肺癌患者肺组织和痰标本p53基因突变检测及其临床意义

目的　探讨肺癌患者支气管肺活检组织和痰标本中p5 3基因突变检测在肺癌诊断中意义。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 单链多肽性 (SSCP) 银染法检测 12 0例肺癌和 40例良性肺疾病支气管肺活检组织和痰标本p5 3基因第 5～ 8外显子突变情况。结果　 60例肺癌患者癌组织、癌旁组织和对侧支气管组织p5 3基因突变检出率分别为 60 % (3 6/ 60 )、17% (10 / 60 )和 5 % (3 / 60 ) ,三组间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 5 )。 2 0例良性肺疾病支气管肺组织p5 3基因突变检出率为 5 %。故活检组织p5 3基因突变检出肺癌的敏感性为 60 % ,特异性为 95 % ;另外 60例肺癌痰标本p5 3基因突变检出的敏感性为 43 % (2 6/ 60 ) ,特异性为 10 0 %。肺癌痰标本p5 3基因突变联合细胞学检测使肺癌的诊断率从单纯细胞学的 48% (2 9/ 60 )提高到 68% (41/ 60 )。结论　痰标本p5 3基因检测联合细胞学检查可提高肺癌的诊断率     

肺癌癌组织标本中微卫星DNA检测及临床意义

为研究肺癌癌组织标本中微卫星DNA改变及其对肺癌的诊断价值，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）－银染法，对43例原发性肺癌（观察组）及10例良性肺疾病患者（对照组）纤支镜活检标本的3个微卫星位点进行了检测。结果观察组微卫星不稳定（MSI）发生率47％，杂合性丢失阳性率（LOH）30％，MSI加LOH阳性率为63％；对照组未发现微卫星DNA改变。提示肺癌组织微卫星DNA检测诊断肺癌有一定价值。     

肺活检和支气管肺泡灌洗标本p53、K-ras和p16基因检测在肺癌诊断中的意义

目的 探讨肺活检和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)标本p53、K-ras和p16基因检测对肺癌诊断的意义。方法 应用多聚合酶链反应(PCR)一单链构象多肽性(SSCP)—银染法和多重PCR分析，检测60例肺癌患者和18例良性肺疾病患者支气管肺活检组织和BALF标本p53基因和k-ras基因突变及p16基因变异(突变 缺失)状况。结果 肺癌组支气管肺活检标本中p53基因和k-ras基因突变、p16基因变异及三基因联合检测阳性率分别是60％、33．3％、41．7％和81．3％；相应的BALF标本阳性率为43．3％、33．3％、38．3％和73．3％。两种标本相应基因异常检出率比较差异无显著性(P值均＞0．05)。良性肺疾病组仅活检标本检出p53和K-ras基因突变各1例，而BALF标本良性疾病组三种基因异常的检出率均为0。良恶性疾病组比较差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。肺癌组BALF标本不论单基因检测还是联合检测异常率均高于癌细胞的检出率(P＜0.05)。BALF标本细胞学联合三种基因异常检测可将诊断率从单纯细胞学的16．6％提高到81．7％。结论 BALF标本基因检测可提高纤支镜检查对肺癌的诊断率。     

多种手段在肺部肿瘤诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)刷检/针吸/活检、肺穿刺组织病理学/细胞学与痰液细胞学在肺部肿瘤诊断中的应用。方法纤支镜在病变部位刷片、针吸或活检;CT引导下肺部病变部位穿刺;取晨痰或新鲜痰液涂片作细胞学检查。结果本组617例患者,经临床或病理学确诊为肺癌患者525例,应用纤支镜、肺穿刺及痰液细胞学诊断肺癌432例,占82.3%;其中纤支镜刷检/针吸/活检阳性318例,占60.6%;肺穿刺阳性108例,占20.6%;痰液细胞学阳性104例,占19.8%(其中痰液细胞学单独阳性者6例,占1.1%)。结论纤维支气管镜刷检/针吸/活检与CT引导下肺穿刺组织病理学/细胞学检查,在肺部肿瘤的诊断中有重要的应用价值;痰细胞学检查简便易行,可作为纤支镜检查阴性和不能耐受纤支镜检查的肺癌患者的补充手段,在肺部肿瘤的筛查中有重要的意义。多种手段联合检查,可进一步提高肺部肿瘤诊断的阳性率。     

肺炎型肺癌的特点及诊疗分析

目的探讨肺炎型肺癌（PTLC）的临床特点，提高诊治水平。方法回顾性分析1988年1月～2007年5月收治的58例PTLC，总结诊断及治疗经验。结果纤支镜检查确诊9例，痰脱落细胞学检查确诊7例，胸水检查确诊2例，经皮肺穿活检确诊5例，淋巴结活检确诊6例，手术探查确诊29例。结论PTLC无特征性临床表现，但有一定的影像学特点，纤支镜、痰细胞学检查、经皮肺穿活检等有助于诊断，手术是确诊及治疗的主要手段。     

纤支镜刷检与病理活检在肺癌诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜刷检物涂片细胞学检查与病理活检在肺癌诊断中的临床价值。方法对比分析182例经纤支镜刷检物涂片细胞学检查与病理确诊为肺癌患者的病理诊断情况。结果 182例患者中经纤支镜刷检物涂片细胞学确诊为肺癌阳性126例,占69.2%,经病理活检确诊为肺癌阳性134例,占73.6%,两者共同检测可检出肺癌阳性175例,占96.2%。与其他单一方法比较,阳性检出率明显提高(P<0.05)。结论纤支镜刷检物涂片细胞学检查联合病理活检可明显提高肺癌诊断的阳性率。     

纤支镜中多种检查在周围型肺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨非直视经纤支镜肺活检联合细胞学检查在周围型肺癌的诊断价值。方法将本院100例最终确诊为周围型肺癌患者的资料进行总结分析。结果 100例患者中非直视经纤支镜肺活检(TBLB)阳性59例,占59%;支气管肺泡灌洗(BALF)阳性25例,占25%;刷片阳性22例,占22%;痰检阳性12例,占12%。TBLB+BALF+刷片法+痰检法阳性74例,占74%。结论非直视经纤支镜肺活检联合细胞学检查对周围型肺癌有较高诊断价值。     

11例肺炎型肺癌的误诊及其影像学特点分析

目的探讨肺炎型肺癌误诊原因和其影像学特点。方法分析11例被误治为其他疾病的肺炎型肺癌患者的临床资料,分析讨论误诊误治经过和影像学（x线摄片、cT扫描）特点。结果肺炎型肺癌的临床表现主要是咳嗽、咳痰,x线表现致密浸润阴影、斑片状阴影,cT扫描大片状致密阴影和小结节影等。9例患者被误诊为局灶性肺炎,2例被误诊为肺结核,经抗炎、抗结核等治疗无好转,后经反复痰液脱落细胞学检查、纤支镜活检、经皮肺穿刺活检等措施确诊。结论肺炎型肺癌极易误诊为局灶性肺炎,确诊需结合影像学检查、纤支镜活检、痰脱落细胞学检查、经皮肺穿刺活检等综合措施。     

痰标本检测p53基因突变及其在肺癌早期临床诊断中的意义

目的　评价痰标本检测p53基因点突变方法及其作为肺癌早期临床诊断监测指标的真实性和可靠性。方法　用聚合酶链反应（PCR）-单链多肽性（SSCP）-银染法检测54例原发性肺癌患者和114例良性肺疾病患者痰标本中p53基因第5～8外显子的点突变,同时进行痰涂片细胞学检查。结果　p53突变在肺癌组检出率为55.56%(30/54),非肺癌组检出率为1.75%(2/114),P<0.001。痰标本检测p53基因突变作为肺癌临床诊断监测指标的灵敏性为55.56%,特异性为98.25%,阳性似然比为31.75。肺癌组p53阳性检出率（55.56%）与痰涂片瘤细胞阳性检出率（35.19%）比较,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,关联性有极显著意义（P＜0.01）。肺癌组p53检出率与性别、吸烟指数、病理分型、疾病分期均无明显关系,但与年龄有密切关系,高龄患者（≥60岁）检出率高（P=0.02）。结论　PCR-SSCP-银染法检测痰标本p53突变可以在可疑肺癌患者（如吸烟并慢性肺疾患者）中作为一项随访监测指标,并将有助于肺癌的早期临床诊断。     

纤支镜与超声介入对肺癌检出率的比较

目的 探讨利用纤支镜与超声介入技术对肺癌检出率的比较。方法 选择肺部肿瘤患285例为受试，均先做纤支镜，第二日再做超声肺部肿瘤探查并行超声引导下肺肿块穿刺活检。上述二项检查标本做组织细胞学的病理检查。结果 纤支镜检出肺鳞癌99例、腺癌72例及未分化癌41例，而非肺癌73例。超声介入技术检出肺鳞癌97例、腺癌69例及未分化癌46例，而非肺癌73例。结论 纤支镜技术对中央型肺癌检出率方便准确，而超声介入技术对周围肺癌检出率高而方便。上述两项技术对肺癌检出具有叠加作用。     

Expression and clinical significance of lung-specific X protein mRNA in bronchial brushing specimens from patients with or without lung cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of lung-specific X protein (LUNX) mRNA expression in bronchial brushing specimens from patients with lung cancer. METHODS: LUNX mRNA levels were assessed by performing RT-PCR on liquid-based cytology bronchial brushing specimens from patients with lung cancer (n=104) or benign lung disease (n=91). Results: LUNX mRNA expression was significantly more frequent in patients with all carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, as well as patients with central, peripheral and diffuse carcinomas (P<0.01), and non-small cell lung carcinomas (P<0.05) compared with patients with benign disease. The diagnostic performance of RT-PCR analysis of LUNX mRNA was significantly better than that of cytology in terms of sensitivity (93.3±4.8% vs 64.4±9.2%), negative predictive value (91.6±6.0% vs 71.1±7.9%) and accuracy (88.7±4.4% vs 81.0±5.5%), whereas specificity (83.5±7.6%) and positive predictive value (86.6±6.3%) were lower than those of cytology (100%). Conclusions: Liquid-based cytology and RT-PCR can be performed to detect LUNX mRNA expression in bronchial brushing specimens, and this technique may be a useful adjunct to cytological diagnosis of lung cancer. The sensitivity of the technique was greater than that of cytology but its lower specificity should be taken into account.     

支气管活检标本的端粒酶活性检测对肺癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨肺癌组织端粒酶活性检测对肺癌的诊断价值。方法采用端粒酶重复序列扩增法检测纤维支气管镜活组织检查的肺癌病变组织（７０例）、肺癌对侧支气管组织（７０例）及非癌性肺疾病支气管组织（２０例）的端粒酶活性,并和病理学及细胞学检查结果进行比较。结果肺癌病变组织端粒酶检出率为８１％,明显高于肺癌对侧支气管组织（１４％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）及非癌性肺疾病支气管组织（１０％）的检出率（Ｐ〈０．０１）;肺癌组织     

A potential probe set of fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of lung cancer in bronchial brushing specimens

Purpose

The study aims to find candidate probes of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detection of lung cancer with bronchial brushings and to evaluate whether the accuracy of diagnosing lung cancer by cytological deviant and genetic abnormalities is greater than that of cytology alone.

Methods

Centromeric enumeration probes (CEPs) for chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 17 were analyzed using FISH in 74 surgical resection tissues, 32 operative margin tissues without tumor involvement of lung cancer, and 174 bronchial brushings.

Results

The aneuploidy rates of the tested probes were 61.7, 89.1, 80.0, 92.7, 65.0, 70.4, 66.7, 71.8, 68.9?% in tumor tissues, and 29.3, 58.9, 33.3, 69.6, 67.0, 40.3, 38.0, 49.3, 35.1?% in bronchial brushings. The combination of cytology and FISH using the three-probe set for chromosomes 3+7+8 significantly improved the sensitivity of bronchial brushing examination for lung cancer detection (P?=?0.00003), especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which increased from 78.0 to 98.2?%. The specificity of the 3+7+8 probe set was 94.6?%. Moreover, a high aneuploidy rate of the probe set in bronchial brushings was detected more often in SCCs (P?=?0.029) and late-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (P?=?0.044). Kaplan–Meier curves indicated that adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients with high aneuploidy rate of CEP3 in tissue samples exhibited poorer overall survival (P?=?0.016).

Conclusions

FISH performed on cytology preparations is useful for confirmation of cancer diagnosis. The three-probe set, 3+7+8, has potential value for the detection of SCCs in bronchial brushings.     

Diagnostic value of postbronchoscopic sputum, bronchoscopic lavage, and transbronchial biopsy in peripheral lung cancer

The aim of this prospective study was to review the value of bronchoscopic lavage, transbronchial biopsy and postbronchoscopic sputum cytology in peripheral lung cancer. Two groups of patients were involved in the study who were treated in our clinic between the years 1999 and 2001: Group I (22 patients; average age 64 +/- 9 years; 18 males and four females) whose lesions were peripherally localised on chest radiographs and Group II (28 patients; average age 61 +/- 8; 26 males and two females) whose lesions were centrally localised and were visible only by diagnostic bronchoscopic procedures. The following procedures and analysis were done in all patients: Cytologic analysis of prebroncoscopic sputum, bronchoscopic lavage, bronchial biopsy, and patients were asked to give sputum in 30 minutes after bronchoscopy. The final diagnosis of all patients was primary lung cancer. In the first group none of the patients had visible endobronchial lesion on fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Sputum cytology of the patients were negative before bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopic lavage cytology was positive in five of 22 patients (22.7%). Transbronchial biopsy provided better diagnostic yield (50%) than postbronchoscopic sputum (31.8%). In the second group of patients, cytologic analysis was positive 25%, 96.4% and 42.9% in bronchoscopic lavage, bronchial biopsy and postbronchoscopic sputum respectively. Our findings suggest that postbronchoscopic sputum cytology may be an important diagnostic procedure in endoscopically nonvisible pulmonary cancer. Since its application is easy and noninvasive, cytologic analysis of postbronchoscopic sputum may be preferable to bronchoscopic biopsy although a favorable diagnostic yield is not expected.     

Ultrasound guided aspiration biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions

Forty-six patients with peripheral lung lesions underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. Aspirates were sent for cytological and/or microbiological examination. Confirmative diagnosis was obtained in 40 patients (86.9%). Twenty-eight patients had positive cytology for malignancy and 12 patients with benign lesions had diagnosis made by cytologic and microbiologic examination. None of the lesions could be diagnosed by sputum cytology and fibreoptic bronchoscopy with biopsy or brushings. No complication was observed in any patient. We conclude that ultrasound guided aspiration biopsy is a useful and safe method for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary masses. The diagnostic yield far exceeds that which can be obtained by sputum cytology and fibreoptic bronchoscopy with biopsy.     

纤维支气管镜术后痰细胞学检查对肺癌诊断的价值

目的观察纤维支气管镜术后痰（以下简称“术后痰”）细胞学检查对肺癌诊断的价值。方法对110例行纤维支气管镜术患者术后第2～5天根据情况送1～3次痰细胞学检查。结果110例有64例确诊为肺癌,其中62例通过刷检、冲洗液、咬检、术后痰、穿刺等6种不同方法联合检查得到确诊,2例通过开胸手术才能确诊。术后痰共检出癌40例,可疑癌2例,不典型上皮细胞3例。纤维支气管镜术结合术后痰检查使肺癌的检出率达92．19％,在两者基础上结合穿刺术可使肺癌检出率提高到96．88％。同时,本组术后痰癌细胞分类与组织学对照,符合率为94．12％。结论结合纤维支气管镜术后痰细胞学检查可提高肺癌的检出率。术后痰细胞学检查对癌细胞分类的准确率高。     

痰液癌基因突变的检测在肺癌诊断中的应用

目的从分子生物学检测角度来寻求敏感的肺癌诊断新方法。方法应用多聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）结合限制性长度片段多态性分析法（ＲＦＬＰ）及免疫组化技术（ＩＨＣ），检测６２例肺癌和３４例肺部良性疾病患者痰标本中ｋｒａｓ、ｐ５３基因的突变状况，检测结果与组织学、脱落细胞学诊断进行对比分析。结果肺癌痰标本的脱落细胞学敏感性为６１％、阴性预计值（ＮＰＶ）为５９％；ｐ５３阳性表达的敏感性为７７％、ＮＰＶ为６６％；ｋｒａｓ变异阳性的敏感性为３４％、ＮＰＶ为４２％；ｐ５３、ｋｒａｓ和痰脱落细胞学联合检测：敏感性提高至９２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＮＰＶ为８４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２４例痰细胞学假阴性痰标本中ｐ５３或ｋｒａｓ变异阳性１７例（７１％）。结论痰标本ｐ５３、ｋｒａｓ的联合检测可增加痰检的敏感性，补充和提高脱落细胞学的诊断价值。     

Lung cancer cell type as a determinant of bronchoscopy yield

The accuracy of diagnosis of lung cancer obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy utilizing sputum cytology and bronchial biopsy depends on the size, location, and number of biopsy samples taken from the tumor. We have found that the accuracy of diagnosis also depends upon the histologic type of cancer. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (brushings, washing, and biopsies) was performed and sputum cytology and bronchial tissue was obtained from 51 patients with histologically-proven lung cancer. The bronchial biopsy was more sensitive than the bronchial washing and brushing techniques in detecting primary bronchogenic and metastatic carcinoma. It was positive in ten of ten patients with small cell carcinoma, 12 out of 20 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, three of four cases of adenocarcinoma, and three of four patients with large cell cancer. The bronchial biopsy yield was influenced by the histologic cell type with the highest diagnostic yield being found with small cell carcinoma.