慢性感染阶段弓形虫包囊在小鼠脑组织的动态病理变化

目的 探究弓形虫慢性感染期间弓形虫包囊在感染小鼠脑部各区域的分布与病理变化对小鼠行为与神经精神的影响。方法 使用弓形虫Prugniaud株灌胃小鼠，记录感染小鼠病情；分别在小鼠感染的第10、30、40、90、120、160天取感染小鼠脑组织，分离出海马下丘脑、前额叶、纹状体和小脑区域，HE染色观察并记录各感染区域的包囊数量和神经病理变化。结果 弓形虫感染小鼠出现竖毛、弓背等症状，在第40天最为显著，随后逐渐恢复，遗留偏瘫和原地打转等症状；在各时间节点，弓形虫包囊的数量均以海马下丘脑最多，前额叶和纹状体次之，小脑最少；弓形虫包囊的直径随着时间推移均呈增大趋势。慢性感染期间，在脑组织各区域均可观察到弓形虫包囊噬神经现象等特异性病理表现，上述弓形虫脑炎的病理改变在第40天达到顶峰，后逐渐恢复，至第120天增至刺激峰，随后逐渐恢复。结论 弓形虫慢性感染期间的行为和神经精神症状与弓形虫包囊在感染小鼠脑部的定位分布有一定的相关性，并呈现动态变化。     

MK-801诱发的小鼠精神分裂症样症状与脑内Parvalbumin异常表达的关系

目的 以中等剂量的MK-801腹腔注射制作小鼠精神分裂症样模型,检测小鼠脑内钙结合蛋白Parvalbumin（小白蛋白,PV）的异常表达部位,探讨与已知精神分裂症相关脑区的关系,为深入研究精神分裂症的发病机制提供形态学和神经化学依据.方法 雄性成年昆明小鼠,随机分为生理盐水组和MK-801组.用Sams-Dodd刻板行为评分和一次性被动回避反应（OPAR）检测小鼠的行为学改变;用免疫组织化学染色法检测各组小鼠脑内PV蛋白的表达情况.结果 ① MK-801组小鼠刻板行为评分明显增高（P＜0.01）,记忆能力显著下降（P＜0.01）,符合精神分裂症样模型小鼠的表现.②MK-801组小鼠在前额皮质、海马、纹状体、杏仁核及丘脑网状核等脑区PV蛋白的表达明显减少.结论 隶属边缘系统的前额皮质、海马、纹状体、杏仁核及丘脑网状核等脑区内的PV阳性神经元数量的减少可能与精神分裂症的病理生理学机制密切相关.     

人胎脑组织Nestin阳性表达及其意义

目的观察人胎脑组织有无神经巢蛋白（Nestin）阳性细胞存在。方法收集胎龄为3个月左右的自愿终止妊娠引产的正常胚胎3例。应用苏木精一伊红染色和免疫组织化学方法观察人胎脑室管膜下区、海马、纹状体、丘脑、嗅球、皮质、脑干及小脑的Nestin阳性细胞。结果分别在人胎脑室管膜下区、海马、纹状体、丘脑、嗅球、皮质部位发现数量不等的Nestin阳性表达细胞,而在脑干、小脑未发现Nestin阳性细胞。结论人胎脑室管膜下区、海马、纹状体、丘脑、嗅球、皮质多个部位存在数量不等的神经干细胞。     

唐氏综合征黏附分子(DSCAM)在APP转基因阳性小鼠小脑内的表达变化及其意义

目的 研究唐氏综合征细胞黏附分子(DSCAM)在β-淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(APP)转基因小鼠脑内的表达变化规律,初步探讨其意义.方法 选择月龄分别为新生、1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月的APP转基因阳性和阴性小鼠,应用免疫组化和免疫荧光法对全脑切片进行染色,观察DSCAM在APP转基因阳性小鼠脑内的表达,特别是在小脑内的表达部位及表达量的变化规律.结果 DSCAM主要在APP转基因阳性模型小鼠小脑中的浦肯野细胞、大脑皮层、海马安蒙氏角(Ammon's horn)的锥体细胞、海马齿状回的颗粒细胞层、丘脑及脑干神经元中表达.新生小鼠和1个月小鼠DSCAM的小脑表达量无明显差异(P＞0.05),1月龄小鼠小脑内的表达量较3月龄小鼠低(P＜0.05),到达3个月时,其表达量达到高峰,6个月时,DSCAM的表达量和3个月时无明显差异(P＞0.05),12月龄的小鼠小脑内的DSCAM的表达量较6月龄低(P＜0.05).在3个月和6个月时,DSCAM在APP转基因阳性小鼠小脑中的表达量明显高于同龄阴性小鼠(P＜0.05).结论 DSCAM在一定月龄APP转基因阳性小鼠小脑内存在过度表达,推测DSCAM作为一种黏附分子,其过度表达在APP小鼠的学习运动能力和运动协调能力的缺陷中可能起重要作用.     

Limk1在FMR1基因敲除小鼠脑组织的表达及意义

目的：通过免疫组化方法观察LIM-kinase 1（Limk1）在不同年龄组的FMR1基因敲除鼠（FMR1 knockout mouse,KO）和野生鼠（wild type mouse,WT）脑组织不同部位的表达差异.方法：取FVB品系新生和生后2、6周KO鼠（KO0d、KO2周和KO6周）,并分别与同龄WT鼠作对照.每组6只通过免疫组化染色,观察Limk1在不同年龄组的KO和WT小鼠脑组织各部位的表达差异.结果：Limk1在新生鼠的海马、皮层、丘脑、小脑表达丰富,以染色阳性纤维为主,染色阳性细胞少见.生后2周、6周小鼠的大脑皮质和海马仅见少量散在弱阳性细胞表达,但在丘脑未定带、腹后外侧核,小脑蒲肯野细胞和脑干前庭蜗神经核可见强阳性细胞表达.各年龄组KO与WT小鼠Limk1在脑区的分布特点基本一致.KO0d、KO2周及KO6周组小脑、蜗神经核Limk1强阳性表达脑区的平均光密度值以及KO2W及KO6W组丘脑部位的阳性细胞计数均高于同龄WT组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论：Limk1在KO与WT小鼠脑组织的表达均有着明显的时空特异性,FMRP能负性调控Limk1表达.     

酒精依赖和戒断时大鼠大脑奖赏回路不同脑区孕烯醇酮及其硫酸酯水平的变化

目的 采用大鼠酒精依赖模型,观察酒精依赖及戒断对大鼠伏隔核、前额叶皮质、杏仁核、海马中神经甾体孕烯醇酮(pregnenolone,PREG)、孕烯醇酮硫酸酯(pregnenolone sulfate,PREGS)水平的影响.方法 大鼠自由饮用含6%的乙醇溶液,连续42 d使大鼠形成酒精依赖,并撤除酒精使其自然戒断.断头取脑分离取出伏隔核、前额叶皮质、杏仁核、海马脑区.使用液液萃取和固相萃取两步法提取脑组织中的PREG、PREGS,以高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定神经甾体含量.结果 与对照组相比,酒精依赖大鼠伏隔核PREG、PREGS的水平显著降低(P＜0.05),额叶皮质、杏仁核和海马PREGS的水平显著下降(P＜0.05);酒精戒断6、24 h大鼠伏隔核、额叶皮质、杏仁核和海马PREGS的水平显著降低(P＜0.05);酒精戒断24 h大鼠海马PREG水平显著上升(P＜0.05).结论 酒精依赖形成和戒断对伏隔核、前额叶皮质、杏仁核、海马的神经甾体水平具有不同影响.     

LMO3 mRNA在小鼠中枢神经系统的表达定位

目的观察神经特异性转录因子LMO3 mRNA在小鼠中枢神经系统中的定位.方法原位杂交组织化学染色.结果 LMO3 mRNA阳性神经元可见于大脑、小脑、丘脑、脑干、脊髓,在小鼠中枢神经系统中,LMO3 mRNA阳性反应产物主要位于细胞质和突起内.强阳性信号主要出现于大脑皮质的Ⅱ～Ⅵ层、梨状皮质、内嗅皮质、海马的CA1区、齿状回、中脑的黑质致密部、红核、室旁核、巨细胞网状核、外侧网状核、三叉神经脑桥核、面神经核、三叉神经运动核、舌下神经核等部位;中等强度着色主要分布于扣带前皮质、嗅球、海马的CA2区、梨状内核、杏仁核等部位;海马的CA3区、尾壳核、苍白球、杏仁复合体、丘脑、三叉神经脊束核、疑核、中缝核团、小脑间置核及外侧核、浦肯野细胞可见弱的阳性细胞.结论 LMO3基因在CNS的广泛分布提示它除了在多巴胺神经递质的活动中起作用外,还参与了机体的学习记忆、嗅觉的调节.     

家用微波炉对弓形虫PRU株包囊的杀伤作用

目的：探寻微波炉杀灭弓形虫包囊的最佳条件。方法：将含有等量弓形虫包囊的小鼠脑组织匀浆液利用微波炉的不同功率、不同时间处理后灌饲小鼠,于感染后第42天检测小鼠脑组织包囊数、血清IgG抗体效价和SAG1基因,以评价经微波处理后的包囊是否仍具有感染性。结果：镜检出未处理组与微波炉低温处理1 min组的包囊数分别为（833.33±274.03）个、（655.56±363.79）个,其余各组均未查出包囊。ELISA法检查结果显示未处理组与微波炉低温处理1 min组呈阳性,其余各组均为阴性。PCR技术检测结果证实未处理组与低温处理1 min组均扩增出弓形虫SAG1基因片段,但中温与高温各组亦有部分样品扩增出目的基因片段。结论：低温处理1 min不能有效杀灭弓形虫包囊,其他条件能否有效杀灭弓形虫包囊还有待进一步验证。     

弓形虫PRU株感染妊娠期小鼠动物模型的建立

目的：探讨建立弓形虫生殖毒性妊娠期小鼠动物模型的方法。方法：将妊娠期ICR小鼠随机分为孕早期感染组、孕晚期感染组及相应对照组,孕早期和孕晚期感染组小鼠再分别分为3小组,分别以灌胃方式感染弓形虫PRU株包囊10、20及40个,对照组灌胃生理盐水,观察各组小鼠不良妊娠结局及产仔数量。结果：弓形虫PRU株感染数量为10个包囊时,孕早期感染组孕鼠的死亡率为36.36%,出现阴道流血、流产、早产等现象,不良妊娠结局高达85.71%,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）;感染20包囊和40包囊时,孕早期感染组孕鼠的死亡率高达50%和100%;孕晚期感染组孕鼠在妊娠期发病不明显,产仔鼠数量较对照组减少,但差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）;结论：用10个PRU株包囊灌胃能建立妊娠期弓形虫感染小鼠动物模型,为研究弓形虫PRU株所致生殖毒性奠定基础。     

当归芍药散加味方及拆方对老年鼠脑组织和淋巴细胞β-AR密度的影响

【目的】研究当归芍药散加味方 (DSS)及拆方对老年鼠脑组织和淋巴细胞 β肾上腺受体 (β AR)的含量的影响。【方法】选用中老年鼠 (18个月 ) ,分组灌服DSS及拆方水煎液 ,3周后 ,用放射配基受体结合分析法测定大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑皮质、脾细胞和血液淋巴细胞 β AR密度。【结果】与中老年对照组比较 ,DSS全方组小脑皮质、脾细胞和血液淋巴细胞β AR密度明显增多 (P <0 0 1) ,大脑皮质、海马 β AR密度与老年对照组间差别不明显 ,君臣组、佐药组各种组织 β AR密度与中老年对照组间差别均不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。【结论】上述结果表明DSS全方可选择性提高老年鼠小脑皮质、淋巴细胞的 β AR密度 ,这是DSS君、臣、佐药共同作用的结果     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.