Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of diurnal blood pressure changes upon cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. DESIGN: Fifty-four asymptomatic hypertensive and 34 normotensive elderly subjects underwent both 24-h non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and brain magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS. Diurnal variation was defined as a difference of greater than or equal to 10 mmHg between mean awake and asleep systolic blood pressure. Hypertensives were thus classified as dippers or non-dippers. Low intense foci (lacunae) and advanced periventricular hyperintensity were identified as silent cerebrovascular damage. RESULTS: In the hypertensive group, lacunae were correlated more closely with mean asleep systolic blood pressure than with mean awake systolic blood pressure. Age, awake blood pressure, predicted whole blood viscosity, lipid profiles or quantity of sleep did not differ between the hypertensive dippers or non-dippers. The non-dippers, however, showed significantly higher grades of cerebrovascular damage as well as cardiac hypertrophy by electrocardiography than the dippers, whose results were similar to those of normotensives in this regard. CONCLUSIONS: An absent or lower nocturnal blood pressure fall in elderly hypertensives is associated with silent cerebrovascular damage. In contrast, the presence of a nocturnal fall could prevent the development of hypertensive vascular damage.     

老年高血压患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退与血压变异性的关系

目的探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退(亚甲减)的老年高血压患者每日血压变异性(BPV)指标特点及与亚甲减的关系。方法共纳入260例老年高血压患者,其中129例合并亚甲减,131例甲状腺功能正常者作对照,采集患者身高、体重、诊室坐位血压、血甲状腺功能指标、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、高敏C反应蛋白、血尿酸、同形半胱氨酸等指标,同时作24 h动态血压监测。结果亚甲减组与甲功正常组比较,夜间收缩压、清晨收缩压、反杓形节律构成比更高(P<0.05),杓形节律构成比、舒张压夜间下降率更低(P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示:即便排除其他因素影响,清晨收缩压仍与游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)负相关,与促甲状腺激素(TSH)正相关;清晨舒张压与年龄负相关,与体重、TSH正相关;夜间收缩压下降率与FBG负相关,与FT3正相关;夜间舒张压下降率与FT3正相关。结论老年高血压患者BPV增大与亚甲减密切相关。     

老年高血压病及脑卒中患者动态血压分析的探讨

目的　探讨老年高血压病及脑卒中患者动态血压的特点。方法　对 30 7例高血压病患者进行动态血压监测 ,并根据年龄分为 :A组 (对照组n =16 1) ,年龄 <6 0岁 ;B组 (观察组n =14 6 ) ,年龄≥ 6 0岁。两组中又根据是否合并脑卒中 ,进一步分为 4个亚组A1 、B1 组 (无脑卒中 ) ,A2 、B2 组 (脑卒中 )。结果　B组老年高血压患者无论有无脑卒中 ,其血压昼夜节律性明显低于A组 (P <0 .0 5 )。B组脉压 [B1 组昼脉压 5 2 .9mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,夜脉压4 9.4mmHg;B2 组昼脉压 5 3.2mmHg ,夜脉压 5 3mmHg]较A组脉压 (A1 组昼脉压 4 3.6mmHg ,夜脉压 4 0 .3mmHg ;A2组昼脉压 4 7.2mmHg ,夜脉压 4 4mmHg)明显增大 (P <0 .0 5 )。B2 组夜间收缩压 (12 8.1mmHg)明显高于其余 3组 (A1组 117.4mmHg、A2 组 12 1.1mmHg、B1 组 12 0 .7mmHg ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血压昼夜节律降低、动态脉压增大及夜间收缩压增高是老年高血压患者动态血压的特点     

老年高血压病患者血压节律与靶器官损害的相关性

目的探讨老年高血压病患者血压节律变化与心、脑、肾等靶器官损害的相关性。方法观察高血压病血压节律正常（杓型组）和异常（非杓型组）２组老年患者各３８例的临床资料。结果组间在体重指数、偶测血压、白昼平均收缩压等无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；非杓型组２４ｈ平均收缩压和舒张压、白昼平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压和舒张压、收缩压和舒张压负荷值较杓型组升高（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；左室重量和左室重量指数显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５，０．０１）；无症状腔隙性脑梗塞的个数及发病率均高于后者（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；无痛性心肌缺血次数增多，总持续时间延长（Ｐ＜０．０１，０．０５）；尿蛋白检出率亦高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论血压昼夜节律消失较节律正常的高血压病患者有更显著的靶器官损害。     

老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰现象对靶器官影响的临床研究

目的研究老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰现象，明确其对主要靶器官结构及功能的潜在损害。方法采用24h动态血压监测仪分析88例老年高血压患者的血压，确认晨峰组与非晨峰组，均常规检查血脂、空腹血糖、测定尿微量白蛋白（UALB），计算体质量指数（BMI）、左心室质量指数（LVMI）、心电图计算QT离散度（QTcd）。结果晨峰组的24h白昼、夜间平均收缩压均显著高于非晨峰组动态血压监测水平，晨峰组的LVMI、QTcd和UALB指标均高于非晨峰组（P〈0．05）；2组BMI、血脂、血糖差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论血压晨峰使靶器官损害增加，因此遏制原发性高血压患者的晨峰反应对降压达标和减缓靶器官受累程度具有重要意义。     

老年原发性高血压患者血压变异性对新发心房颤动的影响

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压变异性对新发心房颤动(房颤)的影响。方法回顾性研究2010年1月~2011年12月在我院住院治疗不伴房颤的老年原发性高血压患者683例,根据随访期间是否新发房颤分为房颤组69例及非房颤组614例。记录基线特征、超声心动图参数。进行动态血压监测,按收缩压变异性中位数9.89mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)将入选患者分为高变异性342例和低变异性341例。应用Cox回归方程分析血压变异性对新发房颤的影响。结果房颤组24h收缩压变异性明显高于非房颤组[(11.13±3.50)mm Hg vs(10.21±3.41)mm Hg,P=0.034],24h舒张压明显低于非房颤组[(67.19±8.16)mm Hg vs(69.33±8.39)mm Hg,P=0.045]。多因素Cox回归分析显示,24h收缩压变异性、脑出血及心脏永久性起搏器置入是老年原发性高血压患者新发房颤的独立危险因素(HR=1.949,95%CI:1.175~3.233,P=0.010;HR=2.983,95%CI:1.075~8.277,P=0.036;HR=2.567,95%CI:1.370~4.810,P=0.003)。结论收缩压变异性升高是老年原发性高血压患者新发房颤的独立危险因素。     

Diurnal blood pressure variation in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is an important risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Diurnal blood pressure (BP) changes are evaluated by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between diurnal BP variation and SAS severity, as well as the impact of antihypertensive therapy on diurnal BP variation. Patients seen at our clinic between April and September 2006 with excessive daytime sleepiness or apnea were enrolled. All patients had polysomnography and ABPM. Mean 24 h BP and nighttime BPs were significantly higher in the SAS group than in the non-SAS group. No significant differences were observed in daytime BPs between the two groups. SAS patients had a high mean 24-h BP and an elevated nighttime BP, both of which increased as SAS severity increased. Nighttime BPs were significantly higher in the moderate SAS group than in the non-SAS group. Nighttime BP and morning BP were significantly higher in the severe SAS group than in the non-SAS group. With respect to antihypertensive agents' effects on diurnal BP changes, there were no significant differences between the SAS and non-SAS groups. In conclusion, compared with non-SAS patients, patients with SAS had a higher 24-h BP, especially nighttime BP. Patients with moderate SAS tended to have elevated nighttime BP. In patients with severe SAS, elevated BP was sustained during the night despite the use of antihypertensive agents.     

Differences in exercise blood pressure response between dipper and non-dipper elderly patients with essential hypertension

We evaluated the circadian variation and exercise stress response patterns of blood pressure (BP) in elderly patients with essential hypertension. Ambulatory BP monitoring for 48 hours every 30 minutes, and treadmill exercise test using a Bruce protocol at PM 3 to 5 were performed in 49 untreated patients with hypertension. Mean daytime (awake), and night-time (sleeping) systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values were analyzed by reviewing the patients' diaries, and the nocturnal reduction rate (NRR) of SBP and DBP were calculated according to the following formula. NRR (%) = [(daytime mean-nighttime mean)/daytime mean] x 100. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (dipper, n = 25) or absence (non-dipper, n = 24) of a reduction in both SBP and DBP during the night by an average of more than 10% of the daytime BP. Mean values of SBP and DBP measured over 48 hours in the dipper and non-dipper groups were similar. Responses of SBP to dynamic exercise at 2 to 5 minutes in the non-dipper group were significantly smaller than those in the dipper group (p < 0.05). Non-dipper patients with hypertension responded to dynamic exercise stress with smaller increases in SBP than did those in the dipper group. The differences in BP responses to exercise may affect the circadian blood pressure profile in dipper and non-dipper elderly patients with essential hypertension.     

Body height is a determinant of seasonal blood pressure variation in patients with essential hypertension.

To determine the factors that affect seasonal variation in blood pressure (BP) in a fairly large number of patients with essential hypertension who stayed almost entirely indoors in a stable environmental temperature and who took a calcium channel blocker during the study. This prospective study of hypertensive patients was conducted during the summer and winter. BP was measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; the indoor temperature was measured at the time of the BP measurement using an electrothermometer with the subject awake and indoors. Subjects comprised 38 men and 57 women. The subjects spent virtually the entire day indoors during both the summer (men, 22.1+/-1.6 h; women, 23.0+/-0.9 h) and winter (men, 23.0+/-0.9 h; women, 22.9+/-0.9 h). During the waking hours, the systolic/diastolic BPs were significantly higher during the winter than the summer. The differences were 8+/-9/4+/-5 mmHg in men and 5+/-11/2+/-6 mmHg in women; these values were not significantly different between men and women. No significant seasonal differences in BP during the sleeping hours were noted. There was a significant difference of approximately 6 degrees C in the environmental temperature during waking hours, but there was no significant difference in urinary excretion of sodium or in exercise activity between the seasons. Only body height was significantly correlated with the winter increase in waking BP in both men and women, even after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Body height was a determinant of the increase in waking BP during the winter in hypertensive patients who lived almost entirely indoors.     

老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚的关系。方法选择老年原发性高血压患者80例,根据24 h动态血压监测分为2组:血压晨峰值≥55 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为晨峰组,血压晨峰值<55mm Hg为非晨峰组,每组40例,均常规行超声心动图检查,计算左心室重量指数(LVMI)。结果晨峰组24h、昼间、夜间收缩压及血压晨峰均明显高于非晨峰组(P<0.05),晨峰组LVMI明显高于非晨峰组;左心室肥厚比例明显高于非晨峰组(P<0.05)。结论老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚密切相关。     

老年原发性高血压患者晨峰现象与靶器官损害

目的 探讨老年原发性高血压晨峰(MBPS)现象对靶器官损害的影响. 方法 老年原发性高血压患者186例,依24 h动态血压分MBPS组(104例)和非MBPS组(82例).所有对象进行心脏和颈动脉超声检查,计算左室质量指数(LVMI)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及斑块的发生率. 结果 MBPS组24 h、白昼以及夜间平均收缩压、脉压均较非MBPS组高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),MBPS组的LVMI及左右两侧颈动脉IMT均明显高于非MBPS组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);颈动脉斑块的发生率MBPS组显著高于非MBPS组(P＜0.01). 结论 老年原发性高血压患者具有MBPS现象者有明显的靶器官损害.     

老年原发性高血压患者晨峰现象与左心室肥厚

目的: 探讨老年原发性高血压晨峰现象与左心室肥厚的关系。方法: 老年原发性高血压患者107例根据24 h动态血压监测分为有晨峰现象（MBPS）组（40例）和无晨峰现象（NMBPS）组（67例）,检查空腹血脂、血糖和肌酐,并计算体质量指数（BMI）和左室质量指数（LVMI）。结果: MBPS组的24 h动态血压监测收缩压高于NMBPS组（P<0.05）。MBPS组的LVMI显著高于NMBPS组［（132±28）g/m2 vs.(113±28)g/m2,P<0.01］。结论: 老年原发性高血压有晨峰现象者更易发生左心室肥厚。     

Seasonal changes in blood pressure and frequency of related complications in elderly Israeli patients with essential hypertension

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies on hypertension demonstrated seasonal variations in different age groups. However, slightly greater fluctuations were found in the hypertensive elderly. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a prospective 5-year study from January 1997 to December 2001 to evaluate the seasonal variation in blood pressure and the variables of age, gender, body mass index and related complications in elderly Israeli patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Blood pressure was measured in four seasons in 182 patients (98 men and 84 women; age range 65-91 years) treated for hypertension in our outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Both systolic and diastolic mean blood pressures were higher during winter compared to summer (165 +/- 11.6 and 90 +/- 13.7 and 134 +/- 47.3 and 74 +/- 8.5 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.001). There were no significant seasonal differences between spring and autumn or any correlation between the seasonal winter-summer difference in blood pressure and other studied parameters. Patients aged 65-75 years were unexpectedly more sensitive to winter-summer changes than older patients. There was a correlation between a large winter-summer difference in systolic blood pressure and a body mass index between 20 and 30, but there was none in lower or higher ranges. Supplementary antihypertension treatment was required during winter in 38% of these selected patients. Complications such as myocardial infarctions and strokes occurred twice as frequently in winter than in any other season (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were highest during winter. Hypertension complications were more frequent in winter. Our results refute those of earlier studies that failed to find significant seasonal variations in blood pressure among the elderly.     

老年高血压降压治疗目标值争议

一直以来,临床研究和实践中对老年患者降压治疗的目标值存在着争议。随着HYVET研究的公布,以及近年来对降压治疗J型曲线的认识,目前高血压指南和临床认识趋于一致：老年患者可从降压治疗中获益,降压目标值不宜过低;同时强调个体化治疗。     

原发性高血压患者血压与胰岛素敏感性水平的关系

目的探讨高血压病患者血压与胰岛素抵抗、血糖、血脂、尿酸水平的关系.方法测定222例高血压病患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率;以稳态模式评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);与胰岛素抵抗有关的指标:体重指数、腰围臀围比、口服葡萄糖耐量试验血糖曲线下面积(ACUG)、总胆固醇、甘油三酯.结果 106例2级高血压病人的HOMA-IR(1.8±1.4)显著高于116例1级高血压病人的HOMA-IR(1.4±1.2),两者比较P<0.05.逐步回归分析显示,HOMA-IR与ACUG是收缩压的独立相关因素;体重指数、尿酸与心率是舒张压的独立相关因素.结论高血压病患者收缩压和与胰岛素抵抗、血糖直接相关;舒张压与肥胖程度、尿酸及心率直接相关.     

高龄高血压患者血压昼夜节律改变与左室肥厚的关系

目的:探讨高龄高血压患者动态血压昼夜节律改变与左室肥厚的关系。方法:对186例年龄≥75岁的高血压病患者进行动态血压监测,并应用超声心动图检测左室舒张末期内径、舒张期室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度,计算左心室重量及左心室重量指数。观察血压昼夜节律变化及左室结构的变化。结果:动态血压监测显示24h血压呈非勺型者为142例(76.34%),呈勺型者为44例(23.66%),非勺型组24h收缩压、舒张压均高于勺型组(P<0.01)。非勺型组室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室重量指数均较勺型组增加(P<0.05,<0.05,<0.01)。结论:高龄高血压患者70%以上血压昼夜节律失常,且左室肥厚的发生率明显增加。     

瑞舒伐他汀对老年高血压患者血压及血清C-反应蛋白水平的影响

原发性高血压是一种常见的体循环动脉血压升高为主要特征,诱发心血管疾病的主要危险因素。近年来研究证实,高敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）与高血压独立相关,在高血压众多危险因子中,hs-CRP的敏感性及特异性最高。他汀类调脂药是临床常用的调脂药,除具有调脂作用外,还具有抗炎等作用。本研究旨在探讨瑞舒伐他汀对原发性高血压患者的血压与hs—CRP水平的影响。     

老年原发性高血压患者24小时动态血压与左室肥厚的关系

目的观察老年原发性高血压患者24h动态血压与左室肥厚的关系。方法选择老年原发性高血压患者58例,分别作24小时动态血压及心脏超声心动图检查,观察24h动态血压（包括24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、24h平均脉压）与室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度的关系。结果24h平均收缩压、24h平均脉压与室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度有相关性（分别为前者：r=0.415、P〈0.01,r=0.363、P〈0.01;后者：r=0.336,P〈0.05,r=0.346,P〈0.05）。结论老年原发性高血压患者随着24h平均收缩压增高、24h平均脉压增大而左室肥厚。     

老年原发性高血压患者卧立位血压改变与脑白质损害的相关性

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者卧立位血压改变与脑白质损害的关系。方法自2012年5月~2013年7月于禹城市人民医院筛选住院的老年高血压患者287例,根据卧立位收缩压变化值(OC)三分位分为低OC组92例,中OC组102例和高OC组93例。所有受试者接受头颅MRI扫描,检测脑白质高信号体积及脑白质高信号分数。结果高OC组脑白质高信号体积和脑白质高信号分数显著高于低OC组及中OC组[(10.82±3.19)ml vs(6.48±2.83)ml和(7.58±3.65)ml,P0.05;(0.71±0.24)%vs(0.50±0.21)%和(0.53±0.25)%,P0.05]。OC及卧立位舒张压变化值均与脑白质高信号体积(r=0.499,r=0.328,P0.01)及脑白质高信号分数(r=0.358,r=0.220,P0.01)呈显著正相关。OC是脑白质高信号体积和脑白质高信号分数的独立影响因素(95%CI:0.098~0.149,95%CI:0.004~0.008,P0.01)。结论 OC与老年原发性高血压患者脑白质损害相关。