凝集素在大鼠心脏缺血预处理中的应用

目的：实验拟通过刀豆素（ＣＯＮＡ）和麦芽素（ＷＧＡ）检测缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌和缺和缺血预处理大鼠心肌细胞膜凝集素受体的变化。方法：采用ＳＤ雄性大鼠１８只分３组：假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血预处理线,分别取三组大鼠左心室前壁心肌,常规石蜡包埋切片,分别用刀豆素、麦芽素分子探针进行ＡＢＣ法染色。结果：假手术组ＣＯＮＡ和ＷＧＡ细胞反应强,缺血再灌注组ＣＯＮＡ和ＷＧＡ细胞反应弱。缺血预处理组ＣＯＮＡ和Ｗ     

腺苷矛处理培养大鼠心肌细胞后酶活性变化和超微结构观察

目的：应用组化方法和透射电镜,观察腺苷预处理培养大鼠心肌细胞琥碧酸脱氢酶,细胞色素氧化酶及Ca^2 ,Mg^2 依赖性ATP酶活性细胞超微结构的变化。方法：取SD大鼠乳鼠心室肌细胞在无菌状态下,用DMEM常规培养5天后分四组：正常对照组,拟缺血再灌注组,拟缺血预处理组,腺苷预处理组,用组化方法检测心肌酶活性;以透射电镜观察细胞形态结构变化,结果：在缺血预处理组和腺苷预处理组琥珀酸脱氢酶,细胞色素氧化酶,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 依赖性ATP酶活性均高于拟缺血再灌注组,且细胞结构保存良好;,缺血预处理组,腺苷预处理组与正常对照组无显著性差异。结论：腺苷预处理对缺血再灌注心肌细胞具有类似缺血预处理的保护作用。     

腺苷预处理培养大鼠心肌细胞后酶活性变化和超微结构观察

目的 :应用组化方法和透射电镜 ,观察腺苷预处理培养大鼠心肌细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶及Ca2 +,Mg2 +依赖性ATP酶活性细胞超微结构的变化。方法 :取SD大鼠乳鼠心室肌细胞在无菌状态下 ,用DMEM常规培养 5天后分四组 :正常对照组、拟缺血再灌注组、拟缺血预处理组、腺苷预处理组 ,用组化方法检测心肌酶活性 ;以透射电镜观察细胞形态结构变化。结果 :在缺血预处理组和腺苷预处理组琥珀酸脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、Ca2 +,Mg2 +依赖性ATP酶活性均高于拟缺血再灌注组 ,且细胞结构保存良好 ;缺血预处理组、腺苷预处理组与正常对照组无显著性差异。结论 :腺苷预处理对缺血再灌注心肌细胞具有类似缺血预处理的保护作用     

缺血预处理对糖尿病大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤性心肌超微结构的影响

目的:研究缺血预处理对糖尿病大鼠缺血再灌注损伤性心肌超微结构的影响。方法:建立糖尿病大鼠、缺血再灌注和缺血预处理模型,随机分成6组,即非糖尿病和糖尿病的假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血预处理组,观察心肌酶和心肌超微结构变化。结果:非糖尿病的缺血预处理组心肌酶CK、CK-MB、LDH较缺血再灌注组明显降低,心肌超微结构损伤减轻;糖尿病缺血预处理组与缺血再灌注组相比心肌酶无降低,心肌超微结构损伤进一步加重。结论:缺血预处理对非糖尿病大鼠心肌具有保护作用,而对糖尿病大鼠心肌不具有同样的保护作用。     

前列地尔预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的心脏超微结构的保护作用

目的　观察比较前列地尔预处理及经典缺血预处理对在体大鼠缺血 /再灌注心肌损伤的保护效应。方法　动物分为假手术对照组、缺血再灌注组、经典缺血预处理组、前列地尔预处理早期保护组及延迟保护组 ,透射电镜观察心肌超微结构的变化 ,同时用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定心肌组织的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和用硫代巴妥酸法测定丙二醛 (MDA)含量。结果　前列地尔预处理及经典缺血预处理均有保护心肌超微结构和抗氧化效应 ,与模型组相比 ,经典缺血预处理组、前列地尔预处理早期保护组及延迟保护组明显降低缺血再灌注后的心肌MDA含量 (P<0 .0 5 和升高T SOD (P<0 .0 5 水平。结论　前列地尔预处理对在体大鼠缺血 /再灌注心肌损伤具有保护效应 ,能模拟经典缺血预处理心肌保护效应。     

二氮嗪预处理对大鼠心肌线粒体呼吸功能与呼吸酶活性的影响

目的： 探讨特异性线粒体三磷酸腺苷敏感性钾通道开放剂二氮嗪预处理对离体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌线粒体呼吸功能和酶活性的影响。方法: 采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注模型，将72只SD大鼠随机分为正常组（NOR）、缺血再灌注组（IR）、二氮嗪预处理组（DIA）、5－羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪组（5HD-DIA）。NOR组在平衡灌注20 min后续灌100 min，IR组在平衡20 min后续灌30 min，继后全心缺血40 min，复灌30 min。DIA组在缺血前给予含二氮嗪50 μmol/L的K-H液10 min后，全心缺血40 min，复灌30 min。5HD-DIA组在二氮嗪预处理之前先给予含5－羟葵酸100 μmol/L K-H液10 min，其余同二氮嗪预处理组。分别于平衡末、缺血前及再灌注末取心肌并分离、制备线粒体，测定各组线粒体的呼吸功能、呼吸酶活性。结果: 再灌注末DIA组的线粒体呼吸功能（呼吸控制率、磷氧比、3态呼吸速率）和呼吸酶活性（NADH氧化酶、琥珀酸氧化酶、细胞色素C 氧化酶）明显优于IR组和5HD-DIA组（P<0.05）但次于NOR组（P<0.01）；而IR组和5HD-DIA组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论: 线粒体钾通道开放剂二氮嗪预处理能够保护缺血/再灌注损伤心肌的线粒体，其机制与保护线粒体的呼吸功能及呼吸链的酶活性有关。     

缺血预处理对心肌细胞凋亡及血浆TNF水平影响的初步观察

目的探讨缺血预处理对心肌细胞凋亡及血浆TNF水平的影响。方法选择大鼠随机分为假手术组、持续缺血组、缺血再灌注组和缺血预处理组，以活结结扎左冠状动脉的前降支．分别造成阻断冠脉血流和再灌注。并通过以缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）标记凋亡细胞，采用放射免疫法等检测血浆TNF水平等指标判定其结果。结果凋亡细胞原位标记与半定量分析表明：缺血预处理组与持续缺血组、缺血再灌注组比较心肌细胞凋亡程度明显降低（P〈0．01）。而缺血预处理组与缺血再灌注组比较，降低TNF的作用很明显，差异十分显著（P〈0．01）。结论缺血预处理能降低TNF水平，对抗TNF引起的心肌损害，减轻心肌细胞凋亡程度，保护心肌细胞。     

非创伤性预处理对大鼠缺血心脏的保护效应

目的 :探讨三种非创伤性预处理对大鼠缺血心脏的保护效应。方法 :采用 2 5 0g～ 3 0 0 gSD雄性大鼠 48只 ,分成 6组 ,即假手术组(Ⅰ组 )、缺血 /再灌组 (Ⅱ组 )、经典缺血预处理组 (Ⅲ组 ) ,缺氧预处理组 (Ⅳa组 )、后肢缺血预处理组 (Ⅳb组 )、去甲肾上腺素预处理组 (Ⅳc组 ) ,观察各组左室梗塞范围、心肌琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH )、Ca2 + Mg2 + ATPase、细胞色素氧化酶 (CCO)活性的变化。结果 :Ⅳa、Ⅳb、Ⅳc三组非创伤性预处理均可明显缩小左室梗塞范围、提高心肌SDH、Ca2 + Mg2 + ATPase、CCO酶活性。结论 :三种非创伤性预处理均能使大鼠显示和经典预处理相类似的心脏保护效应。     

川芎嗪对缺血再灌注损伤心肌重要呼吸酶的影响

目的:观察川芎嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)的影响及可能机制。方法:结扎冠状动脉30 min后再灌20 min,复制缺血再灌注模型。测定心肌线粒体中SDH、CCO、SOD和GSH·PX活力及MDA和细胞色素含量。结果:缺血再灌组(IR)SDH和CCO活力显著低于假手术对照组;缺血再灌加川芎嗪组(IR+L)的SDH和CCO活力显著高于缺血再灌组(P＜0.01),MDA含量明显降低,SOD及GSH·PX活力也明显升高。结论:川芎嗪对缺血再灌注损伤心肌中SDH和CCO活力降低有显著的拮抗作用,其机理可能是通过提高对氧自由基的清除及抑制脂质过氧化     

钙敏感受体在缺氧-复氧诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的： 观察大鼠心肌钙敏感受体(CaSR) 在心肌缺氧/再灌注损伤时的表达情况及其介导的细胞内钙变化，以及其参与细胞凋亡的相关信号转导途径。方法： Lagendorff离体灌流方法复制心脏缺氧-复氧（anoxia-reoxygenation，A/R）模型；观察缺氧/再灌注及加入CaSR激动剂时CaSR的表达；应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）观察大鼠心肌细胞正常、缺氧、缺氧/再灌注时［Ca2+］i变化；HE染色观察细胞形态学改变；TUNEL染色观察细胞凋亡； Western blotting检测心肌组织胞浆中caspase 3、caspase 9 的表达。结果： 心肌A/R组及加入CaSR激动剂时CaSR的表达明显增高，细胞内钙明显升高。HE染色发现A/R组和激动剂组损伤明显，TUNEL显示2组凋亡细胞大量存在。同时，A/R组和激动剂组胞浆中caspase 3和caspase 9的表达增加。结论： CaSR参与大鼠心肌A/R损伤时细胞内钙超载的形成，并促进A/R损伤时心肌细胞凋亡。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.