Fibroadenoma of the axillary accessory breast: diagnostic value of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging

Accessory breast is synonymous with polymastia or supernumerary breast tissue. An accessory breast without a nipple or areola is rare. We report a case of fibroadenoma of an accessory breast with no nipple or areola in a 41-year-old woman who presented with a right axillary mass associated with five small nodules in the normally situated breast. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the accessory breast surrounding the tumor. We ignored the presence of the component surrounding the mass and made a preoperative diagnosis of an axillary mass of possible metastases from multiple breast cancers or breast cancer of unknown origin associated with multiple breast fibroadenomas. From a retrospective view, based on the histological results, MRI and dynamic MRI demonstrated a tiny component of breast-like tissue surrounding the axillary mass and an enhancement pattern typical of fibroadenoma for the axillary mass. For the later diagnosis of the axillary mass, the interpretation of whether the component of breast tissue surrounding the axillary mass was present is crucial. If the component exists, a tumor that originated from the accessory breast should be foremost in the differential diagnosis. Dynamic MRI appears to contribute to the diagnosis of fibroadenoma of an accessory breast before biopsy or surgical resection.     

腋部副乳腺的临床及X线表现

目的:旨在提高对腋部副乳腺的认识程度及诊断水平.方法:结合文献对200例腋部副乳腺的临床特点及X线表现进行回顾分析.结果:腋部副乳腺男女均可发生,男9例,女191例,年龄15～76岁.完全型副乳腺28例,占14%;不完全型副乳腺172例,占86%.发生于双侧92例,占46%;发生于右侧70例,占35%;发生于左侧38例,占19%.伴有钙化3例,占1.5%,合并有其它病变发生7例,占3.5%.X线表现分为斑片及团块型(78例,占39%)、条索及分支型(46例,占23%)、混合型(42例,占21%)以及低密度脂肪型(34例,占17%)4型.结论:认识和掌握腋部副乳腺的临床特点及X线表现,有助于提高其诊断和鉴别诊断的水平.     

腋部副乳腺的X线诊断

目的 认识腋部副乳腺的X线表现。方法 回顾性复习了3年来的7562例女性接受日常乳腺X线检查的内侧斜位照片,观察有无副乳腺及其X线表现。诊断依据为：在腋内有和主乳腺不相连的腺体样结构。结果 7562例中发现腋部副乳腺161例,发生率2％,平均年龄39岁。38％发生于两侧,42％发生于右侧,20％发生于左侧。最大径线平均为3．5cm(右）和3．3cm(左）。在形态上,斑片状最多（35％）,其余依次为分支状（26％）、混合状（20％）及团片状（19％）。3例手术病理证实为乳腺组织。结论 腋部副乳腺不少见,有一定的X线表现,认识它很重要,以避免将此种发育异常误认为其他病变。     

腋部副乳腺的临床及X线特征（附186例分析）

目的：探讨腋部副乳腺的X线表现,提高对副乳腺的认识和诊断水平。方法：对186例腋部副乳腺的临床特点及X线表现进行回顾性分析。结果：腋部副乳腺男女均可发生,男10例,女176例。年龄14～80岁,平均43岁。完全型副乳腺21例（11.3%）,不完全型副乳腺165例（88.7%）。发生于双侧68例（36.6%）,仅发生于右侧78例（41.9%）,仅发生于左侧40例（21.5%）。伴有钙化3例（1.6%）,合并其他病变4例（2.2%）。X线表现：最大径线平均3.3cm（右）和3.0cm（左）。形态上可分为4型：其中斑片型最多,75例（40.3%）,其余依次为条索型56例（30.1%）,混合型35例（18.8%）,团片型20例（10.8%）。结论：腋部副乳腺有一定的临床表现和X线征象,认识和掌握这些特征,有助于提高其诊断和鉴别诊断的水平,避免误诊及漏诊。     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的X线钼钯及MR表现分析

目的探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤的X线钼钯及MR表现。方法搜集我院经病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤病人18例,常规行双乳轴位及内外侧斜位钼靶摄片,4例加做MR平扫加增强扫描。分析其X线及MR表现,以提高诊断准确率。结果 18例病人均行钼靶摄影,4例行MR摄影,表现为肿块16例(其中1例为复发),结构紊乱2例(均为复发)。单发肿块12例,多发4例。18例中良性5例,交界性8例,恶性5例。肿块形态呈分叶状11例、圆形3例,类圆形2例。16例中肿块周围有晕环14例,边缘模糊2例,2例伴腋下淋巴结肿大,1例伴沙砾样钙化。1例MR于T2WI高信号内见低信号分隔,增强后其内可见囊变区,为其特征性表现。结论乳腺分叶状肿瘤发病率低,生物学行为复杂,而影像学表现缺乏特异性,分析并认识其影像学特征对术前诊断很重要。     

乳腺良性叶状肿瘤术中乳腺内整形术10例分析

目的探讨乳腺良性叶状肿瘤临床诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾分析经手术病理确诊为乳腺良性叶状肿瘤10例患者的病历资料。结果乳腺肿块为首发症状且增长快速,术前超声、钼靶、核磁共振等影像学检查准确率50%,空芯针活检术前病理与术后病理相符率90%。局部扩大切除术随访至今未见复发,术中乳腺内成型能保证乳房的外形。结论术前空芯针活检是明确诊断的标准,局部扩大切除术可以作为乳腺良性叶状肿瘤的标准术式,术中乳腺瓣成型术能维持乳房的基本外形,值得推荐。     

Differentiation of phyllodes tumors versus fibroadenomas

Purpose: To determine if mammographic and sonographic findings allow discrimination between phyllodes tumor and large sized fibroadenoma, which mimic each other in the clinical, radiologic and histopathologic appearances.Material and Methods: Thirty-one histopathologically proven masses including 12 phyllodes tumors and 19 fibroadenomas 3 cm or greater in diameter were compared. In total 28 women were retrospectively evaluated by mammography and pre-operative sonography.Results: Mammography revealed a high-density mass compared with surrounding fibroglandular breast tissue to be present in 9 of the 12 (75%) phyllodes tumors and 7 of the 19 (37%) fibroadenomas. At sonography a mass, which had a round or lobulated shape, marked posterior acoustic enhancement and intramural cystic areas, were statistically significantly more likely to be phyllodes tumors than fibroadenomas. None of the other mammographic or sonographic characteristics proved to be useful in differentiating phyllodes tumors and fibroadenomas.Conclusion: Although masses of high density at mammography, circumscribed border associated with posterior acoustic enhancement and internal cystic areas at sonography should suggest the diagnosis of phyllodes tumors rather than large sized fibroadenomas, there was a substantial overlap in the mammographic and sonographic characteristics of these two tumors. Therefore, an excisional biopsy would be necessary for equivocal masses.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤26例数字钼靶X线分析

目的分析乳腺叶状肿瘤的X线表现,探讨钼靶X线摄影对乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析我院26例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者术前乳腺X线检查资料。结果26例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,良性21例(80.8%)交界性3例(11.5%)恶性2例(7.7%)。其中18例乳腺叶状肿瘤多位于外上象限,直径1.7～9.3cm,19例肿块表现为圆形、边缘光整,5例表现为分叶状,7例为多发肿块,2例为边缘模糊、有毛刺征,1例发现钙化灶,21例发现"透明晕"。结论妇女乳房内肿块大、分叶状且周边有"透明晕"是乳腺叶状肿瘤较特征的X线征象,近期肿块迅速增大有助于叶状肿瘤的诊断。X线表现与组织学分型有一定关系,边缘模糊,有毛刺提示恶性程度较高。认识乳腺叶状肿瘤的病理表现和X线特征,有助于提高术前诊断率。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的超声诊断(附33例分析)

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的声像图特点和超声诊断价值,以提高诊断水平。方法回顾分析33例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者,观察其超声的声像图表现:病变的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声与后方回声、有无液化和钙化,利用彩色多普勒超声观察肿块内部及周边的血流分布情况。结果 33例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,良性12例,交界性12例,恶性9例。乳腺叶状肿瘤的二维声像图表现:体积较大的分叶状肿块,边界清晰、规则,内部以实性低回声为主,回声大部分均匀,部分可见散在的无回声区,无或少有钙化,后方回声增强,所有肿块的内部和/或周边均可探及血流信号。结论超声对乳腺叶状肿瘤的定性诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现与病理对照分析

目的:分析乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现,提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析我院18例经手术病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床及影像资料,探讨其超声表现。结果:18例中,病理为良性者14例,交界性3例,恶性1例。乳腺超声主要表现为分叶状肿块11例;最大径≥3cm 7例;11例内部回声不均匀。乳腺超声与病理诊断的符合率为55.5%。结论:乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现有一定特征性,肿瘤分叶状形态及不均匀内部回声是其特征性表现。     

Technetium-99m-sestamibi scintimammography of benign and malignant phyllodes tumors

We presented two cases of phyllodes tumor of the breast examined by^99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) two-phase scintimammography. In the case with malignant phyllodes tumor,^99mTc-MIBI accumulation was recognized on both early and delayed images. In the case with benign phyllodes tumor, however,^99mTc-MIBI accumulation was recognized on only the early image.^99mTc-MIBI delayed imaging may have the potential to distinguish between benign and malignant phyllodes tumors.     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及X线钼靶表现分析

目的：探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析5例经手术、病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床和乳腺X线摄影资料．良性1例,恶性1例。患者均为女性．年龄20～51岁,病程1周～4年。首发症状为乳腺无痛性包块,3例患者肿块近期迅速长大。结果：所有肿块触诊质地坚韧．表面光滑,活动度好。乳腺X线摄影片共显示瘤体6个．多位于乳腺外上象限（46）,均为高密度．无毛刺肿块,分叶形3个、圆形1个、椭圆形2个。肿块直径2．5～7．5cm。4个肿块边缘;青晰、光滑．3个可见薄层透明晕环绕;另2个瘤体边缘部分清楚。肿块内未见钙化,未见异常血管像,邻近结构紊乱及腋下淋巴结增大。结论：分叶状肿瘤在临床及影像学表现上与纤维腺瘤有很多相似之处,但年龄较大的女性、乳腺发现较大肿块且短期内迅速长大应高度怀疑分叶状肿瘤可能。     

Hypermetabolic Axillary Mass on 18F FDG PET/CT: Breast Cancer Arising from Accessory Breast Tissue

Differential diagnosis among several causes of axillary malignant mass is important. The most common cause of palpable malignant axillary mass is metastatic lymphadenopathy. Although carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue is rare, the diagnosis should be kept in mind when evaluating malignant axillary mass. In this report we present a case with carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue. ¹⁸F FDG PET/CT was performed for the purpose of localizing primary breast cancer lesion and systemic evaluation. PET/CT showed hypermetabolic lesions only in the right axilla. There is no evidence of malignancy in both breasts. When nuclear physicians encounter a hypermetabolic axillary mass indicating malignant lesion without evidence of primary breast malignant lesion, carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

MRI appearance of accessory breast tissue: a diagnostic consideration for an axillary mass in a peripubertal or pubertal girl

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the MRI appearance of accessory breast tissue that should be considered a diagnostic possibility in peripubertal or pubertal girls who present with an axillary mass along the course of the primitive milk streak. CONCLUSION: The MRI appearance of accessory breast tissue is of a mass discontinuous with-but with signal intensity and contrast enhancement characteristics similar to-normal breast parenchyma.     

Phyllodes tumors of the breast

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings of phyllodes tumor of the breast and correlate them to the benign or malignant pathological nature of the lesion and its clinical behavior. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of 12 cases of phyllodes tumors diagnosed in our hospital in the past 6 years, 6 of which were malignant. The surgical management and clinical course of the patients were also reviewed. Mammographically, soft tissue masses ranging from 2.5 to 15 cm were present in all patients. One patient had a mixed fat and water density mass and 2 patients had masses associated with coarse calcifications. At sonography, all tumors were well circumscribed; two of them were homogeneously hypoechoic, and the rest had heterogeneous internal echoes. Eight patients showed internal cystic areas. None of these characteristics proved to be useful in ascertaining the benign or malignant nature of the tumor. At surgery, 5 patients underwent mastectomy and 7 patients local excision of the tumor. Three of the later tumors, one benign and two malignant, recurred after several months. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy suggested the diagnosis of phyllodes tumor in only 3 cases. After surgery, six tumors were classified as benign and six as malignant, three of which being of low-grade malignancy. None of the clinical or radiologic characteristics of the tumors were useful in predicting their histological nature or their behavior after surgery. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy often misdiagnosed the tumor as benign fibroadenoma. Only the histopathologic features of the excised mass proved to be helpful in assessing malignancy. Received: 3 July 1997; Revision received: 18 December 1997; Accepted: 28 April 1998     

Phyllodes tumor of the breast: correlation between MR findings and histologic grade

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of phyllodes tumor of the breast and to compare these findings with the histologic grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained. The authors reviewed the MR findings in 30 female patients aged 16-73 years (mean, 40.2 years) with surgically confirmed phyllodes tumors. Analyzed MR findings included tumor shape, margin, internal enhancement, and size; signal intensity (SI) of tumor higher than that of normal breast tissue on T1-weighted images; SI of tumor lower than or equal to that of normal tissue on T2-weighted images; cyst wall appearance; kinetic curve assessment; and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The MR findings and histologic grade were statistically analyzed to determine whether any correlations existed. Significant MR findings were compared with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Nineteen benign, six intermediate (characterized by five to nine cell reproductions at 10 high-power fields, pushing or infiltrative margins, moderate stromal cellularity, and atypia and overgrowth), and five malignant phyllodes tumors were assessed. Irregular cyst wall (P = .003), tumor SI lower than or equal to normal tissue SI on T2-weighted images (P = .005), and low ADC (P = .001) correlated significantly with histologic grade. Tumor SI higher than normal tissue SI on T1-weighted images was more frequent in the malignant (in three of five tumors) and intermediate (in three of six tumors) groups than in the benign group (in two of 19 tumors); however, it was not a significant finding (P = .024). Tumor SI higher than normal tissue SI on T1-weighted images and irregular cyst wall corresponded histopathologically to hemorrhagic infarction and necrosis, respectively. Tumor SI lower than or equal to normal tissue SI on T2-weighted images and low ADC corresponded histopathologically to stromal hypercellularity. Other findings were not significant. CONCLUSION: Several MR findings can be used to help determine the histologic grade of phyllodes breast tumors.     

Case Report and Dosimetric Analysis of an Axillary Recurrence After Partial Breast Irradiation with Mammosite Catheter

Partial breast irradiation (PBI) was designed in part to decrease overall treatment times associated with whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT). WBRT treats the entire breast and usually portions of the axilla. The goal of PBI is to treat a smaller volume of breast tissue in less time, focusing the dose around the lumpectomy cavity. The following is a case of a 64-year-old woman with early-stage breast cancer treated with PBI who failed regionally in the ipsilateral axilla. With our dosimetric analysis, we found that the entire area of this axillary failure would have likely received at least 45 Gy if WBRT had been used, enough to sterilize microscopic disease. With PBI, this area received a mean dose of only 2.8 Gy, which raises the possibility that this regional failure may have been prevented had WBRT been used instead of PBI.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的钼靶X线、超声表现与病理对照分析

目的：探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床特点、钼靶X线及超声表现,以提高诊断水平。材料和方法：应用钼靶X线及彩色多普勒超声检查12例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者,观察其X线及超声表现并与病理对照分析。结果：12例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,6例为良性,3例为交界性,3例为恶性。X线诊断为乳腺叶状肿瘤3例,乳腺癌3例,乳腺纤维腺瘤6例。超声诊断为叶状肿瘤2例,乳腺占位病变8例,纤维腺瘤2例。结论：乳腺叶状肿瘤的钼靶X线和超声表现缺乏特异性,但具有比较典型的影像特征,二者联合并结合临床资料有利于早期发现本病,但其良恶性与影像学表现无显著关系,确诊主要依靠病理检查。     

99mTc-HMDP accumulation in a phyllodes tumor of the breast,a case report

In a patient with breast tumor,^99mTc-HMDP accumulation in the tumor was recognized in evaluating bone metastasis. Surgery and histopathology revealed that the tumor was a phyllodes tumor. This scintigraphic finding was thought to be rare and phyllodes tumor should be included in differential diagnosis when^99mTc-HMDP accumulation in the breast was recognized.     

Mammography in women with axillary lymphadenopathy and normal breasts on physical examination: value in detecting occult breast carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of mammography in detecting occult carcinoma in patients with axillary adenopathy and normal breasts on physical examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We analyzed the results of mammography performed in 17 patients; all women had palpable axillary lymphadenopathy of unknown origin and all had normal breasts on physical examination. RESULTS. In 10 of the 17 patients, mammographic findings were abnormal. The mammographic finding of axillary adenopathy in seven patients was inconsequential because the nodes were evident on physical examination. Three patients had abnormal mammographic findings that were potentially significant, including one with a poorly defined mass suggestive of breast carcinoma, one with a subcutaneous nodule, and one with parenchymal breast edema. Two of 17 patients had an occult breast cancer. In only one of the patients was the cancer detected on mammography. The other patient had undergone prior left mastectomy and was thought to have metastases to the right axilla from the contralateral breast. Mammographic findings in this latter patient were normal. CONCLUSION. While occult breast carcinoma was relatively common in our series (two of 17 patients), the ability to detect the tumor with mammography was disappointing (one of two patients). This may be explained by the fact that one postmastectomy patient with occult carcinoma had metastatic disease to the contralateral axilla and a normal remaining breast, which was pathologically confirmed at mastectomy. Our experience suggests that mammography is valuable in patients with normal breasts on physical examination who have primary carcinoma involving ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. The procedure should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with axillary adenopathy in order to detect the unusual case of occult breast carcinoma.