Risk factors of febrile seizures among preschool children in Alexandria

The study design was a case control study to identify the risk factors of febrile seizures. Total sample of 28 children, their ages ranging from 12 to 60 months, with febrile seizure were matched with control group of 60 children of the same age group with fever without seizure. The peak age of first febrile seizure was between 6 and 12 months. The significant risk factors were upper respiratory tract infection (p < 0.05), family history of febrile seizures (p < 0.0001). Prematurity (p < 0.005), problems during gestation (p < 0.005), family history of epilepsy (p < 0.005) and problem during labour (p < 0.0005).     

Risk factors of psychosocial problems among children working in workshops in Alexandria

This study was conducted to determine whether psychosocial problems occurring among working children are associated with other social or occupational factors. A sample of 34 working children ageing from 10-14 years was studied. They were classified into 2 groups according to the occurrence of psychosocial problems as anxiety, eating or sleeping problems, fatigue, nightmares etc... Interview data were examined to identify factors that might be considered as risk factors in psychosocial problems. Ten variables distinguished children with psychosocial problems. These variables were classified by the discriminant analysis technique, by order of importance as effort done, housing conditions, nature of the work, substance intake, educational status, degree of job satisfaction, income, nutrition, age and occupation. These variables correctly classified 100% of the affected group and misclassified 13.3% of the non affected group. This could alert health professionals to the existence of more pervasive disturbances in the child's labor conditions, as well as the child's environment.     

学龄前儿童贫血患病现状分析

目的了解南宁市江南区儿童平均血红蛋白含量及贫血患病率,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法对2011年3～5月江南区32所幼儿园的6121名儿童进行体格检查和实验室检测。结果 6121名儿童平均血红蛋白含量为(120±10.50)g/L,贫血患病率为4.47%。结论南宁市江南区儿童贫血率低于全国平均水平,不同年龄组血红蛋白含量和贫血率存在显著差异,绝大多数贫血儿童是小细胞低色素性贫血。应采取有效措施,控制贫血、营养不良和肥胖率,保障儿童健康。     

德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的流行病学调查及影响因素分析

目的分析德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的患病现状及其影响因素,为儿童缺铁性贫血的防治提供科学依据。方法选取2016年1-12月在德阳市人民医院门诊体检的健康学龄前儿童1452例为研究对象,对其进行儿童缺铁性贫血的筛查,并设置统一的问卷调查,分析学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素。结果1452例受检儿童共检出儿童缺铁性贫血患儿120例,患病率为8.26%,其中6~12个月的患病率为13.76%,1~3岁的患病率为7.90%,4~6岁的患病率为4.38%,不同年龄儿童患病率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),6~12个月的幼儿是儿童缺铁性贫血的主要人群。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、出生体质量、喂养的方式、消化功能、辅食添加时间、妊娠期贫血情况、父母亲的文化程度、家庭饮食习惯、铁制剂服用情况、家庭收入为学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,出生低体质量、消化功能、添加辅食时间、妊娠期贫血、家庭饮食习惯为学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的主要影响因素为出生低体质量、消化功能、添加辅食时间、妊娠期贫血、家庭饮食习惯,在早期关注孕妇及胎儿的营养状况,适时添加辅食及合理搭配儿童的饮食结构,可起到预防儿童缺铁性贫血的作用。     

中国南方10个县级市学龄前儿童贫血流行状况

目的 描述学龄前儿童贫血状况与分布特征。方法 资料来源于“中美预防神经管畸形合作项目”围生保健监测的常规报告及儿童随访研究项目。采用WHO推荐的儿童贫血诊断标准。研究对象为2000年浙江、江苏两省10市64466名3．5～6．5岁儿童，计算患病率并描述其分布特征。结果 贫血患病率为21．39％（13789／64466，95％CI：21．07～21．71），以轻度贫血为主（占99％以上）。贫血患病率，女童高于男童，5岁后显著高于5岁前，母亲文化程度低、职业为农民及新生儿期为人工喂养儿童贫血患病率较高，单胎与多胎、低出生体重与正常出生体重者的贫血患病率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 我国南方学龄前儿童贫血患病率仍处于较高水平，与母亲文化程度、喂养方式等可干预的因素密切关联。，     

Micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among preschool children in rural Vietnam

The prevalence of trace elements deficiencies, vitamin A deficiency, anemia, and their relationships were investigated in a cross sectional study involving 243 children aged from 12 to 72 months in rural Vietnam. Serum levels of copper, zinc, selenium and magnesium were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and that of retinol by high performance liquid chromatography. Hemoglobin concentration in whole blood was measured by the cyanmethemoglobin method. The prevalence of deficiencies in zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper was 86.9%, 62.3%, 51.9%, and 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, 55.6% were anemic and 11.3% had vitamin A deficiency. Deficiency in two or more micronutrient was found in 79.4% of the children. Parameters associated significantly with anemia were selenium deficiency (OR 2.80 95% CI 1.63-4.80, p=0.0002) and serum retinol<1.05 micromol/L (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.10-3.05, p=0.021). Magnesium deficiency (OR 3.09 95% CI 1.36-7.03) was found to be a risk factor for zinc deficiency and vice versa. The results indicate that micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent among preschool children in Vietnam. In addition, the results also demonstrate a strong relationship between selenium deficiency and anemia. Clearly, sustainable strategies are urgently required to overcome the problems in the country.     

Risk factors associated with anemia and iron deficiency among Kuwaiti pregnant women

A cross-sectional study was carried out to indentify the risk factors of anemia and iron deficiency in Kuwaiti pregnant women. Pregnant women (n = 465) aged 18–47 years, of 4–39 weeks at gestation were recruited during antenatal visits from six health facilities in Kuwait. Socio-demographic, pregnancy-related and dietary information were collected. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin and serum C-reactive protein concentrations were determined. Logistic regression analysis revealed that iron deficiency and not taking iron-folate tablets or taking them occasionally were the two most important risk factors associated with anemia. Pregnant women with higher gestational age, short birth spacing ( ≤ 2 years), not taking iron-folate tablets or taking them occasionally, not consuming fruit juice, and consuming brown bread, tea and/or coffee were significant risk factors associated with iron deficiency. In conclusion, various factors including dietary habits appeared to be associated with poor iron status, which is the most important risk factor for anemia among Kuwaiti pregnant women.     

Risk factors associated with anemia and iron deficiency among Kuwaiti pregnant women

A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the risk factors of anemia and iron deficiency in Kuwaiti pregnant women. Pregnant women (n = 465) aged 18-47 years, of 4-39 weeks at gestation were recruited during antenatal visits from six health facilities in Kuwait. Socio-demographic, pregnancy-related and dietary information were collected. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin and serum C-reactive protein concentrations were determined. Logistic regression analysis revealed that iron deficiency and not taking iron-folate tablets or taking them occasionally were the two most important risk factors associated with anemia. Pregnant women with higher gestational age, short birth spacing ( ≤ 2 years), not taking iron-folate tablets or taking them occasionally, not consuming fruit juice, and consuming brown bread, tea and/or coffee were significant risk factors associated with iron deficiency. In conclusion, various factors including dietary habits appeared to be associated with poor iron status, which is the most important risk factor for anemia among Kuwaiti pregnant women.     

学龄前儿童功能性便秘危险因素调查

目的:探讨深圳市学龄前儿童功能性便秘(FC)的流行病学情况及影响因素,为学龄前儿童功能性便秘的病因学研究及制定预防措施提供科学依据。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样调查法,在深圳市福田区幼儿园随机抽取1 050例儿童进行问卷调查,对确诊功能性便秘患儿进行临床分析。结果:深圳市福田区幼儿园儿童功能性便秘的患病率为3.81%,喜食肉类,根本不吃或偶尔吃一些蔬菜、水果,排便无规律,经常克制排便,排便恐惧,心情焦虑烦躁,遗传,肥胖等8种因素为慢性便秘最具可能性的危害因素,其OR值均>1。结论:强化对儿童功能性便秘的危害性和普遍性的认识,从学龄前儿童功能性便秘的危险因素入手,采取具有针对性的手段,制定确实可靠的预防措施,达到早期预防和早期治疗的目的。     

柯尔克孜族学龄前留守儿童缺铁性贫血患病率及影响因素分析

目的 了解新疆柯尔克孜族学龄前留守儿童缺铁性贫血状况及其影响因素,为少数民族学龄前留守儿童健康成长提供支持。方法 2016年10-11月采用分层抽样的方法在新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州的农村地区对442名柯尔克孜族3~6岁留守儿童进行调查及检测。结果 柯尔克孜族学龄前留守儿童缺铁性贫血的总检出率为18.10%(80/442),其中轻度为12.22%、中度为4.30%、重度为1.58%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=47.60,P＜0.01)。回归分析显示,孕期母亲未补铁(OR=2.026,95%CI:1.038~3.944)、家庭月收入1 000元以下(OR=2.352,95%CI:1.111~5.011)、挑食(OR=3.997,95%CI:1.318~12.108)是导致儿童缺铁性贫血的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 柯尔克孜族学龄前留守儿童缺铁性贫血患病率较高,以轻度贫血为主,应积极采取干预措施,以降低贫血患病率。     

Screening for hepatitis A virus antibodies among a disadvantaged group of preschool children in Alexandria

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunity in a group of socially and economically deficient preschool children in Alexandria has been investigated. A total of 228 randomly selected children were enrolled. Saliva was collected from every child using a cotton wool swab. Anti-HAV was investigated in the collected saliva by a competitive ELISA technique utilizing a commercially available kit. The results revealed that among the investigated children 60 (26.3%) were anti-HAV positive. The mean age of anti-HAV positive children was 4.43 years +/- 0.21 years. Ten (33.3%) couples were siblings, 2 (3.3%) children gave a positive history of jaundice. As regards housing conditions; 34 (56.7%) of anti-HAV positive children had indoor sources of water supply and 26 (43.3%) had outdoor ones. The mean crowding index was 3.35 +/- 1.72. Positive anti-HAV was significantly more prevalent among older (P < 0.05) and among female children (P < 0.02). In conclusion, the routine administration of hepatitis A vaccine, combined with improvements in sanitation should reduce the incidence of acute illness and complications associated with the disease thereby decreasing the spread of HAV in developing countries.     

Parasitic infections and gastrointestinal symptoms among preschool children in day care centers in Alexandria, Egypt

There is a considerable amount of speculations concerning the presence of symptoms in various parasitic infections. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of different parasitic infections among children in day care centers (DCCs), and to establish the relation of such infections to gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 623 stool samples were collected from 700 preschool children aged 2-5 years who attended 3 DCCs of different social classes in Alexandria. These samples were tested for parasitic infection by the conventional microscopy. Parents were interviewed as regards the gastrointestinal symptoms frequently suffered from by their children included in the sample during the 3 months period preceding the interview. The prevalence rate of parasitic infection was 56.0%. Giardiasis was the commonest infection (34.7%), followed by Ascariasis (24.4%) and Trichuriasis (4.6%). Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence than girls (58.3% vs. 52.9%, p<0.01). Social children were more infected with G. lamblia than unsocial ones (39.6% vs. 22.1%, p<0.01). Vomiting was strongly associated with G. lamblia infection (OR=7.1, p<0.01), diarrhea with multiple infections (OR=48.2, p<0.01), while abdominal pain was not significantly associated with any of these infections. The high prevalence of Giardiasis in DCCs emphasizes the need for increased surveillance for G. lamblia as a cause of vomiting in children, especially among active and social boys. Routine and periodic administration of a protozoan treatment to such children is recommended.     

Distribution of anemia among preschool children from the semi-arid region of Bahia

The objective of this survey was to determine the prevalence of anemia and potential determinants thereof in 754 children from urban areas of seven small towns in the semi-arid region of Bahia. Hemoglobin was measured in 745 children 1 to 72 months of age. For the 6-to-72 month-old group, hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dl was considered anemia (following WHO recommendations) whereas <9.5 g/dl was considered severe anemia. The same cutoffs were used for children under 6 months, which are the same ones used in clinical-hematology. A mean hemoglobin of 12.1 g/dl was found, distributed differently according to age groups (p=0.001). The study found prevalences of 22.2 % for anemia and 5.8% for severe anemia, respectively. Occurrence of anemia varied significantly with age (p=0.001); the highest prevalence was 50.0% in children 12 to 23 months of age, followed by 29.9% in children below 12 months. The association of anemia with mother's education (controlled for age) and per capita family income was not statistically significant.     

Risk factors of puerperal sepsis in Alexandria

Puerperal infections are an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing nations. Investigators have noted several risk factors for developing puerperal sepsis. However, the relative importance of these risk factors varies and has to be determined for each setting. Therefore the aim of the present work was to determine the risk factors for puerperal sepsis in Alexandria, Egypt. A case-control design was used to study the risk factors of puerperal sepsis in Alexandria. The study included 160 puerperal sepsis cases and 160 controls. Puerperal sepsis cases were recruited from the fever hospital as well as from 3 rural health units and three urban health offices in Alexandria. A pre-designed interviewing questionnaire was used to collect data about risk factors of puerperal sepsis. Logistic regression analysis indicated that very low socio-economic score (OR = 6.4), no ANC (OR = 4.5), delivery at a governmental maternity hospital (OR = 203.4), frequent vaginal examinations (OR = 5.1), anemia during puerperium (OR = 4.3), unsanitary vaginal douching during puerperium (OR = 19.9) and unhygienic preparation of diapers used immediately after delivery (OR = 12.1) were significantly related to the occurrence of puerperal sepsis. Improving infection control measures during delivery, limiting the frequency of vaginal examinations, and avoiding all unhygienic practices related to delivery are strongly recommended.     

北京市学龄前儿童视屏时间现状及影响因素分析

了解北京市2~6岁学龄前儿童视屏时间现况及视屏时间过长的影响因素,为制定近视防控干预措施提供参考.方法 采用方便抽样的方法,对北京5所幼儿园共计366名在园儿童的家长进行问卷调查,分析可能导致视屏时间过长的危险因素.结果 北京市学龄前儿童平均每天视屏时间为(120.5±78.5) min,>1 h/d的报告率为75.8%.其中入园日平均视屏时间为(92.4±72.8) min,周末为(192.4± 117.0) min.Logistic回归分析显示,学龄前儿童视屏时间>1 h/d与年龄增长(OR=1.69,95%CI=1.19~2.38,P<0.05)、父母无经常锻炼习惯(OR=3.05,95%CI=1.50~6.19,P<0.05)呈正性相关;女生是学龄前儿童平均一周视屏时间>1 h/d的保护因素(OR=0.49,95%CI=0.25~0.99,P<0.05).结论 北京市学龄前儿童视屏时间超标的比例较高,周末情况更严重,儿童性别、年龄、父母锻炼习惯等对学龄前儿童的视屏时间会产生影响.应针对不同影响因素,开展减少视屏时间的教育和干预工作.     

Risk factors for anemia among 6- to 12-month-old children in Brazil]

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and to determine associated risk factors among infants receiving routine health care in public clinics in Brazil. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 2,715 infants between 6 and 12 months old in 12 cities, in all five of the geographic regions of Brazil. Information regarding the child and its feeding habits was obtained from the mother or other caregiver, using a questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined based on height and weight measurements. The hemoglobin concentration was measured using the HemoCue portable hemoglobinometer. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin < 11 g/dL. The infants' eating habits were assessed based on what they were eating around the time of the questionnaire interviews. The association between anemia and the different variables was evaluated through bivariate analysis, followed by multiple logistic regression using a hierarchical selection model. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia for the entire group was 65.4%. Multiple regression analysis identified the following risk factors for anemia: living in the Southeastern Region of Brazil (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.25- 1.99), maternal age < 20 years (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.21-2.07), birthweight < 2,500 g (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.48-2.95), not being breast-fed (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02-1.61), receiving both breast milk and other foods (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10-1.78), and male gender (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.06-1.46). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of anemic children indicates the need to emphasize, in prenatal and infant health programs, intervention measures for anemia control. Our results could guide these measures, focusing on the groups at greatest risk, such as low birthweight babies and the children of adolescent mothers.     

Risk factors related to deaf-mutism among pupils attending the Alexandria governmental deaf-mute schools

Childhood deafness interferes with the cognitive development of the child, so it is considered a major handicap. The present work was carried out to reveal possible risk factors of deaf-mutism and the magnitude of each. The case control design was chosen as a research methodology. A 50% sample of deaf-mute pupils at the primary level were selected at random from each of the two governmental schools for the deaf-mutes in Alexandria (boys=96, & girls=76). A control group chosen at random from a main stream governmental school and matched by age and sex of the pupils as well as with education and occupation of the father. Matching was carried out at the sampling phase, pairing each case to its control. Data were collected by interviewing the mothers using an interviewing schedule. Matched analysis was carried out where pairing of cases and controls was retained. The likelihood estimate of Odds ratio conditional on the number of discordant pairs was estimated using McNemer's test. The 5% level was chosen as the level of significance. The study revealed 172 deaf-mute pupils. Their mean age was 9.48+/-1.981 years. Boys outnumbered girls (55.8% and 44.2% respectively). In 59.4% parents were cousins. Deafness was first noticed at 6 to 60 months of age with a mean of 14.70+/-10.2 months. Most fathers and mothers were illiterate (48.84% and 61.63%). Heredity was a risk factor, where 84.82% of cases had a positive family history compared to none of the controls. Moreover, in case of consanguinity the Odds ratio=5.60. Acquired deafness constituted the second important group of all causes of deafness. Meningitis featured as the most important cause of acquired deafness with an estimated relative risk of 18.5, followed by fever (Odds ratio=4.67), then repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis and ear disease where the case control percent difference was 8.72% and 4.65% respectively.     

上海市中心城区学龄前儿童安全座椅使用现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解儿童安全座椅使用情况,分析影响使用的相关因素。方法 对黄浦区内整群随机抽样的1 119名3~6岁有车家庭儿童家长进行《儿童乘车现况》问卷调查,内容包括人口学特征、儿童安全座椅的使用情况等。采用χ²检验比较组间率,多因素Logistic回归分析筛选危险因素。结果 在1 119名调查对象中有694个家庭(62.02%)配备了儿童安全座椅,总是使用率25.92%(290/1 119)。儿童年龄越小、本市户籍、独生子女,家长文化程度高、家庭经济条件好是使用儿童安全座椅的保护因素,家长对儿童乘车安全的认知正确、儿童乘车出行距离、出行频次显著影响儿童安全座椅的使用。结论 儿童安全座椅使用率低,家长对儿童乘车安全知识存在认知误区,亟待加强宣传教育。     

学龄前儿童屈光异常及其影响因素分析

目的:对省海盐县学龄前儿童屈光异常的发生情况以及可能的影响因素进行调查分析,以期为相关防治措施提供依据.方法:选择2011年3月～2014年3月期间对海盐县20所幼儿园共8000名幼儿,排除资料不全者,共计7 886例幼儿人选本研究资料.对以上幼儿进行屈光不正检查,对屈光异常幼儿视力进行复查,若幼儿存在视力异常则给予眼科专科检查以排除是否合并有器质性病变.同期对幼儿家长进行相关影响因素的问卷调查.结果:存在弱视的幼儿共1 743名,占复诊幼儿的80.14％,其中远视性1 256名(72.06％),近视性61名(3.50％),混合散光426名(24.44％).弱视屈光类型中远视性占据了绝大多数,但单存在下降的趋势,混合散光的检出率有逐渐上升的趋势.在可能影响学龄前儿童屈光异常的因素中,妊娠期孕产妇的烟酒史、幼儿家族史、早产、过高的用眼频率、出生体重低体重以及家庭低收入等在屈光异常幼儿中所占的比例高于屈光正常的幼儿(P均＜0.05).结论:对学龄前儿童的屈光筛查应引起儿童眼保健工作者的足够重视,对幼儿屈光不正争取做到早期发现,早期诊断,早期治疗,有利于儿童的健康成长,对我国国民素质的提高有积极的影响.