Predicting human intestinal permeability using single-pass intestinal perfusion in rat.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was the prediction of human intestinal permeability and fraction absorbed of oral dose using single-pass intestinal perfusion technique (SPIP) in rats. METHODS: Permeability coefficients in anaesthetized rats were determined for 14 compounds. Drug solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was perfused through a ingle-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) with flow rate of 0.21 ml/min and samples were taken from outlet tubing at different time points up to 90 min. Phenol red was used as a non-absorbable marker to correct water flux through the segment. Drug concentrations in samples were determined using HPLC and permeability coefficients (Peff) were calculated. RESULTS: The examined compounds demonstrated approximately 12.5 fold difference in magnitude for rat permeability coefficients among themselves. These values were compared with published data for human intestinal permeability, and a strong correlation was found between Peff (rat) and Peff (human); (Peff (human) = 11.04 Peff (rat) - 0.0003; R2= 0.93, P<0.0001). Subsequently the fraction dose absorbed in human (Fa) was estimated and predicted after oral dosing considering Fa(human)=1-e - 38450Peff(rat) (R2= 0.91, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the high correlation of rat Peff values with those of human we conclude that the SPIP could be utilized with precision to predict the human intestinal permeability. It may also be used as a reliable technique to predict the fraction of dose absorbed following oral administration of drug in solution or regular release dosage form in human.     

对大鼠在体肠单向灌流技术中重量法的评价

目的:评价重量法在大鼠在体肠单向灌流技术中的应用.方法:以长春西汀为模型药物,采用大鼠在体肠单向灌流技术,对重量法和酚红法计算的净水流量值(NWF)、药物吸收速率常数(Ka)和药物表观吸收系数(Papp)进行比较,并对重量法中收集液在密度修正前后的NWF和Papp值进行比较.结果:重量法计算所得的NWF值显著高于酚红法(P＜0.05),前者计算所得的Ka和Papp值略高于后者(P＞0.05);重量法能显著减少实验误差;对收集液密度进行修正可以进一步提高实验数据的准确性.结论:重量法可以作为大鼠单向灌流在体肠吸收实验中校正灌流液体积的有效方法,它避免了加入"标示物"给实验带来的一系列问题.     

Determination of site of absorption of propranolol in rat gut using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion

Previously, permeability and site of intestinal absorption of propranolol have been reported using the Ussing chamber. In the present study, the utility of Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion to study permeability and site of intestinal absorption of propranolol was evaluated in rats. Drug permeability in different regions of rat intestine viz. duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon was measured. Propranolol (30 μg/ml) solution was perfused in situ in each intestinal segment of rats. Effective permeability (Peff) of propranolol in each segment was calculated and site of absorption was determined. The Peff of propranolol in rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon was calculated to be 0.3316×10(-4) cm/s, 0.4035×10(-4)cm/s, 0.5092×10(-4) cm/s and 0.7167×10(-4) cm/s, respectively. The above results suggest that permeability of propranolol was highest through colon compared to other intestinal sites, which is in close agreement to that reported previously. In conclusion, in situ single pass intestinal perfusion can be used effectively to study intestinal permeability as well as site of intestinal absorption of compounds in rats.     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定大鼠单向肠灌流液中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素

目的建立同时测定大鼠在体单向肠灌流液中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的RP-HPLC方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为ShimadzuC18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水（55∶45）,柱温：30℃,流速：1.0mL·min^-1,检测波长：245nm。结果补骨脂素、异补骨脂素分别在0.8236～32.94μg·mL^-1、1.140～45.60μg·mL^-1与峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数r均为0.9999。其平均回收率分别为98.98%、99.59%,RSD均〈3%。结论该法操作简便、结果准确、灵敏度高,可同时测定大鼠单向肠灌流液中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素。     

雷帕霉素自微乳化释药系统的大鼠在体单向灌流肠吸收

目的:考察雷帕霉素自微乳化制剂的大鼠在体单向灌流肠吸收特征。方法:采用大鼠在体小肠单向灌流实验模型,以高效液相色谱法测定灌流液中药物浓度,分别研究不同药物浓度、不同吸收部位、不同灌流速度以及胆管结扎与否对雷帕霉素自微乳化制剂大鼠肠吸收的影响。结果:药物浓度和胆管结扎与否对雷帕霉素微乳的吸收百分率(P%)、吸收速率常数(Ka)以及表观吸收系数(Papp)无显著性影响(P>0.05);灌流速度和大鼠肠段不同吸收部位对P%、Ka以及Papp有显著性影响(P<0.05),其中回肠的P%、Ka和Papp值显著大于其余各肠段(P<0.05),结肠段吸收参数值显著低于十二指肠、空肠、回肠段(P<0.05);同等药物质量浓度下,自微乳化制剂的肠吸收参数值显著高于市售口服液制剂。结论:雷帕霉素自微乳化制剂吸收速率常数不受药物质量浓度的影响而与灌流速度和大鼠肠段不同吸收部位有关(P<0.05)。胆汁排泄和胆汁分泌在本实验条件下不影响药物肠道吸收。药物在大鼠小肠主要通过被动扩散方式吸收,RAPA微乳在整个肠段均有吸收,其中回肠吸收最好,且全肠吸收效果优于市售雷帕霉素口服液。     

在体单向肠灌流模型研究维胺酯的大鼠肠吸收特性

目的研究维胺酯在大鼠小肠的吸收动力学特性。方法采用在体单向灌流模型,对维胺酯进行了大鼠小肠吸收动力学实验,以紫外可见分光光度法和高效液相色谱法分别测定循环液中酚红和维胺酯的含量,计算吸收性能参数。结果不同剂量维胺酯在小肠的吸收速率常数Ka差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),胆管结扎与不结扎对吸收速率无明显影响;维胺酯在小肠各部位吸收速率常数Ka按十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠顺序依次下降。结论维胺酯在大鼠各肠段均有吸收,在肠道的吸收呈现一级吸收动力学,吸收机制为被动扩散。     

基于原位单向肠灌流模型研究没食子酸的肠吸收特性

目的考察没食子酸的肠道吸收特性,为提高鞣质类成分生物利用度提供理论依据。方法采用大鼠在体肠单向灌流模型、建立HPLC测定没食子酸的方法,并计算没食子酸在各肠段的吸收速率常数(Ka)及有效表观渗透率系数(Peff);分别研究吸收部位、药物浓度、时间、pH值、P-糖蛋白(P-gp)和多药耐药相关蛋白-2(MRP2)抑制剂对没食子酸吸收的影响。结果没食子酸在不同肠段的Ka顺序为空肠>十二指肠>回肠≈结肠;随着药物浓度的升高,没食子酸的吸收差异无显著性;酸性环境(pH 5.5)有利于没食子酸的吸收;加入P-gp和MRP2抑制剂后,没食子酸的吸收与不加P-gp和MRP2抑制剂比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论没食子酸在大鼠肠道内有较好的吸收,在空肠中吸收最好。初步判断其吸收机制为被动扩散。没食子酸的吸收受P-gp和MRP2的外排影响,可能为P-gp和MRP2底物。     

单向肠灌流法研究芍药苷和刺芒柄花苷的肠吸收特性

目的:采用在体单向肠灌流法研究芍药苷和刺芒柄花苷在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性,探索复方给药对单一活性成分吸收的影响.方法:采用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定和方法学验证.色谱柱:Shim Pack ODS C18 ( 250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm );流动相:测定芍药苷时为甲醇-乙腈-1.0 mL·L-1磷酸水溶液...     

五味子有效成分的大鼠在体单向灌流肠吸收

考察五味子提取物中五味子醇甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素3种主要有效成分在大鼠的肠吸收性质。本文以酚红为标示物,运用在体单向肠灌流模型并采用HPLC法测定五味子提取物中3种主要有效成分在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠灌流的浓度变化。结果发现,五味子提取物中3种有效成分的每种成分在不同浓度的吸收速率常数(Ka)和有效渗透系数(Peff)均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着浓度的增加,其Ka、Peff值均先升高而后下降,存在高浓度饱和现象,提示其在机体内的转运可能存在主动转运或促进扩散;3种有效成分在各肠段均有较好吸收,其中十二指肠吸收最好,空肠与回肠的吸收相近无显著差异(P>0.05);3种有效成分之间在不同肠段的吸收均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),十二指肠中五味子甲素吸收最好,其他肠段的Ka、Peff大小顺序依次是五味子甲素>五味子乙素>五味子醇甲,且两两之间都存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

Intestinal transport of HDND-7, a novel hesperetin derivative,in in vitro MDCK cell and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion models

1.?Hesperetin (HDND) possesses extensive bioactivities, however, its poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its application. HDND-7, a derivative of HDND, has better solubility and high bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the intestinal absorption mechanisms of HDND-7.

2.?MDCK cells were used to examine the transport mechanisms of HDND-7 in vitro, and a rat in situ intestinal perfusion model was used to characterize the absorption of HDND-7. The concentration of HDND-7 was determined by HPLC.

3.?In MDCK cells, HDND-7 was effectively absorbed in a concentration-dependent manner in both directions. Moreover, HDND-7 showed pH-dependent and TEER-independent transport in both directions. The transport of HDND-7 was significantly reduced at 4?°C or in the presence of NaN3. Furthermore, the efflux of HDND-7 was apparently reduced in the presence of MRP2 inhibitors MK-571 or probenecid. However, P-gp inhibitor verapamil had no effect on the transport of HDND-7. The in situ intestinal perfusion study indicated HDND-7 was well-absorbed in four intestinal segments. Furthermore, MRP2 inhibitors may slightly increase the absorption of HDND-7 in jejunum.

4.?In summary, all results indicated that HDND-7 might be absorbed mainly by passive diffusion via transcellular pathway, MRP2 but P-gp may participate in the efflux of HDND-7.     

Single-pass intestinal perfusion to establish the intestinal permeability of model drugs in mouse

The aim of the present work was to study the intestinal permeabilities (P(eff)) of five model drugs: furosemide, piroxicam, naproxen, ranitidine and amoxicillin in the in situ intestinal perfusion technique in mice and compare them with corresponding rat and human in vivo P(eff) values. The main experimental conditions were: mice CD1 30-35g, test drug concentrations in perfusion experiments (the highest dose strength dissolved in 250mL of PBS pH 6.2) and flow rate of 0.2mL/min. The test compounds were assayed following a validated HPLC method. The effective permeability coefficients at steady-state were calculated after correcting the outlet concentration following the gravimetric correction method proposed by Sutton et al. (2001). The permeability coefficient values ranged from 0.1751±0.0756×10(-4)cm/s for ranitidine to 17.19±4.16×10(-4)cm/s for naproxen. The mouse method correctly assigned the BCS permeability classification of a given drug and a correlation between mouse permeability data and the fraction of an oral dose absorbed in humans was achieved (FA=1-exp(-34,745·P(eff(mouse))); R=0.9631). Based on the results obtained, we conclude that mouse can be considered a valuable tool in the evaluation of intestinal permeability in order to predict the extent of human gastrointestinal absorption following oral administration of a drug.     

Exploring the compatibility mechanism of ShengDiHuang Decoction based on the in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model

Affecting the absorption of active ingredients in the intestine serves as one of the important compatibility mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility mechanism of ShengDiHuang Decoction (SDHD) by using the single-pass intestinal perfusion in situ model. The major effective ingredients, catalpol, aucubin, acteoside, rehmannioside D, rehmannioside A, rhein, aloe emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, were determined by HPLC. By analysing the effects of different concentrations, different pH, intestinal segments, protein inhibitors, and tight junction regulators on SDHD absorption, it was found that catalpol, aucubin, rehmannioside D, rehmannioside A, acteoside, rhein, and chrysophanol may undergo active transport, while aloe-emodin and emodin may undergo passive transport. Catalpol, aucubin, and rehmannioside D may be substrates of BCRP and MRP2, while rehmannioside A and rhein may be substrates of BCRP, and acteoside and chrysophanol may be substrates of P-gp, BCRP and MRP2. By comparing the P_app values of the major effective ingredients between single herb and herb-pairs, the compatibility of rehmannia and rheum could significantly promote the absorption of components in rehmannia. It is verified that rheum has a synergistic effect on the absorption of rehmannia in SDHD.     

在体肠灌流模型研究灵仙新苷的大鼠肠吸收特性

目的:研究灵仙新苷在大鼠肠段的吸收特征。方法:以酚红为标示物,采用在体单向肠灌流模型,LC-MS/MS测定灵仙新苷在体肠灌流的浓度变化,研究灵仙新苷的吸收部位和吸收动力学特征。结果:灵仙新苷在大鼠小肠各肠段的吸收速率常数(Ka)、有效渗透系数(Peff)是十二指肠>空肠≈回肠,且十二指肠的Ka和Peff值与其他肠段存在显著性差异(P<0.05);灌流液中同一肠段不同浓度灵仙新苷的Ka和Peff均无统计学显著差异;盐酸维拉帕米和环孢素A均显著性降低对灵仙新苷的吸收(P<0.05)。结论:灵仙新苷在小肠有不同程度的吸收,其中在十二指肠吸收最好,药物浓度对灵仙新苷的Peff和Ka值无影响,其吸收机制为被动扩散,灵仙新苷可能不是P-糖蛋白底物。     

Evaluation of the mass balance assumption with respect to the two-resistance model of intestinal absorption by using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion of theophylline in rats.

Methods of analyzing drug absorption data from rat intestinal-perfusion experiments are discussed in terms of mass-transfer resistances, or reciprocal permeabilities, and mass balances. Typically, a two-resistance model is used to determine the dimensionless effective permeability (P*eff) by measuring the disappearance of drug from the perfusing solution. Unstated assumptions in two-resistance models are (1) the portal blood is under sink conditions and (2) complete transfer of drug occurs from the intestinal perfusate to the portal vein. The assumption of sink conditions is generally acceptable, because the drug concentration in portal blood is approximately two orders of magnitude less than in the perfusate. Single-pass intestinal-perfusion experiments were performed on rats with theophylline as a model compound. The drug mass leaving the intestinal perfusate was substantially less than the drug mass appearing in the portal plasma; that is, the assumption of complete transfer did not hold for theophylline in this experimental system. These data indicate that models based on the two-resistance theory can lead to overestimation of P*eff by the ratio of the drug mass leaving the perfusate to the drug mass appearing in the plasma. For compounds for which the assumption of complete transfer does not hold, a more accurate estimate of P*eff may be determined by dividing the value derived from perfusate data by the mass balance ratio (i.e., the drug mass leaving the perfusate divided by the drug mass appearing in the plasma).     

The effect of ketoconazole on the in vivo intestinal permeability of fexofenadine using a regional perfusion technique

AIMS: To investigate whether the drug-drug interaction between fexofenadine and ketoconazole is localized to efflux transport proteins of the small intestine, and to determine and classify the effective jejunal permeability (Peff) of fexofenadine according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). METHODS: Two separate jejunal perfusion experiments were performed using the Loc-I-Gut technique in eight healthy volunteers. During treatment 1 (T1), we investigated the acute effect of ketoconazole on the Peff and plasma pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. In treatment 2 (T2) we examined the effect of oral pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily for 5 days) on the same absorption parameters. Each experiment was divided into two periods of 100 min and the jejunal segment was perfused with 93 micro m fexofenadine during both periods. In period 2 of each treatment, fexofenadine was coadministered with 94 micro m ketoconazole. The concentrations of fexofenadine in intestinal perfusate and plasma were measured by liquid chromatography with mass detection. RESULTS: During T1, the mean (+/- s.d.) Peff of fexofenadine was low according to the BCS (0.11 +/- 0.11 and 0.04 +/- 0.13 x 10(-4) cm s(-1) in periods 1 and 2, respectively), and the coadministration of ketoconazole in period 2 had no significant acute effect on Peff (95% confidence interval (CI) on the difference -0.37, 0.51). After pretreatment with ketoconazole (T2), the jejunal Peff of fexofenadine increased to 0.29 +/- 0.47 and 0.22 +/- 0.31 x 10-4 cm s(-1) in both periods 1 and 2, respectively, but the change was not statistically significant when compared with T1 (95% CI on the difference -0.62, 0.27 for T1 0-100 min vs T2 0-100 min; -0.54, 0.34 for T1 0-100 min vs T2 100-200 min). Fexofenadine plasma AUC from 0-100 mg showed no significant difference after pretreatment with ketoconazole (55 +/- 101 and 51 +/- 33 micro g ml(-1) min(-1) respectively; 95% CI on the difference -108, 115). Total plasma AUC (0-720 min) was 318 +/- 426 and 426 +/- 232 ng ml(-1) min in T1 and T2, respectively (95% CI on the difference -622, 405). CONCLUSIONS: No significant effect of acute coadministration or pretreatment with ketoconazole on the in vivo intestinal absorption of fexofenadine was detected in this study.     

Comparison of the gravimetric, phenol red, and 14C-PEG-3350 methods to determine water absorption in the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model

This study was undertaken to determine whether the gravimetric method provided an accurate measure of water flux correction and to compare the gravimetric method with methods that employ nonabsorbed markers (eg, phenol red and ¹⁴C-PEG-3350). Phenol red, ¹⁴C-PEG-3350, and 4-[2-[[2-(6-amino-3-pyridinyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]ethoxy]-methyl ester, (R)-benzene acetic acid (Compound I) were co-perfused in situ through the jejunum of 9 anesthetized rats (single-pass intestinal perfusion [SPIP]). Water absorption was determined from the phenol red. ¹⁴C-PEG-3350, and gravimetric methods. The absorption rate constant (k_a) for Compound I was calculated. Both phenol red and ¹⁴C-PEG-3350 were appreciably absorbed, underestimating the extent of water flux in the SPIP model. The average ±SD water flux (μg/h/cm) for the 3 methods were 68.9±28.2 (gravimetric), 26.8±49.2 (phenol red), and 34.9±21.9 (¹⁴C-PEG-3350). The (average±SD) ka for Compound I (uncorrected for water flux) was 0.024±0.005 min⁻¹. For the corrected, gravimetric method, the average±SD was 0.031±0.001 min⁻¹. The gravimetric method for correcting water flux was as accurate as the 2 “nonabsorbed” marker methods.     

Intestinal permeability of forskolin by in situ single pass perfusion in rats

The intestinal permeability of forskolin was investigated using a single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) technique in rats. SPIP was performed in different intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) with three concentrations of forskolin (11.90, 29.75, and 59.90 μg/mL). The investigations of adsorption and stability were performed to ensure that the disappearance of forskolin from the perfusate was due to intestinal absorption. The results of the SPIP study indicated that forskolin could be absorbed in all segments of the intestine. The effective permeability (P (eff)) of forskolin was in the range of drugs with high intestinal permeability. The P (eff) was highest in the duodenum as compared to other intestinal segments. The decreases of P (eff) in the duodenum and ileum at the highest forskolin concentration suggested a saturable transport process. The addition of verapamil, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, significantly enhanced the permeability of forskolin across the rat jejunum. The absorbed fraction of dissolved forskolin after oral administration in humans was estimated to be 100 % calculated from rat P (eff). In conclusion, dissolved forskolin can be absorbed readily in the intestine. The low aqueous solubility of forskolin might be a crucial factor for its poor oral bioavailability.     

基于大鼠在体单向肠灌流模型研究P-糖蛋白抑制剂对蝙蝠葛碱肠吸收的影响

目的:研究P-糖蛋白抑制剂对蝙蝠葛碱肠吸收的影响。方法:采用在体单向肠灌流法进行小肠吸收实验,利用HPLC法测定灌流液中蝙蝠葛碱的浓度,考察不同浓度P-糖蛋白抑制剂环孢素A、醋酸地塞米松和维拉帕米对蝙蝠葛碱肠吸收的影响。结果:与对照组相比,高浓度和中浓度环孢素A对蝙蝠葛碱的Ka、Papp、P%、吸收量和累积吸收量均有显著性影响(P<0.05),而低浓度时上述参数差异无显著性(P>0.05);与对照组相比,高、中、低3个浓度醋酸地塞米松对蝙蝠葛碱的Ka、Papp、P%、吸收量和累积吸收量均有显著性影响(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高浓度维拉帕米对Dau的Ka、Papp、P%、吸收量和累积吸收量均有显著性影响(P<0.05),而中浓度和低浓度时上述参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:P-糖蛋白抑制剂环孢素A、醋酸地塞米松和维拉帕米对蝙蝠葛碱均有促吸收作用,其作用大小顺序为醋酸地塞米松>环孢素A>维拉帕米;P-糖蛋白对Dau的肠吸收有外排作用,蝙蝠葛碱为P-糖蛋白底物。     

Standardization of an ex vivo method for determination of intestinal permeability of drugs using everted rat intestine apparatus

IntroductionEverted gut sac of rat intestine is a paradigm widely employed for determination of absorption kinetics of drugs along with evaluation of effects of absorption enhancers. Since its inception in 1954, it has been optimized to enhance tissue survival and use, but it still suffers the limitation of small serosal compartment size and lack of validity of single experiment.MethodsThe aim of the present work was to standardize a new ex vivo model to study drug absorption using a specially designed glass apparatus, everted segment of rat intestine, and three absorption markers [paracellular (atenolol), transcellular (metoprolol and propranolol)]. To validate a single experiment phenol red was used as non-absorbable marker.ResultsThe mean apparent permeabilities (Papp) for the markers were found to be 0.054 ± 0.024 × 10^? 4 cm/s (atenolol), 0.84 ± 0.14 × 10^? 4 cm/s (metoprolol), and 1.64 ± 0.16 × 10^? 4 cm/s (propranolol); wherein data from only those experiment was used, which showed negligible absorption of phenol red.DiscussionThe model is simple to establish, gives excellent absorption kinetics, and most importantly provides a way to validate the experiment simultaneously. The proposed method can be used in all kinds of drug absorption studies, especially biopharmaceutical investigations studying absorption enhancement strategies.