(左）。在形态上,斑片状最多（35％）,其余依次为分支状（26％）、混合状（20％）及团片状（19％）。3例手术病理证实为乳腺组织。结论 腋部副乳腺不少见,有一定的X线表现,认识它很重要,以避免将此种发育异常误认为其他病变。     

Imaging Surveillance of Patients with Breast Cancer after Primary Treatment: Current Recommendations

Women who have been treated for breast cancer are at risk for second breast cancers, such as ipsilateral recurrence or contralateral metachronous breast cancer. As the number of breast cancer survivors increases, interest in patient management and surveillance after treatment has also increased. However, post-treatment surveillance programs for patients with breast cancer have not been firmly established. In this review, we focus on the imaging modalities that have been used in post-treatment surveillance for patients with breast cancer, such as mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, the effectiveness of each modality for detecting recurrence, and how they can be applied to manage patients.     

儿童臀部硬纤维瘤的影像表现

目的:探讨臀部硬纤维瘤的超声、CT、MRI表现特征。材料和方法:搜集10例经手术病理证实的儿童臀部硬纤维瘤病例,均行超声、CT平扫及增强扫描,5例行MRI检查,分析其影像学特点。结果:臀部硬纤维瘤主要累及臀部肌肉、筋膜、骨膜等,呈浸润性生长,易复发。超声表现为不规则低回声肿块。CT表现为低密度软组织肿块(9例),等高密度肿块(1例),强化程度不等。MRI表现为臀部肿块,T1WI等低信号,T2WI多为稍高信号夹杂斑片低信号(3例),或等低信号(2例),增强后可见不均匀强化。结论:超声、CT及MRI检查可显示硬纤维瘤的大小、形态;MRI能从多个切面显示肿瘤范围以及周围组织受侵情况,并可推断组织成分,为临床治疗提供重要信息。     

Imaging findings of breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel: Patient reports and literature review

Hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is a nonresorbable soft tissue filler that has been used as implant material for breast augmentation in some countries, particularly from the Asian continent. Many complications associated with hydrogel use have been reported in the clinical literature including inflammation, persistent mastodynia, formation of multiple lumps, poor cosmetic results, glandular atrophy, and significant spread of hydrogel into the surrounding tissue. Data on long-term toxicity is currently unavailable.The radiologic features of PAAG injection mammoplasty frequently constitute a diagnostic challenge for radiologists. Indeed, the imaging appearances of uncomplicated PAAG implants may mimic conventional implants on mammography, sonography and MRI, with some distinguishing features. The location and local spread of the injected PAAG, and the eventual detection of local inflammation, are best evaluated by ultrasonography and especially MRI, considered the most sensitive technique for assessment of PAAG mammoplasty. MRI clearly depicts the volume and the distribution of gel within the breast; contrast medium enhancement allows delineation of areas of inflammation and infection. It is important to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings in order to make an accurate diagnosis and offer proper management.This paper aims to review the normal and abnormal mammographic, sonographic, and MR imaging characteristics of PAAG augmentation mammoplasty through presented patient reviews of three women having undergone direct PAAG injection.     

Imaging of the augmented and reconstructed breast: a retrospective study

The records of 71 patients with cosmetic breast implants or reconstructed breast following surgery for cancer were reviewed restrospectively. Of these 47 (66%) had cosmetic augmentation and 24 (33%) had reconstructive surgery. Analysis of radiological findings and correlation with clinical data showed recurrence of certain patterns and assessed their clinical relevance. Evaluation of mammographic views proposed by Eklund et al. [1] was also made. The role of US, CT, and invasive procedures was also discussed.     

83例乳腺肿瘤超声和X线诊断分析

本文分析了８３例乳腺肿瘤的超声诊断，肿物的灰阶超声表现有三种，良性型，恶性型和中间型。灰阶超声对良性型和恶性型肿物较易定性诊断，对中间型不易定性。２４例良性肿瘤彩色多普勒血流信号主要表现为Ｉ型（８例）和Ⅲ型（６例），即呈单条血管供血，５例未见血流信号，８１％（４８／５９）的恶性肿瘤彩色多普勒血流信号为Ⅳ型，即有２条以上的供应血管向肿物集，结合肿物的灰阶超声特点和彩色多普勒表现有助于判断其良恶性，诊     

Imaging findings of liver involvement of Wilson's disease

Purpose

The major purpose of this paper is to outline and correlate US, CT and MR imaging findings of liver in patients with Wilson's disease.

Materials and methods

Twenty-eight patients (10 male, 18 female, median age 16) with Wilson's disease were examined with US, CT and MRI. Liver echogenicity, echo pattern, contour irregularity, periportal thickness, perihepatic fat layer thickness, the presence of focal parenchymal lesion, and other associated findings were recorded by US in every patient. CT and MRI were done in 20 and 12 patients, respectively.

Results

Contour irregularity was observed in 24 patients and heterogeneous parenchymal echo pattern was seen in 26 patients with US. The presence of increased perihepatic fat layer was observed in eight patients. Severe parenchymal atrophy was seen in all lobes of the liver including caudate in contrast to post-viral chronic liver disease. Nineteen patients had periportal thickening. US showed multiple hyper and/or hypoechoic nodules smaller than 1 cm in 13 patients. MRI demonstrated small nodular hypointense areas on T2-weighted images in five patients. In only one patient these nodules showed contrast enhancement in CT and MR and pathologically proved to be dysplastic nodule.

Conclusion

Wilson's disease involving the liver has several unique radiological findings in comparison to other types of cirrhosis. These specific features include multiple nodular lesions in the liver, presence of perihepatic fat layer and normal caudate lobe which is contrary to other types cirrhosis. Liver injury in the Wilson's disease can be defined by imaging modalities, especially by US which we think is the most precise imaging modality to detect early parenchymal changes in the progress of the disease.     

Solitary intraperitoneal fibrous tumor: report of three cases

The solitary intraperitoneal fibrous tumor is a rare lesion, almost exclusively benign. We report on three cases with different ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings, related to the fibrous and/or cellular histological composition of the tumor. Because of the minimal, but real, possibility of a recurrence after the surgical intervention, a follow-up by radiological imaging is recommended.     

Detection of primary breast cancer in women with known adenocarcinoma metastatic to the axilla: Use of MRI after negative clinical and mammographic examination

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of MRI to identify a primary site of malignancy in the breast of patients who present clinically with ipsilateral lymph nodes containing metastatic carcinoma but whose physical and mammographic examination are negative. MRI of the breast was performed on four patients using a variety of imaging parameters, all with and without gadolinium contrast. All patients had biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the ipsilateral axilla, with negative physical and mammographic examinations. Foci of enhancement assessed visually on precontrast and postcontrast scans (n = 1) and on substraction studies (n = 3) were considered suspicious under the clinical circumstances defined for this study. Lesions identified on MRI were re-identified on ultrasound examination and either preoperative localization for excisional biopsy or tissue sampling was performed. Surgery was performed and histopathologic correlation was obtained in all cases. Primary sites of breast carcinoma were identified in all four patients, with multiple sites of malignancy identified in three of four patients. Breast conservation therapy was made possible for three of four patients based on the results of the MRI study showing sites of malignancy and no features of cancer elsewhere in the breast. Follow-up data of 1, 2, and 5 years of these patients show no evidence of recurrent disease. MRI of the breast is a useful technique for identifying primary sites of malignancy in patients presenting with ipsilateral lymph nodes positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma when the physical and mammographic examinations are negative.     

Palpable multifocal and multicentric invasive lobular breast carcinoma in a young female

Breast cancer is the most common carcinoma plaguing women in the United States. Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most prevalent type of breast carcinoma with an incidence rate of 5% and 15% with high propensity for multifocal manifestation of disease. Multifocal disease is defined by two or more malignant foci within a single quadrant. Invasive lobular carcinoma is strongly associated with early menarche, late menopause, late age at first birth, and is typically seen in women ages 50 and older. Invasive lobular carcinoma can be difficult to detect clinically because lesions typically fail to form palpable masses, and it can be challenging to diagnose mammographically due to subtle imaging features of the lesions. Here we present a rare case of a palpable, unilateral, multifocal and multicentric lobular breast carcinoma in a young, previously healthy 41-year-old woman with no family history of breast cancer.     

Early mammographic and sonographic findings after intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) as a boost in patients with breast cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate mammographic and sonographic changes at the surgical site within the first 2 years after IORT as a boost followed by whole-breast radiotherapy (WBRT), compared with a control group treated with WBRT alone. All patients had breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer. Group A: n = 27, IORT (20 Gy) followed by WBRT (46 Gy). Group B (control group): n = 27, WBRT alone (56-66 Gy). Mammography: fat necrosis in 14 group A versus four group B patients (P < 0.001); parenchymal scarring classified as unorganized at the last follow-up in 16 vs seven cases, respectively (P = 0.03). Ultrasound: overall number of patients with circumscribed findings 27 vs 18 (P < 0.001); particular hematomas/seromas in 26 vs 13 patients (P < 0.001). Synopsis of mammography and ultrasound: overall postoperative changes were significantly higher classified in group A (P = 0.01), but not judged to have a significantly higher impact on interpretation. Additional diagnostic procedures, due to unclear findings at the surgical site, were performed on four patients of both groups. Within the first 2 years after IORT as a boost, therapy-induced changes at the original tumor site are significantly more pronounced compared with a control group. There is no evidence that the interpretation of findings is complicated after IORT.     

Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor: Imaging findings

Objective

To study the neuroimaging features of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (ISFTs).

Materials and methods

Retrospective study of neuroimaging features of 9 consecutive histopathologically proven ISFT cases. Location, size, shape, density, signal intensity and gadolinium uptake were studied at CT and MRI. Data collected from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) (3 patients), perfusion imaging and MR spectroscopy (2 patients), and DSA (4 patients) were also analyzed.

Results

The tumors most frequently arose from the intracranial meninges (7/9), while the other lesions were intraventricular. Tumor size ranged from 2.5 to 10 cm (mean = 6.6 cm). They presented multilobular shape in 6/9 patients. Most ISFTs were heterogeneous (7/9) with areas of low T2 signal intensity that strongly enhanced after gadolinium administration (6/8). Erosion of the skull was present in about half of the cases (4/9). Components with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient were seen in 2/3 ISFTs on DWI. Spectroscopy revealed elevated peaks of choline and myo-inositol. MR perfusion showed features of hyperperfusion.

Conclusion

ISFT should be considered in cases of extra-axial, supratentorial, heterogeneous, hypervascular tumor. Areas of low T2 signal intensity that strongly enhance after gadolinium injection are suggestive of this diagnosis. Restricted diffusion and elevated peak of myo-inositol may be additional valuable features.     

Imaging approaches and findings in the reconstructed breast: a pictorial essay

Advances in breast imaging over the last 15 years have improved early breast cancer detection and management. After treatment for breast cancer, many women choose to have reconstructive surgery. In addition, with the availability of widespread genetic screening for breast cancer, an increasing number of women are choosing prophylactic mastectomies and subsequent breast reconstruction. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to present the spectrum of imaging findings in the reconstructed breast.