多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的技术优势

目的探讨十二指肠镜、胆道镜、腹腔镜等多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石的技术优势。方法采用腹腔镜胆总管探查术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LCBDE+LC)和内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术+内窥镜下括约肌切开取石术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(ERCP+EST+LC)两种术式治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者。结果有两组病例,其中LCBDE+LC组36例,本组术后胆道残余结石2例,后经T管窦道行胆道镜取石治愈。ERCP+EST+LC组54例,本组术后并发一过性高淀粉酶血症3例,发生急性轻型胰腺炎2例。结论多镜联合治疗胆总管结石合并胆囊结石具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快的优点,多镜联合发挥出其独特技术优势,避免了因接受传统开腹手术而造成较大创伤的不合理治疗模式。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术在胆道疾病中的应用

目的：探讨胆道疾病中内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术的应用。方法本次选取80例胆道疾病患者,均为2011年1月~2013年1月收治,采用内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术诊断。结果胆总管良性狭窄14例,单纯胆总管结石60例,盲袢综合征1例,胆道蛔虫症1例,壶腹部肿瘤1例,肝门部肿瘤2例,胆管癌1例。胆总管结石采用EST方案取石,成功58例,另2例因乳头位于憩室或乳头旁憩室,不具EST或ERCP条件,或结石过大,需行开腹手术。胆总管良性狭窄14例行胆道支架治疗或气囊扩张。壶腹部肿瘤、胆管癌、肝门部肿瘤行支架治疗。针对蛔虫症者,取出残体。本组无严重并发症,仅ERCP术后有少量渗血。结论胆道疾病行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗,可显著改善预后,具较高安全性。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石体会

胆囊结石并发胆总管结石的发生率一般为10％～15％。在有症状的胆囊结石患者施行胆囊切除时,合并胆管结石的可能性60岁以下患者为8％～15％,60岁以上患者为15％～60％。因此,应用一种适当的方式来治疗胆总管结石是必需的,随着腹腔镜技术的发展,我们找到了合适的途径,如腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石就比开腹手术具有明显的优越性,我科于2001年5月至2002年5月一年来共开展20例腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石术。均获成功,现报告如下。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗难治性胆总管复发结石

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗难治性胆总管复发结石的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2009年9月至2015年10月南通市第一人民医院收治的29例难治性胆总管复发结石患者的临床资料,评估腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜的手术效果。结果:26例患者成功完成腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜手术,3例患者因肝门部致密粘连中转开腹手术。术后胆汁漏2例,均经保守治疗后痊愈,无严重并发症发生。术后常规造影1例患者胆管仍有残余结石,经窦道胆道镜取尽结石。29例患者平均随访时间为17个月(8~36个月),无结石残留及复发,无胆管狭窄。结论:腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗难治性胆总管复发结石具有创伤小、恢复快,能保留乳头括约肌等优点。     

胆道镜联合钬激光在胆道术后肝内胆管良性狭窄的应用

目的 探讨胆道镜联合钬激光在胆道术后肝内胆管良性狭窄的应用。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月~2018年6月四川省人民医院收治的78例肝内胆管结石合并胆管良性狭窄患者的临床资料,均行胆道镜联合钬激光治疗,分析其治疗效果。结果 共78例肝内胆管结石合并胆管良性狭窄患者,胆道镜探查148支胆管开口处狭窄,23支胆管狭窄经取石网篮反复扩张改善,125支狭窄胆管开口经钬激光治疗后解除;其中14处狭窄环激光治疗过程中出血,经盐水+肾上腺素局部冲洗,胆道镜头端压迫出血停止,4例出现迟发性胆道出血,给予钬激光止血及对症治疗,狭窄环解除。结论 胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管良性狭窄疗效确切,安全、可行、创伤小。     

内镜下乳头小切开联合球囊扩张在胆总管结石治疗中的应用

目的观察内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)联合内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)治疗胆总管结石的手术效果。方法将年龄23~82岁的192例胆总管结石患者随机分为EST组和EST+EPBD组,各96例,比较2种手术的疗效。结果EST+EPBD组的平均手术时间、住院时间比较均显著少于EST组;一次性取石成功数及总成功取石成功数明显高于EST组。2组出血量、胰腺炎、胆道内钡剂反流、结石复发等多项并发症的比较,均有显著统计学意义差异(P0.05),EST+EPBD组术中术后并发症显著减少。结论内镜下乳头小切开联合球囊扩张可较大提高胆总管结石取石成功率,并减少术后并发症发生。     

经内镜乳头括约肌大口切开治疗胆总管末端炎性狭窄

目的对80例胆总管末端炎性狭窄进行了内镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗.方法40例行中小切开,EST术后行2年内的临床追踪观察.结果大口切开组2年后乳头形态呈裂孔状,中小切口组乳头形态为裂隙状;大口切开组症状复发者为5%,中小切开组为22.5%(P<0.05).两组近期并发症相同.结论内镜乳头括约肌大口切开治疗胆总管末端炎性疗效可靠.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石探讨

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石的效果和网篮法判断胆总管通畅情况的可行性。方法回顾性分析32例采用腹腔镜胆道镜胆总管探查取石手术病例的临床资料,总结其手术技巧、效果和并发症发生情况。结果2013年1月至2014年1月共完成32例,31例经取石网成功取石,1例胆管内无结石。术后患者均顺利康复,T管造影无残留结石,胆总管下端通畅,无并发症,无死亡病例。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石效果良好,与传统开腹法相比具有创伤小、恢复快,患者乐于接受等优势。大号取石网篮通过胆总管下端后注入美兰不返流是判断胆总管下端是否通畅的简易方法。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜和液电碎石机治疗继发性肝内外胆管嵌顿难取性结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜和液电碎石机治疗继发性肝内外胆管难取性结石的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析徐州医科大学附属医院肝胆外科2012年5月至2015年12月行单纯腹腔镜下胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石42例患者(对照组)的临床资料,与2016年1月至2017年2月行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石机治疗肝内外胆管结石42例患者(联合组)的临床资料进行对比分析。比较2组患者的中转开腹率(因炎症粘连中转开腹率和因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹率)、胆总管结石残留率、胆漏发生率、胆总管狭窄发生率等。结果所有患者均康复出院。对照组42例患者中有6例中转开腹手术,其中2例因严重上腹部炎症粘连中转开腹手术,4例因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹手术,无胆漏和胆管狭窄;术后有3例发生胆总管结石残留,无胆漏和胆管狭窄。联合组42例患者中有2例因严重上腹部炎症粘连中转开腹手术,无因嵌顿难取性结石中转开腹手术病例,5例患者术中行液电碎石操作,术后胆总管无残留结石,无胆漏和胆管狭窄。对照组术后胆总管残留结石经T管窦道胆道镜取石治愈。结论腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石机治疗肝内外胆管结石可以在微创手术治疗过程中降低因结石嵌顿所致中转开腹率和结石残留率,可以安全、有效地应用于有腹腔镜手术适应证的肝内外胆管结石患者。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊胆总管结石临床特点分析

目的分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床特点。方法将161例胆囊胆总管结石患者随机分成两组,其中对照组（81例）采取传统的开腹手术方式治疗,观察组（80例）采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗,分析并比较上述两组患者的临床相关资料。结果两组患者的切口长度、出血量、住院天数、治疗费用、切口感染、术后疼痛、术后肛门排气时间及术后H-CRP水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜取石具有创伤小、成功率高、恢复快、住院时间短、费用低以及术后并发症少等优势,充分体现了现代微创手术的治疗理念。     

MRCP与ERCP鉴别肝外胆管良恶性狭窄的对比研究

目的：探讨肝外胆管良、恶性狭窄患者的磁共振胰胆管成像（magnetic resonance cholangiopan-creatography，MRCP）与内镜逆行胆胰管造戥术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）的征象，并比较两种检查方法诊断的准确性。方法：对46例经手术或病理检查明确病因的肝外胆管狭窄患者的术前MRCP和ERCP资料进行回顾性分析，根据图像肝外胆管狭窄的形态描述为边缘不规则或平滑、狭窄不对称或对称、狭窄中断或呈鼠尾状及双管征等，计算MRCP与ERCP诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确性，用标尺准确测量肝外胆管狭窄的长度，并用t检验来比较。结果：肝外胆管癌表现为不规则边缘和不对称狭窄（92％）较良性狭窄（分别为22％，35％）普遍。MRCP诊断肝外胆管癌与良性狭窄的灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别是84％、71％及78％，ERCP分别是72％、71％及72％。肝外胆管癌引起狭窄长度平均是（30．0±8．5）mm，良性狭窄平均长度是（13．6±9.1）mm（P〈0.001）。结论：MRCP在鉴别诊断肝外胆管良恶性的病变引起胆管狭窄与ERCP相比是较准确的。     

胆总管探查在胆管结石中应用的临床分析

目的 探讨开腹胆总管探查的适应条件、必要性、并发症及胆总管探查的最新进展。方法 对两家医院在2014年1月~2017年6月行开腹胆囊切除胆总管探查术62例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨术中胆总管探查的必要性。结果 62例均痊愈,术中证实胆总管扩张 54例,胆总管探查发现结石50例,术中胆道镜探查发现残余结石14例,术后有4例患者出现并发症,其中胆总管残余结石1例,胆道感染2例,胆汁性腹膜炎1例。结论 开腹进行胆总管探查仍具有不可替代的位置,对于胆管多发结石、胆总管明显扩张的患者,术中胆道镜探查是必要的。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术后T管并发症的原因及防治

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术后T管并发症的原因及防治措施。方法对2002年～2008年笔者所在医院行腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术的378例(其中男性143例,女性235例;年龄17～83岁,平均年龄51.3岁)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后发生T管并发症的有16例(4.23%),其中男性7例,女性9例;年龄20～76岁,平均年龄50.7岁。13例(胆汁漏5例,T管意外滑脱3例,T管扭曲3例,T管引流量异常2例)经保守治疗治愈,1例围T管短臂结石形成者经胆道镜再次取石治愈,2例T管意外滑脱者再次行开腹手术治愈。结论腹腔镜胆道探查术后T管并发症的发生原因主要与手术操作技术、术后处理及患者自身因素相关;提高手术操作技术,术后及时、正确的处理是防治术后T管并发症的关键。     

Biliary stent replacement cytology

Using fluoroscopic guidance, polyethylene biliary stents are replaced endoscopically or percutaneously when bile duct stenosis recurs. To improve the sensitivity of conventional biliary cytology, we examined cells recovered from removed stents. Biliary stents removed endoscopically from each of 11 patients were rinsed with saline; next, the rinse was centrifuged and the sediment smeared and Papanicolaou stained. Three patients with choledocholithiasis had biliary stent replacement cytology (BSRC) to exclude a neoplastic etiology. Eight patients with clinicoradiologic evidence of hepatobiliary or pancreatic carcinoma had BSRCs performed for pathologic documentation of carcinoma. BSRC from six of eight patients with clinicoradiologically malignant biliary strictures contained malignant cells, predominantly in loose clusters, but also singly (sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%; positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 60%). Reparative epithelial atypia was also present in all cases. BSRC from two patients with clinicoradiological evidence of carcinoma of the biliary region and from three with choledocholithiasis contained only bile pigment, leukocytes, and benign epithelial cells. The sampling of cells which have accumulated on, or in biliary stents, improves the sensitivity of biliary cytology. This is most applicable when 1) a patient is inoperable, 2) tissue biopsy is neither feasible nor diagnostic, 3) prior brush, suction, percutaneous, or endoscopic needle aspiration cytology is inconclusive, and 4) permanent metal stent is needed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 61:233–237, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Biliary tract cytology in specimens obtained by direct cholangiographic procedures: A study of 74 cases

A retrospective review of bile (BL) and biliary tract brushings (Br) obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cytology in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancies. A total of 104 cytologic specimens (PTC-BL 15, PTC-Br 13, ERCP-BL 8, ERCP-Br 68) received between 1990 and mid-1994 from 77 patients who had undergone ERCP and/or PTC primarily for biliary stricture were reviewed. Specimens were unsatisfactory/inadequate in 11 (10.6%), benign in 41 (39.4%), suspicious in 25 (24%), and positive for malignant cells in 27 (26%). Follow-up was available in 74/77 patients; 46 (59.7%) had tissue confirmation while 28 (32.5%) had adequate clinical follow-up based on chart review. Of those with histologic confirmation, there were 32 malignant and 14 benign cases. The overall sensitivity and specificity of PTC- and ERCP-obtained cytologic specimens were 88.9 and 95.7% respectively. There was only one false positive case (ERCP-Br). Overall positive predictive value was 96%, negative predictive value 88%, and accuracy 96%. PTC had a significantly lower sensitivity rate (42.8%) and higher rate for unsatisfactory specimens (21%) compared with ERCP-obtained material (100 and 1.9%). Bile obtained by PTC or ERCP appeared less sensitive in detecting malignancies compared with endoscopic brushing using either technique (BL 50% vs. Br 100%). All three false negative cases were PTC-BL specimens. Of the 17 suspicious cases, eight were confirmed histologically as malignant, four were clinically consistent with malignancy, and five showed marked inflammatory atypia on biopsy. Positive predictive value and accuracy rate of a “suspicious cytology” diagnosis were 69 and 80.5%, respectively. Inadequate specimen, poor cellular preservation, and cells obscured by bile all interfere with proper cytologic evaluation. Experience is necessary to appreciate subtle malignant changes in well differentiated carcinomas. Communication between the cytopathologist and the clinician is critical in the accurate interpretation and proper management of the patients. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:334–348. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

腹腔镜胆道探查在有上腹部手术史患者中的应用

目的探讨上腹部手术后腹腔镜胆道探查手术的安全性及可行性。方法有上腹部手术史行腹腔镜胆道探查的16例患者(甲组),其中男性7例,女性9例;年龄52～84岁,平均年龄65.4岁。3例合并肝内胆管结石,胆管结石直径大于1.5cm患者10例,结石>2枚者7例。胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者5例。同期无上腹部手术史行腹腔镜胆道探查243例(乙组),其中男性115例,女性128例;年龄30～81岁,平均年龄56.8岁。甲、乙两组手术方式包括腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查(LCBDE)、胆总管一期缝合术;LCBDE取石T管引流术(LCTD)。结果甲组手术时间为55～235 min,平均手术时间128.1 min;术中出血量20～300 mL,平均出血量130.6 mL;2例中转开腹。乙组手术时间45～190 min,平均手术时间105.2 min;术中出血量15～120 mL,平均出血量45.2 mL;1例中转开腹。两组术中均无胆道损伤、胃肠道损伤、大出血、气体栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论有上腹部手术史的胆道结石患者行腹腔镜胆道探查,由操作熟练的腹腔镜医师进行手术是安全可行的。     

胆道造影检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床价值。方法通过对58例Lc术中经IOC的病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例成功55例,占94．83％,失败3例,占5．17％。50例胆总管未发现结石,占90．91％,发现胆总管小结石（0．4cm）5例,占9．09％。其中4例经中转开腹行胆道探查,1例经腹腔镜胆总管切开胆纤镜网篮取石。胆囊管汇入右肝管1例。全组病例无胆道损伤、胆总管结石残留、胆漏、腹腔感染及IOC相关并发症。结论LC术中行IOC操作简单易行,成功率高,显影效果好,能及时发现胆道解剖变异;对基层医院减少胆道阴性探查、术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留等具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Management strategy for congenital choledochal cyst with co-existing intrahepatic dilation and aberrant bile duct as well as other complicated biliary anomalies

The purpose of this study was to investigate and discuss imaging methods and management strategies for congenital choledochal cyst with co-existing intrahepatic dilation and aberrant bile duct as well as other complicated biliary anomalies. In this study we reviewed and analyzed 72 patients with congenital choledochal cyst, ranging in age from 15 days to 12 years old and who were seen at our hospital during the past 12 years, from January 1993 to October 2005. The image manifestation and clinical significance of patients with co- existing intrahepatic biliary dilation and aberrant bile duct were carefully examined during operation via MRCP, cholangiography and choledochoscope. Twenty-two cases (30.1%) presented with intrahepatic bile duct dilation and 12 of these were of the cystic type. That is, the orifice of the dilated intrahepatic tract that converged into the common hepatic duct showed membrane or septum-like stenosis. In 10 cases the dilation tapered off from the porta hepatis to the initiating terminals of the intra-hepatic bile ducts and was not accompanied by stenosis. An aberrant bile duct was observed in 2 of the cases. In 3 cases, the right and left hepatic ducts converged at the choledochal cyst. In conclusion, the imaging methods for intrahepatic bile duct dilation possess important clinical significance. Further, for hepatojejunostomy with radical excision of a choledochal cyst, additional operative procedures for intrahepatic stenosis, possible bile duct malformation and pancreaticobiliary common duct calculi can potentially reduce postoperative complications.     

完全腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗老年复杂性肝胆管结石的效果及对炎性应激反应指标与免疫功能的影响

目的 研究完全腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗老年复杂性肝胆管结石疗效及对炎性应激反应指标与免疫功能的影响.方法 选取我院64例老年(≥60岁)复杂性肝胆管结石患者,随机平均分为2组,32例行完全腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗者归为腹腔镜组,32例行传统开腹手术者归为开腹组,比较两组疗效.结果 腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间和医疗费用均短于或少于开腹组(P＜0.05);术后1个月,两组总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),且开腹组下降幅度小于腹腔镜组(P＜0.05);术后24h,两组EP、CO、IL-6和CRP水平均显著上升,NK水平显著下降,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+均显著降低,且开腹组变化幅度小于腹腔镜组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);腹腔镜组术后并发症总发生率9.38％,复发率6.25％,开腹组为25％和15.63％,两组差异不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后并发症、复发者免疫应激指标与治疗有效者比较差异显著(P＜0.05).结论 完全腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗老年复杂性肝胆管结石疗效可靠,具有微创、手术时间短、术后恢复快、对患者术后应激反应和免疫功能影响小的特点,可降低术后并发症和复发率,临床推广价值高.