下颌外旋切除咽及颅底肿瘤

目的 探讨咽及颅底肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法 １３例咽及颅底肿瘤中，鼻咽部２例，口咽部４例，咽旁间隙５例，咽旁颞下区２例。均采用下颌骨切开外旋入路进行了根治性切除。同期行咽后淋巴结清扫术５例，改良根治性颈清扫术２例，咽部缺损以胸大肌皮瓣整复５例。恶性肿瘤术后均接受了辅助性放射治疗。结果 １３例患者中恶性肿瘤１０例，良性肿瘤３例。１２例切口愈合良好，１例术后胸大肌皮瓣感染坏死，延缓愈合。１例吞咽困     

Chondrosarcoma of the skull base.

OBJECTIVES: Sarcomas of the skull base are challenging, potentially lethal tumors. Prognosis is considered poor. The present report reviews treatment options and presents a case of treatment with en bloc resection of the temporal bone and adjacent skull base. STUDY DESIGN: Single case report and literature review. RESULTS: Extensive skull base resection for chondrosarcoma can be performed successfully and may be curative. CONCLUSION: There is a role for en bloc resection of large areas of the skull base for treatment of chondrosarcoma. It appears that treatment combining surgery and radiation therapy is most likely to be effective.     

下颌骨外旋咽、颅底肿瘤切除术4例报告

目的总结下颌骨外旋咽、颅底肿瘤切除术的体会.方法 4例咽及颅底肿瘤均采用下颌骨外旋入路进行手术切除.同期颈淋巴结清扫术2例,咽侧壁缺损以咽后壁局部黏膜转移修复2例.结果 3例恶性肿瘤完全切除;1例脊索瘤未完全切除,术后发生脑脊液鼻漏,填塞后痊愈.2例口咽癌中,1例术后1年死于局部复发,另1例术后2年10个月死于肺部转移.1例咽旁恶性混合瘤已术后3年2个月,仍在随访中.1例脊索瘤2年5个月死于颅内广泛转移.结论此手术入路能充分显露咽、中颅底、咽旁间隙、斜坡和颈椎,并能从颈部向上至颅底,将肿瘤完全切除,手术安全,后遗症轻微.     

Endoscopic endonasal surgery in the management of selected malignant naso-ethmoidal tumors

Objective

The objective of this study was to report the cases of three patients with sinonasal malignant tumors who underwent en bloc tumor resection using endoscopic endonasal approaches, and to discuss the advantages and limitations of endoscopic endonasal tumor resection.

Methods

Three patients with malignant naso-ethmoidal tumors underwent en bloc resection with endoscopic endonasal approach.

Results

In very carefully selected cases of naso-ethmoidal malignant tumors that were preoperatively evaluated on endoscopic findings and magnetic resonance imaging to be limited to within the nasal cavity and/or ethmoid sinus and to have some safe margins between the tumor and skull base and/or lamina papyracea, tumors were resected en bloc using endoscopic endonasal approaches. A case of cerebrospinal fluid leakage was safely managed with the endoscopic approach.

Conclusions

In selected T1–T2 naso-ethmoidal malignant tumors with some safe margins, endoscopic endonasal surgery may offer a satisfactory alternative to external procedures.     

Erosive parapharyngeal space teratoma

An erosive teratoma of the parapharyngeal space is described. Our patient at three months of age presented with an eight-week history of torticollis. Diagnosis was strongly suggested by CT scan which clearly demonstrated bony, fluid and intermediate densities suggestive of a teratoma. The tumor had eroded the petrous bone with inferior extension to the level of the hyoid cartilage. An angiogram revealed compromise of the internal carotid artery at the skull base. Surgical resection at five months removed the tumor from the right parapharyngeal space and included a portion of the petrous bone involving the contents of the middle ear and extending to the base of skull. All vital structures including the facial nerve, carotid artery and vagus nerve preserved. An intraoperative CSF leak was controlled with a muscle plug. To our knowledge, such an extensive teratoma eroding the petrous bone and base of skull, presenting as a neck mass, is the first reported case in the literature. The value of a CT scan as an aid in diagnosis of this tumor is stressed.     

The transcochlear approach to the skull base.

A new approach to tumors of the skull base is described. This approach is accomplished by forward extension of the translabyrinthine opening into the cerebellopontine angle. The facial nerve is mobilized in the temporal bone from the stylomastoid foramen to its entrance into the internal auditory canal. Having removed the barrier of the facial nerve, additional bone removal can be carried forward to the internal carotid artery, which now becomes the forward limit for temporal bone resection. The access attained through this exposure allows removal of tumors arising from the petrous tip, as well as tumors arising directly from the clivus. We provide the case histories of four patients in whom this approach was successfully used in removal of skull base tumors.     

Management of the carotid artery at the skull base

PURPOSE: To determine appropriate management of benign lesions with significant involvement of the carotid artery at the skull base and present an algorithm for safe treatment of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1982 to 1999, 115 patients with significant parapharyngeal space masses were treated at our institution. Of these patients, 43 had lesions involving the carotid artery at the skull base and served as the basis for this study. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine carotid involvement, and all had preoperative 4-vessel arteriograms and carotid occlusion tests with continuous electroencephalography or neurologic examination monitoring to predict safety of carotid sacrifice. RESULTS: Of 43 patients, 41 passed carotid occlusion testing and were treated surgically. Of these patients, 33 (81%) underwent resection of their lesions with preservation of the internal carotid artery, 5 (12%) had resection with bypass or reconstruction of the artery, and 3 (7%) had en bloc resections without artery reconstruction. There were no transient or permanent neurologic sequelae in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: When carotid artery encasement occurs in the setting of benign lesions at the skull base, safe resection with vascular preservation is possible in most cases. If carotid artery resection is necessary, vascular bypass or reconstruction is recommended to minimize neurologic morbidity.     

transcervical approach for resection of lateral skull base tumors

Objectives Conventional approaches for removal of lateral skull base tumors, including transmandibular, infratemporal fossa, preauricular transzygmatic subtemporal approaches, are major invasive procedures that often sacrifice hearing and cause abnormal occlusion and cosmetic defects. Reports of the transcervical approach for resection of skull base tumors are rare, although it was described for resection of clival chordomas in as early as 1966. The purpose of this study is to review our experiences in management of lateral skull base tumors using the transcervical approach. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Six lateral skull base tumor cases treated with transcervical approach procedures were reviewed, including the medical records. Results There were 4 males and 2 females. Age ranged from 12 through 52 years. Histopathological diagnoses included malignant schwannoma(n = 1), malignant carotid body tumor(n = 1), heamangioma(n=1), schwannoma (n=2) and pleomorphic adenoma (n = 1). Transcervical techniques were used in all cases with the use of microscope in the lateral skull base area. Complete tumor removal was achieved in all cases. Postoperative radiotherapy was implemented in 1 case of malignant schwannoma and 1 case of malignant carotid body tumor. Jugular foramen syndrome occurred as a surgical complication in 1 case of malignant Schwannoma of the vagus nerve. There was no tumor recurrence during the 10 - 42 month follow-up period. Conclusion Compared with conventional approaches, the transcervical approach provides a easy, safe, minimal invasive and effective procedure for removal of selected lateral skull base tumors.     

肿瘤累及颈动脉的外科治疗

目的 探讨颈部肿瘤累及大血管的手术中血管处理方法及注意事项.方法 分析8例颈部肿瘤累及颈动脉患者一期整块切除肿瘤及颈动脉以及颈动脉重建手术的方法、效果和术后并发症.结果 患者均在颈动脉转流(颈总动脉-颈内动脉)下切断颈总动脉及颈内动脉,行颈部清扫手术或肿瘤切除术.2例患者采用膨体聚四氟乙烯(expanded polytetrafluoroethylene,ePTFE)人造血管移植,6例患者采用自体大隐静脉移植.全组患者无缺血性脑卒中发生.2例患者术后发生伤口感染,再次手术探查发现均有咽瘘发生.结论 采用术中转流、肿瘤连同受累颈动脉整块切除、颈动脉重建的方法治疗累及颈动脉的颈部进展期肿瘤安全有效并可明显改善患者生活质量.移植血管首选自体静脉.应特别注意防止术后感染.对于手术后局部组织广泛切除,移植血管床无软组织填充、血液供应及侧支循环差或已经暴露咽腔者,应采用转移肌皮瓣覆盖.     

Invasion of the skull base by carcinomas: histopathologically evidenced findings with CT and MRI

The depth and extent of the invasion of the skull base by a tumor are the most critical information for successful en bloc resection of the tumor. The only means available for the evaluation of these factors are CT or MRI images. In order to clarify the ability of these imaging modes to delineate the invasion of the skull base, preoperative images of ten patients who underwent en bloc resection of skull base tumors at Kobe University Hospital were compared with the histopathological findings of the resected specimens. CT proved to be superior to MRI for evaluating bone destruction of the skull base. On the other hand, MRI provided more useful information about intracranial invasion than CT. As a hypertrophic linear shadow on Gd-enhanced MRI represented dural invasion or thickened dura mater adjacent to the tumor, this technique should be taken into consideration to determine the dural resection. We concluded that preoperative evaluation of the depth of skull base invasion by both CT and Gd-enhanced MRI is essential for planning complete tumor resection.     

颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨颅中窝．侧颅底沟通性晚期恶性肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法 16例颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤分别采用了：①耳后“C”形切口,颞骨次全切除进路与高位颈侧切开联合进路行颅中窝-侧颅底和腮腺区肿瘤切除6例;②颞侧舌形切口,颅中窝进路颅内外肿瘤切除4例;③颞-耳-下颌骨外旋进路行咽旁、颞下窝、颅中窝肿瘤切除6例。其中13例术后进行放射治疗。结果 16例中11例术后存活3年以上,5例术后3年内死亡。按寿命表法统计,3年生存率为69％。结论 本组所采用的三种手术方式,能较好地暴露颅内外病变,并进行肿瘤切除。对颅底区晚期恶性肿瘤采用手术及术后放射治疗等积极措施可取得一定的治疗效果。     

内镜经翼突入路切除中颅底恶性肿瘤30例临床分析

目的 探讨内镜经翼突入路切除中颅底恶性肿瘤的疗效。 方法 回顾分析30例经鼻内镜翼突入路切除累及中颅底恶性肿瘤患者相关资料,总结该手术相关技巧和经验,用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,探讨肿瘤累及颈内动脉对预后影响。 结果 手术均为全身麻醉下进行。平均手术时间145 min,平均术中出血470 mL,术中脑脊液漏6例;术后颅内感染2例、脑脊液漏1例,均痊愈。病理分别为复发性鼻咽癌21例、腺样囊性癌3例、黏液表皮样癌2例、脊索瘤1例、癌肉瘤1例、鼻咽滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤1例和颅底淋巴上皮瘤样癌1例。30例颅底恶性肿瘤患者术后1年、2年、3年、5年生存率分别为92.9%、79.6%、48.6%和36.5%;复发性鼻咽癌中位生存期为29.00［35.00,23.00］个月,其他恶性肿瘤38.00［38.00,38.00］个月,生存曲线之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.248; P=0.039);颈内动脉累及和未累及患者中位数分别为16.00［23.00,14.00］个月和36.00［80.00,31.00］ 个月,生存曲线差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.421; P=0.002);而且颈内动脉受累是影响患者预后的危险因素,颈内动脉受累及患者的死亡风险是未受累患者的9.678倍(HR=9.678,P=0.011)。 结论 内镜翼突入路是部分中颅底恶性肿瘤外科治疗的合理方案,颈内动脉累及侵犯是影响疾病预后的危险因素。     

Endoscopically assisted anterior cranial skull base resection of sinonasal tumors.

The traditional approach to sinonasal tumors involving the base of skull has been the anterior craniofacial resection. Endoscopic techniques have created the potential to approach the intranasal aspect of skull base lesions without external incisions and still develop an en bloc resection when removed. We report our initial experience with skull base neoplasms in which the otolaryngic portion of the standard resection was accomplished instead through an endoscopic approach. The nature of lesions favorable for this approach and associated technical issues are discussed. Although we do not consider this approach a replacement for the traditional anterior craniofacial resection, it is an important adjunct in the skull base surgeon's armamentarium.     

Lateral skull base surgery for cancer

The management of malignant tumors of the lateral skull base remains a challenging problem. Sixty-two patients underwent lateral skull base resection for cancer. Preoperative evaluation included complete neurotologic examination, CT scan, MRI, and carotid angiography. During surgery, the nasopharynx, the posterior maxilla, the infratemporal fossa structures, the mandibular ramus, and the parotid gland were resected en bloc. Reconstruction of the surgical defect was performed using pectoralis and/or rhombotrapezius myocutaneous flaps. Although the overall cure rate was not greatly improved, patients with lateral skull base malignancies now enjoy extended periods of palliation and a better quality of life.     

颅底临床解剖标志与颅底肿瘤手术的安全性

目的 探讨颅底手术的重要解剖标志，保证颅底手术的安全性并彻底根治肿瘤。方法 对我院10年来29例不同颅底手术进行回顾性总结，分析颅底的鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构在术前诊断、不同手术进路切除肿瘤时的应用情况。结果 本组初期3例手术中有2例术后颅底有部分肿瘤残留；其余26例颅底手术中，皆在直视下完全切除肿瘤，无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。本组29例中，侵犯颅底的恶性肿瘤行不同的颅底手术19例，其3年生存率为72．2％(13／18)，5年生存率为35．7％(5／14)。结论 鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构分别是不同的颅底手术重要标志，正确认识这些临床解剖标志是颅底手术安全成功的保证。     

颞下窝B型径路切除侧颅底肿瘤临床分析

目的探讨颞下窝B型径路在侧颅底肿瘤中的适应证及手术效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2018年6月采用颞下窝B型径路治疗8例侧颅底肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中横纹肌肉瘤1例,成熟型畸胎瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤1例,颞骨鳞癌1例,巨细胞修复性肉芽肿2例,胆脂瘤2例。结果3例患者病变范围主要累及颈静脉孔区、颈内动脉、岩尖;5例患者病变范围主要累及颧弓、颞下颌关节、中颅底甚至颞叶。7例单纯行颞下窝B型径路,1例患者行颞下窝B型径路联合经耳蜗径路,8例患者均完全切除病变。所有患者术后1周复查头颅MRI,均未见病变残留。4例患者术后为重度传导性或混合性听力下降,另外4例患者术后为极重度感音神经性听力下降。术前面瘫者2例,术后无加重;术前面神经功能正常者,术后2例出现面瘫,其中1例为联合经耳蜗入路患者术中将面神经进行移位,另外1例由于恶性肿瘤已侵犯面神经,术中将受侵犯的面神经切除。所有患者随访期间均无脑脊液耳漏、颅内出血,颅内感染、偏瘫、死亡等严重术后并发症。 结论颞下窝B型径路在暴露颈内动脉垂直段和水平段、岩尖等部位极具优势,同时这一径路也可用于切除累及颧弓、颞下颌关节甚至累及颞叶的侧颅底肿瘤。     

颅底临床解剖标志与颅底肿瘤手术的安全性

目的　探讨颅底手术的重要解剖标志 ,保证颅底手术的安全性并彻底根治肿瘤。方法对我院 10年来 2 9例不同颅底手术进行回顾性总结 ,分析颅底的鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构在术前诊断、不同手术进路切除肿瘤时的应用情况。结果　本组初期3例手术中有 2例术后颅底有部分肿瘤残留 ;其余 2 6例颅底手术中 ,皆在直视下完全切除肿瘤 ,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。本组 2 9例中 ,侵犯颅底的恶性肿瘤行不同的颅底手术 19例 ,其 3年生存率为 72 2 % (13/ 18) ,5年生存率为 35 7% (5 / 14 )。结论　鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构分别是不同的颅底手术重要标志 ,正确认识这些临床解剖标志是颅底手术安全成功的保证     

Elective resection of the internal carotid artery without reconstruction

Curability of skull base tumors is related to the ability to achieve a complete resection. Resection of the internal carotid artery with the tumor puts the patient at risk for catastrophic cerebral injury. Autogenous vein grafting is not always technically or physiologically possible. We present eight patients with tumors eroding the cranial base who underwent safe resection or occlusion of the internal carotid artery as predicted by three tests: 1. carotid arteriography, 2. temporary balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and 3. xenon computerized tomography cerebral blood flow mapping. No patient suffered permanent central nervous system injury.     

An unusual location and presentation of a cervical ganglioneuroblastoma

Separation of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is a radiographic feature that enables tumors of the cervical vagus nerve to be distinguished from nerve sheath tumors of the cervical sympathetic chain. The present case illustrates an exception. This 4-year-old boy presented with a left cervical mass, which demonstrated separation of the ICA and IJV and reversal of the position of the ICA and the external carotid artery (ECA). The patient underwent en bloc resection of the tumor, which arose from the superior sympathetic ganglion, and displaced the IJV laterally and the ICA medially. The pathological findings showed ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed. This case demonstrates an unusual location and presentation of a cervical ganglioneuroblastoma.     

Total en bloc resection of the temporal bone and carotid artery for malignant tumors of the ear and temporal bone

A technique for single stage total en bloc resection of the temporal bone and intratemporal carotid artery with immediate reconstruction has been described. This formidable procedure requires the collaborative efforts of neurotologic skull base surgeons, neurosurgeons, and head and neck surgeons. Two patients have undergone this procedure; one with squamous cell carcinoma and one with extensive basal cell carcinoma. The quality of life following this procedure is adequate and the cosmetic deformity can be minimized. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine the value and overall impact of this approach to cancer of the temporal bone on disease free interval and patient survival. Further experience with the technical aspects of this procedure should reduce the operating time, blood loss, and resultant morbidity.