Influenza and pregnant women: hospitalization burden, United States, 1998-2002

Women in later stages of pregnancy are at increased risk for serious influenza-related morbidity; thus, universal influenza vaccination of pregnant women is recommended. However, vaccine uptake in the United States has been suboptimal. We previously described the burden of severe influenza-related morbidity during pregnancy in the United States by examining hospitalizations of pregnant women with respiratory illness during influenza season. Nondelivery hospitalizations with respiratory illness had significantly longer lengths of stay than those without respiratory illness. Hospitalization characteristics associated with greater likelihood of respiratory illness were the presence of a high-risk condition for which influenza vaccination is recommended, Medicaid/Medicare as primary expected payer, and hospitalization in a rural area. These findings may be explained by these women being at higher risk of influenza-related morbidity or reflect disparities in receipt of influenza immunization. Universal vaccination of pregnant women to decrease influenza-related morbidity should be encouraged.     

兰州市住院孕产妇不良妊娠结局现况研究

目的:了解兰州市住院孕产妇不良妊娠结局的发生现状,为有针对性地制定降低不良妊娠结局发生率的有效措施提供理论依据。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取兰州市3所医院2004年1月~2005年12月产科住院孕产妇病历共6 825份的相关信息,并对相关因素进行分析。结果:兰州市住院孕产妇不良妊娠结局的发生率为14.65%,各种不良妊娠结局的发生率依次为:自然流产(8.01%)、早产(1.98%)、死胎及死产(1.16%)、新生儿窒息(1.13%)、巨大儿(1.04%)、出生缺陷(0.76%)、葡萄胎(0.57%);不良妊娠结局在<20岁和>40岁年龄段为最高,分别为30.12%和29.99%;农民和无业者不良妊娠结局的发生率高,分别为20.17%和17.65%。结论:兰州市住院孕产妇不良妊娠结局的发生率偏高,<20岁和>40岁的育龄妇女是重点防治对象,应加强对农民和无业者等弱势群体的扶持,从而降低不良妊娠结局的发生率。     

Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington State from 1989 to 2001

This retrospective cohort study evaluated the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes following motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy. The authors assessed outcomes of pregnant women hospitalized for motor vehicle crashes in Washington State from 1989 to 2001 (n = 582). They used the Injury Severity Score (ISS) to classify 84 severely injured (ISS > or =9), 309 non-severely injured (ISS 1-8), and 189 uninjured (ISS 0) pregnant women and compared them with pregnant women who had not been hospitalized for a motor vehicle crash (n = 17,274). Of pregnant women in motor vehicle crashes, 82.9% were hospitalized and discharged without delivering, and 17.1% delivered at hospitalization. Compared with women not in motor vehicle crashes, severely and non-severely injured women were at increased risk of placental abruption and cesarean delivery, and their infants were at increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome and fetal death. Uninjured women were also at increased risk of preterm labor (relative risk = 7.9, 95% confidence interval: 6.4, 9.8) and placental abruption (relative risk = 6.6, 95% confidence interval: 3.9, 11.2) compared with women not in motor vehicle crashes. Pregnant women hospitalized following motor vehicle crashes are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, regardless of the presence or severity of injuries.     

Studies of vitamins and minerals and HIV transmission and disease progression

HIV-1 infection is having a devastating impact on people in developing countries. Poor nutrition and HIV-related adverse health outcomes contribute to a vicious cycle that may be slowed down by using nutritional interventions, including vitamins and minerals. Among children, periodic supplementation with vitamin A starting at 6 mo of age has been shown to be beneficial in reducing mortality and morbidity among both HIV-infected and uninfected children. Limited data exist on the role of other nutrient supplements among children. Among HIV-infected adults, the safety and the efficacy of vitamin A supplements need further study, although adequate dietary intake of this essential nutrient is recommended. Multivitamin supplements were efficacious in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes and early childhood infections, and is currently provided to pregnant HIV-infected pregnant women in many programs. The efficacy of such supplements among HIV-negative pregnant women needs further study. Daily multivitamin supplements were found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women in several observational studies and randomized trials, and to provide an important low-cost intervention that could be provided to adults in early stages of HIV disease to prolong the time before antiretroviral therapy is recommended. Next, research priorities include examining the roles of minerals, including selenium, in HIV infection, as well as determining the safety and the efficacy of micronutrient supplements among individuals who are advanced in their disease and who are receiving antiretroviral therapy.     

Micronutrients and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the Context of HIV Infection

HIV infection is a global public health problem, particularly in Africa. Concurrently, micronutrient deficiencies and adverse pregnancy outcomes are prevalent in the same settings. Supplements containing B complex and vitamins C and E were efficacious in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal loss, low birth weight, and prematurity among HIV-infected women; the generalizability of this finding to uninfected women is being examined. There is little encouragement from published studies to provide prenatal vitamin A supplements in HIV infection, particularly in light of significantly higher risk of mother-to-child transmission observed in one trial. The efficacy and safety of prenatal zinc and selenium supplements on these outcomes need to be examined in randomized trials .     

Respiratory Illness Hospitalizations Among Pregnant Women During Influenza Season, 1998–2008

To examine health care burden, pregnancy outcomes and impact of high risk medical conditions among pregnancy hospitalizations during influenza season. Length of stay, hospitalization charges, and delivery complications were compared between hospitalizations with and without respiratory illness and compared by presence of high risk medical conditions. Length of stay and hospital charges were significantly increased among respiratory illness hospitalizations versus non-respiratory hospitalizations. Among respiratory illness hospitalization, the odds of intrauterine fetal demise were increased (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.50, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.97–3.18). Among live births, there were higher odds of preterm delivery (aOR 3.82, 95 % CI 3.53–4.14), cesarean delivery (aOR 3.47, 95 % CI 3.22–3.74), and fetal distress (aOR 2.33, 95 % CI 2.15–2.52). The presence of high risk medical conditions did not impact pregnancy outcomes. Among pregnant women hospitalized during influenza season, those with respiratory illness were more likely than those without respiratory illness to have poor perinatal outcomes, regardless of the presence of high risk conditions. Efforts to minimize influenza morbidity, including universal vaccination and early antiviral therapy should be promoted among all pregnant women.     

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-positive pregnant women in the Netherlands, 1997-2003: safe, effective and with few side effects

OBJECTIVE: To assess the side effects, safety and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: Data were collected from the medical records of HIV-infected pregnant women who received HAART during pregnancy in the period 1 January 1997-1 June 2003 at 14 HIV-specialized centres in the Netherlands. The inclusion criteria were at least a triple drug regimen and birth at 20 or more weeks of gestation. Information was collected about patient characteristics, HAART prescribed, side effects, viral load response, mode of delivery and HIV-status of the neonate. RESULTS: A total of 267/413 women satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most women (n = 199) had not previously received anti-retroviral therapy and started HAART between weeks 21 and 28 of the pregnancy. The two most frequently used regimens contained nelfinavir (57%) or nevirapine (31%). Gastrointestinal side effects were more frequently observed in the nelfinavir group, while rash and hepatotoxicity were more frequently reported in the nevirapine group. Efficacy and pregnancy outcome were similar in both groups. Two infants (0.7%) were HIV-infected. CONCLUSION: HAART regimens containing nelfinavir or nevirapine in HIV-infected pregnant women were safe, effective and well tolerated.     

Low birth weight in the United States

Pregnancy outcomes in the United States and other developed countries are considerably better than those in many developing countries. However, adverse pregnancy outcomes are generally more common in the United States than in other developed countries. Low-birth-weight infants, born after a preterm birth or secondary to intrauterine growth restriction, account for much of the increased morbidity, mortality, and cost. Wide disparities exist in both preterm birth and growth restriction among different population groups. Poor and black women, for example, have twice the preterm birth rate and higher rates of growth restriction than do most other women. Low birth weight in general is thought to place the infant at greater risk of later adult chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Of interest, maternal thinness is a strong predictor of both preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. However, in the United States, several nutritional interventions, including high-protein diets, caloric supplementation, calcium and iron supplementation, and various other vitamin and mineral supplementations, have not generally reduced preterm birth or growth restriction. Bacterial intrauterine infections play an important role in the etiology of the earliest preterm births, but, at least to date, antibiotic treatment either before labor for risk factors such as bacterial vaginosis or during preterm labor have not consistently reduced the preterm birth rate. Most interventions have failed to reduce preterm birth or growth restriction. The substantial improvement in newborn survival in the United States over the past several decades is mostly due to better access to improved neonatal care for low-birth-weight infants.     

孕晚期GBS感染不良妊娠结局影响因素及IL-8水平

目的探讨孕晚期B族链球菌(GBS)感染血清降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平与妊娠结局的关系。方法选取2018年6月-2019年12月在杭州师范大学附属医院进行孕晚期(35~37周)GBS感染筛查的726例孕妇为研究对象,收集孕妇临床资料进行分析,统计GBS感染情况,比较GBS感染与未感染及不同GBS感染分级孕妇血清PCT、IL-8水平差异,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析GBS感染孕妇不良妊娠结局的危险因素。结果 726例孕晚期女性中,GBS感染者占11.85%;GBS感染者年龄≥35岁、妊娠期糖尿病所占比例显著高于未感染者(P<0.05);孕晚期GBS感染者血清PCT、IL-8水平均高于未感染者(P<0.05),并随着GBS感染程度加重血清PCT、IL-8水平逐渐升高(P<0.05);孕晚期GBS感染者不良妊娠结局发生率显著高于未感染者(P<0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥35岁、血清PCT、IL-8水平升高是孕晚期GBS感染者不良妊娠结局发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论孕晚期GBS感染者血清PCT、IL-8水平显著升高,其也是不良妊娠结局发生的独立危险因素,血清PCT、IL-8进行联合检测对孕晚期GBS感染者不良妊娠结局具有较好的预测价值,可为临床早期诊疗提供参考依据。     

Trial of zinc supplements in relation to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell counts among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania

BACKGROUND: In observational studies, the zinc status of HIV-infected persons has been associated with both positive and adverse clinical outcomes. Such endpoints may affect the risk of adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of zinc supplements on birth outcomes, hematologic indicators, and counts of T lymphocyte subsets among 400 HIV-infected pregnant women. DESIGN: Eligible women between 12 and 27 wk of gestation were randomly assigned to daily oral supplementation with either 25 mg Zn or placebo between recruitment and 6 wk after delivery. All women received iron, folic acid, and multivitamin supplements irrespective of the experimental assignment. RESULTS: We observed no significant differences in birth weight, duration of gestation, or fetal and neonatal mortality between women in the zinc and placebo groups. Hemoglobin concentrations increased between baseline and 6 wk postpartum in both groups. However, the rise in hemoglobin over this period was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in the zinc group (x +/- SD: 11.5 +/- 17.9 g/L) than in the placebo group (15.2 +/- 18.6 g/L). Similarly, the changes in red blood cell count and in packed cell volume over the same period were significantly lower in the zinc group (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Zinc had no effect on CD4(+), CD8(+), or CD3(+) cell counts during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Because of the lack of beneficial effects of zinc on adverse pregnancy outcomes and the likelihood of negative effects on hemoglobin concentrations, no compelling evidence exists to support the addition of zinc to prenatal supplements intended for pregnant HIV-infected women.     

Delayed supply of influenza vaccine and adjunct ACIP influenza vaccine recommendations for the 2000-01 influenza season. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

Annual vaccination against influenza is the primary means for minimizing serious adverse outcomes from influenza virus infections. These infections result in approximately 20,000 deaths and 110,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States (1). The amount of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine produced for distribution in the United States has increased substantially; in 1999, four manufacturers produced a combined total of 80 to 85 million doses.     

Prevalence of Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes During Pregnancy and the Preconception Period—United States, 2002–2004

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome during the preconception stage and during pregnancy, and to assess differences between women in preconception and pregnancy. Methods: Data from the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, were used to estimate the prevalence of selected risk factors among women 18–44 in the preconception period (women who wanted a baby in the next 12 months, and were not using contraception, not sterile and not already pregnant) with women who reported that they were pregnant at the time of interview. Results: Major health risks were reported by substantial proportions of women in the preconceptional period and were also reported by many pregnant women, although pregnant women tended to report lower levels of risk than preconception women. For example, 54.5% of preconception women reported one or more of 3 risk factors (frequent drinking, current smoking, and absence of an HIV test), compared with 32.0% of pregnant women (p < .05). The difference in the prevalence of these three risk factors between preconception and pregnancy was significant for women with health insurance (52.5% in preconception vs. 29.4% in pregnancy, p < .05), but not for women without insurance (63.4% vs. 52.7%, p > .05). Conclusions: Women appear to be responding to messages regarding behaviors that directly affect pregnancy such as smoking, alcohol consumption and taking folic acid, but many remain unaware of the benefits of available interventions to prevent HIV transmission and birth defects. Although it appears that some women reduce their risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes after learning of their pregnancy, the data suggest that a substantial proportion of women do not. Furthermore, if such change occurs it is often too late to affect outcomes, such as birth defects resulting from alcohol consumption during the periconception period. Preconception interventions are recommended to achieve a more significant reduction in risk and further improvement in perinatal outcomes.     

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in pregnant women.

A pregnant woman experiences selective immunosuppression as a physiologic response to the presence of a genetically heterologous fetus. Case reports early in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic suggested that adverse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related clinical outcomes might be causally associated with pregnancy. A review of relevant published data indicates that: (1) Adverse clinical outcomes of pregnancy are common among HIV-infected pregnant women, but no studies to date have fully disentangled the many confounding factors. (2) HIV-related complications are common in pregnancy only among immunosuppressed (< 300 CD4+ cells/mm3) women. (3) The distinct effect of pregnancy on the expression of HIV infection cannot be evaluated in the absence of appropriately controlled observations. (4) Cofactors for perinatal transmission are poorly understood. (5) Research into the motives for reproductive decisions and behaviors is of critical importance for improving our health education and outreach efforts for high-risk women. (6) Adequate clinical treatment and prophylactic health care services must be made easily accessible and available to women at high risk of HIV disease. (7) Treatment with available antiviral and anti-Pneumocystis drugs is advisable for HIV-infected pregnant women with fewer than 300 to 350 CD4+ cells/mm3, though data to definitively guide therapeutic decision making are not available. (8) Large multicenter studies are needed to recruit patients and to retain them in sufficient numbers, allowing for better evaluation of the many variables determining clinical outcomes for HIV-infected mothers and their infants. The natural history of HIV in pregnant women must be studied to facilitate clinical decision making, and to design and implement interventions, including prevention (behavior change, vaccines) and treatment (chemotherapy, immunotherapy).     

西安地区建档建册孕妇高危因素及妊娠结局调查

目的调查西安市建档建册孕妇高危因素及不良妊娠结局,并分析影响不良妊娠结局的相关因素。方法以2020年1月至2022年1月西安市某医院产科建档建册的孕妇为研究对象,根据高危妊娠情况对建档建册孕妇进行高危妊娠风险评估,并跟踪妊娠结局,分析基本情况以及高危因素对不良妊娠结局的影响。结果本研究共纳入建档建册孕妇6332名,其中1508例高危妊娠者,占29.97%。高危因素分布依次为异常妊娠史(43.63%)、妊娠高血压(33.69%)、年龄≥35岁(26.86%)、妊娠糖尿病(19.83%)、瘢痕子宫(13.59%)、产前出血(12.86%)、前置胎盘(8.55%)。6332名孕妇中发生不良妊娠结局452例,占7.14%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥35岁(OR=1.581)、孕前BMI≥28.0 kg/m2(OR=1.432)、异常妊娠史(OR=2.121)、产前出血(OR=1.464)、前置胎盘(OR=1.766)、高危妊娠因素数量(OR=2.667)和妊娠风险等级(OR=3.367)是建档建册孕妇不良妊娠结局发生的独立影响因素。结论高危妊娠相关因素是影响建档建册孕妇发生不良妊娠结局的主要危险因素,应重视对高危妊娠孕妇的健康管理,及时采取相应的干预措施,以期改善妊娠结局。     

Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Disparities in the Prevalence of Pregnancy Complications

Objectives Our objective was to use maternal self-reported data to estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infections, placenta disorders, and preterm rupture of the membranes (PROM) and to explore the association between these complications and race, ethnicity, and economic status. Methods We used data for the years 2000–2002 from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), an ongoing survey of women with a recent live birth, to examine the prevalence of and hospitalizations for self-reported urinary tract infections, placenta disorders, and PROM and to investigate differences by maternal race, Hispanic ethnicity, and economic status. Prevalence and hospitalizations were calculated as a percent of the represented population using SUDAAN to account for the sampling design. Results Urinary tract infections were commonly reported, occurring in more than 17% of women during their pregnancy. Placenta disorders and PROM were each reported by approximately 6% of women. Poverty and race had independent effects on each of the pregnancy complications examined. Fewer than half of the women who experienced these pregnancy complications were hospitalized. Conclusions Pregnancy complications are common and not adequately measured by hospitalizations alone. Both more research and improved surveillance are needed to understand the effect of pregnancy complications on women’s health and the reasons for the increased risk among poor or black women.     

Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population based retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Whether the association between teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes could be explained by deleterious social environment, inadequate prenatal care, or biological immaturity remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether teenage pregnancy is associated with increased adverse birth outcomes independent of known confounding factors. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 3,886,364 nulliparous pregnant women <25 years of age with a live singleton birth during 1995 and 2000 in the United States. RESULTS: All teenage groups were associated with increased risks for pre-term delivery, low birth weight and neonatal mortality. Infants born to teenage mothers aged 17 or younger had a higher risk for low Apgar score at 5 min. Further adjustment for weight gain during pregnancy did not change the observed association. Restricting the analysis to white married mothers with age-appropriate education level, adequate prenatal care, without smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Teenage pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes that is independent of important known confounders. This finding challenges the accepted opinion that adverse birth outcome associated with teenage pregnancy is attributable to low socioeconomic status, inadequate prenatal care and inadequate weight gain during pregnancy.     

梅毒孕妇妊娠不良结局的相关因素Logistic分析

目的 了解南通市近4年的梅毒孕妇妊娠不良结局的发生情况,重点探讨不良结局的相关影响因素,为卫生行政部门制订决策提供科学依据.方法 采用回顾性研究,以南通市2012年1月至2015年12月孕期确诊为妊娠梅毒的451例孕妇为研究对象,通过χ2检验及非条件多因素Logistic分析探讨妊娠不良结局的影响因素.结果 451例梅毒孕妇发生妊娠不良结局45例,发生率为9.98%.产时确诊梅毒感染的孕妇发生妊娠不良结局的风险高于孕早期确诊的孕妇(OR=4.703,95%CI:1.079~20.486),孕期未用药或仅用药1个疗程的孕妇妊娠不良结局发生率均高于用药2个疗程的孕妇,OR值分别为4.583和3.905,出生时快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)值阳性的新生儿最终不良结局发生率高于阴性者(OR=3.412, 95%CI:1.295~8.987).结论 孕期尽早进行梅毒筛查、梅毒感染孕妇及早规范药物治疗是减少梅毒孕妇妊娠不良结局的有效途径.     

妊娠早期被动吸烟与不良妊娠结局关系的队列研究

目的:分析城市孕早期妇女被动吸烟状况,探讨被动吸烟与不良妊娠结局的关系。方法:调查孕早期妇女被动吸烟状况,追踪其妊娠结局,采用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析的方法,分析被动吸烟与不良妊娠结局的关系。结果:城市孕早期妇女被动吸烟率为38.2%,被动吸烟与不良妊娠结局有一定的剂量反应关系,每日被动吸烟时间超过3 h对妊娠结局有显著影响。结论:被动吸烟可使不良妊娠结局发生的危险增加,每日被动吸烟时间超过3 h是不良妊娠的高危因素,孕妇应尽量避免暴露于吸烟环境,以减少不良妊娠结局的发生。     

湖南省2011-2017年孕产妇HIV感染者早产、低出生体重和小于胎龄儿发生率及其影响因素分析

目的 了解湖南省孕产妇HIV感染者早产、低出生体重（LBW）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的发生状况并探讨其影响因素。方法 以2011年1月至2017年12月湖南省预防艾滋病母婴传播管理信息系统报告的已分娩的孕产妇HIV感染者为研究对象,对其人口学特征、妊娠情况、抗病毒治疗（ART）、丈夫/性伴情况和妊娠结局等因素进行分析,分别计算早产、LBW和SGA发生率,采用多因素logistic回归分析其相关影响因素。结果 共纳入780例孕产妇HIV感染者,其早产率为7.9%（62/780）,LBW发生率为9.9%（77/780）,SGA发生率为21.3%（166/780）。孕产妇HIV感染者早产的危险因素包括妊娠期中重度贫血、妊娠期高血压疾病、<14孕周开始ART（与孕期未进行ART相比）和丈夫/性伴年龄>35岁（与26~30岁相比）,其aOR值分别为4.59（95% CI：1.51~13.95）、4.90（95% CI：1.56~15.46）、2.40（95% CI：1.26~4.56）和2.29（95% CI：1.21~4.36）。妊娠期中重度贫血、妊娠合并HBV感染和<14孕周开始ART（与孕期未进行ART相比）是LBW的危险因素,其aOR值分别为3.28（95% CI：1.13~9.54）、4.37（95% CI：1.42~13.44）和2.68（95% CI：1.51~4.76）。妊娠合并HBV感染和<14孕周开始ART（与孕期未进行ART相比）是SGA的危险因素,其aOR值分别为4.41（95% CI：1.43~13.63）和2.67（95% CI：1.51~4.73）。结论 早产、LBW和SGA是湖南省孕产妇HIV感染者常见的不良妊娠结局,受妊娠合并症、ART和丈夫/性伴的年龄等因素影响。     

河北省孕妇文化水平对妊娠结局的影响

目的 比较河北省2013 - 2017年不同文化水平孕妇妊娠结局的差异,探讨不同文化水平对不良妊娠结局的影响。方法 对河北省2013 - 2017年22个监测点（医院）包含289 985个孕妇资料的数据库做横断面研究。按不同文化水平分为4组（受教育时间≤6年、7～9年、10～12年、≥13年）,用Poisson回归、单因素及多因素logistic回归比较各组间不良妊娠结局,并以胎次和年龄做亚组分析进行比较。结果 共有259 590个≥28周的单胎孕妇纳入研究。低文化水平（受教育时间≤6年）的孕妇剖宫产率最低（47.2%）（P＜0.001）;受教育时间＞6年的孕妇胎盘早剥、产后出血、产褥感染、早产、新生儿低Apgar评分、围生儿死亡的患病率降低（P＜0.05）;受教育时间≥13年是高龄孕妇患子痫前期（aRR值:0.36,95% CI:0.28～0.47）、早产（aRR值:0.60,95% CI:0.48～0.75）的保护因素。结论 孕妇文化水平与不良妊娠结局相关,低文化水平孕妇发生不良妊娠结局的比例较高,孕妇文化水平升高是不良妊娠结局的保护因素。