1994～2003年合肥市职业病危害事故分析研究

目的　探讨合肥市职业病危害事故发生原因和规律 ,为控制和预防职业病危害事故提供依据。方法　对 1994～ 2 0 0 3年合肥市职业病危害事故调查资料进行统计分析。结果　 10年间合肥市发生职业病危害事故 15起。其中化学性事故 14起 ,占 93.3% ;事多发生在 5～ 9月 ,有 11起 ,占 73.3% ;罹患人员年龄以2 0～ 4 5岁为主 ;事故多发生在下午 ,有 10起 ,占 6 6 .7% ;在工作中 (11起 )和设备检修 (3起 )时发生 12起 ,占93.3% ,其中 5起发生在狭窄工作场所 ;事故原因主要为管理不到位、环境无急救设施、设备出现故障等。结论　控制和预防职业病危害事故 ,必须加强职工安全卫生培训和职业过程的卫生管理 ,按照事故发生特点 ,严格执行操作和防范措施。     

Accidents in the school environment in Milan,a five year survey

Data regarding 11,541 cases of school accidents (from kindergarten to senior high school) that required hospital attention for treatment were examined. The information was obtained from the records of the a School Medicine Service of the City of Milan , and covered five school years (from 1980–81 to 1984–85). The surveyed population included over 160,000 subjects for each year. After computer processing, data regarding type of school, year, age of the victim, place of the accident and type of lesions were obtained.The frequency of accidents was highest (about 2%) among kindergarten pupils, while in senior high school the lowest frequency (less than 1 %) was accompanied by the greatest percentage of hospitalizations (about 6%). From our results it appears that most accidents occur in school gyms (around 50%), and that the percentage of sprains and fractures is also highest in this area. School gyms can therefore be considered as a primary target for any prevention activity.Corresponding author.     

龙岩市水泥生产企业3起放射事故的调查分析

对龙岩市水泥企业发生的3起放射事故概况及处理作了简要介绍;分析了发生事故的原因;总结了经验教训,提出了加强放射防护管理的具体建议。     

Non-Fatal Tractor Accidents and Their Prevention

SUMMARY

Non-fatal tractor accidents are often quite serious, resulting in disability for an average period of 26 days. The most common injuries are strains and sprains of the lower limbs and contusions of the limbs. In this study, the incidence of non-fatal tractor accidents was found not to be very high, but there are certain jobs that are relatively dangerous where tractors are used. These include dismounting and mounting the tractor, and coupling and uncoupling implements. The most dangerous work phases can be made safer with traditional countermeasures, e.g., by developing ergonomic and engineering solutions for safety and by educating tractor users. However, more emphasis in research and consulting should be put on improving safety management on farms, because the quality of management defines the safety of operation.     

Fatal injuries in the construction industry in Washington State

Two hundred thirty-one deaths occurred in the construction industry in Washington State between 1973 and 1983, an average annual mortality rate of 27.5 per 100,000 workers. Falls, cave-ins, and electrocutions resulting from heavy equipment (boom type) contacting overhead power lines together accounted for 45.4% of the fatalities. Heavy construction had a death rate twice that of the other two construction subgroups (building and special trades construction). There was a significant trend towards increasing mortality with decreasing company size (p = 0.03). Drilling machine operators, welders, flamecutters, reinforcing-iron workers, and heavy-equipment operators had the highest proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs). PMRs for workers generally increased with age. Many of these fatal construction injuries would not have occurred had existing safety regulations been observed.     

1998年某市道路交通事故流行病学分析

目的：对1998年某市道路交通事故进行流行病学分析，探讨该市道路交通事故的分布和危险因素。方法：对该市交通警察总队公布的1998年全市道路交通事故资料，进行整理、统计分析和比较。结果：（1）1998年全市共发生道路交通事故23996起，造成1562人死亡，6509人受伤。与1997年相比，除死亡人数持平外，事故总数和受伤人数分别上升11．3％和11．6％，该市道路交通事故总量呈上升趋势。（2）市区的事故起数、死亡人数分别占事故总数和总死亡人数的76．8％和70．6％，53．1％的事故发生在城市主干道上。（3）机动车驾驶员造成的交通事故和人员死亡数约占全部事故和死亡总数的90．22％和56．08％；非机动车中自行车所致事故起数和死亡人数占全部交通事故总数和死亡总数的4．54％和21．39％。（4）伤亡人员均以青壮年为主，而死亡者中学龄前儿童占4．1％，老年人占21．9％。结论：应根据该市道路交通事故的上述流行病学特点，采取综合治理措施，减少道路交通事故发生。     

Surveillance for nonfatal work-related injuries in Alaska, 1991–1995

Historically, Alaska has had an occupational fatality rate five times greater than that for the United States. This article reports recent surveillance results for hospitalized nonfatal work-related injuries in Alaska, using the population-based Alaska Trauma Registry (ATR) from 1991 through 1995. The fishing, construction, and logging industries led with the highest number of reported cases in the ATR. Workers in the logging, water transportation, and wood product manufacturing industries had the highest injury rates. Cause, severity, type, and body region of injury were examined for each target industry. For industries with the highest numbers and rates of injuries, in most cases, falls were identified as a common cause of injuries. A fractured bone was the most common type of injury, and the extremities were the most common body region affected. The ATR has proved to be a reliable tool for work-related injury surveillance and will be helpful in planning research priorities and targeting injury prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:493–498, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

首饰厂工人肘管综合征的护理研究

目的：研究首饰厂工人肘管综合征的临床护理,以期提高治疗效果。方法：随机抽取某首饰厂患工人肘管综合征的1000例工人,在进行现场流行病学调查后按照电脑随机将其分为观察组和对照组各500例,观察组给予系统的护理干预,对照组采取常规护理干预,比较两组患者的护理效果。结果：此次调查对象的男女比例为1．31：1,平均（39．12±1．21）岁,在工作中,每日保持双肘内侧肘管部位直接压迫于工作台上的姿势达8h以上的占87．2％。两组护理干预前在生活质量评价上比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而护理干预后,观察组的患者生活质量评价明显高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：通过现场流行病学调查可以最大限度地了解首饰厂工人肘管综合征的临床特点,根据患者的实际情况采取系统性的综合护理干预,可以有效控制病情发展,提高治疗效果。     

1992-2006年郴州市淋病流行特征分析

[目的]探讨郴州市淋病发病规律及其流行特征,为制定有效的防治措施提供科学依据。[方法]对郴州市1992-2006年淋病疫情资料进行分析。[结果]1992～2006年淋病累积发病1969例,年均发病率为2．94／10万。1992～1996年、1997～2001年和2002～2006年3个时段的年均发病率分别为1．03／10万、2．76／10万和4．95／10万（P〈0．01）。年均发病率居前5位的为桂阳县、资兴市、临武县、宜章县和嘉禾县。年均发病率,男性为4．43／10万,女性为1．32／10万;发病率居前3位的是20-29岁（7．36／10万）、30～39岁（5．46／10万）和40～49岁（2．40／10万）。1969例病人中,农民占49．62％,工人占14．27％,商业服务占7．72％。[结论]郴州市淋病发病率有上升趋势,20～49岁、农民与工人为高危人群。     

柳州市人群甲型肝炎疫苗接种的流行病学及费用效果分析

分7个不同的年龄组队列，比较接种甲型肝炎（甲肝）减毒活疫苗（H2株）后15年每一队列人群接种与否甲肝感染及发病的差异，并根据甲肝患病及甲肝疫苗接种的医疗费用和对质量修正生命年（QALY）的影响，推算接种的费用效果比（CER）。不接种情况下推算的不同年龄别人群发病率与本次研究人群的实际资料接近。说明计算模型可靠。基础假设的结果显示，每获得一个QALY，全人口组的平均费用是152277．60元，超过同期人均生产总值的11倍。各年龄组单位效果的费用变化范围从113369．30元（10－19岁组）到292138．30元（≥50岁组）。但对高危人群接种的分析显示，其CER显著改善。所以，甲肝疫苗在中等疫情的城市人群中普遍使用是不合算的；预防接种应只面向高危人群。另外，灵敏度分析显示主要参数的改变均不会改变本文的结论。     

湖州市病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解湖州市自然人群病毒性肝炎感染情况与流行病学特征。方法在湖州市按农村山区、平原水乡、城镇,随机抽取1 666名健康人为研究对象,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清甲型肝炎(甲肝)病毒抗体(抗-HAV)、乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝病毒e抗体(抗-HBe)、丙型肝炎(丙肝)病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、戊型肝炎(戊肝)病毒抗体(抗-HEV),同时调查相关危险因素。结果湖州市自然人群的HAV、乙肝病毒(HBV)、HEV标化流行率分别为53.93%、36.47%、38.88%,抗-HCV阳性2例,未发现丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)感染者;HAV流行率与年龄呈正相关(r=0.944),城镇、平原水乡HAV流行率的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(P<0.01);HBV流行率<10岁儿童最低,为4.93%;HBsAg携带率为4.14%,<10岁儿童携带率为0;人群HBV标志物存在11种不同组合模式。HEV流行率随年龄增长而逐渐升高(r=0.993),城镇和平原水乡与山区HEV流行率的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(P<0.001),且存在家庭聚集性现象。结论湖州市病毒性肝炎主要流行型别为甲、乙、戊型,流行病学特征各不相同;HEV流行率较高,HBV流行率较低,HCV流行率低,未发现HDV感染者;HBsAg携带率低;乙肝疫苗接种效果明显。     

2012 - 2017年绵阳市急性迟缓性麻痹（AFP）病例流行病学分析

目的 分析绵阳市急性迟缓性麻痹（AFP）病例流行病学特征,发现工作中的薄弱环节,为进一步提高全市免疫规划工作质量,维持全市无脊灰状态提供策略。方法 收集整理全市2012 - 2017年AFP病例流行病学调查及日常督导等资料,运用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果 绵阳市2012 - 2017年非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率均维持在2/10万以上,监测敏感性较高。地区分布主要集中在总人口50万以上的县市区,每年均有病例报告,占全市病例报告数的55.65%,AFP病例呈散发状态,各病例间无流行病学联系。季节性不明显, 11、12月及1月病例报告相对较多,与近年流感高发,急性肌炎病例增多有关。发病人群以1～9岁组为主,占79.13%。4～14岁组脊灰类疫苗免疫史不详比例占2.53%,不足4剂次的占16.46%。结论 绵阳市AFP病例监测敏感性总体较好,但监测医院在病历管理的规范性及每旬主动监测落实性上还有待提高,学校预防接种证查验及流动儿童管理上还存在薄弱环节,需进一步加强。     

Analysis of Construction Accidents in Turkey and Responsible Parties

Construction is one of the world’s biggest industry that includes jobs as diverse as building, civil engineering, demolition, renovation, repair and maintenance. Construction workers are exposed to a wide variety of hazards. This study analyzes 1,117 expert witness reports which were submitted to criminal and labour courts. These reports are from all regions of the country and cover the period 1972–2008. Accidents were classified by the consequence of the incident, time and main causes of the accident, construction type, occupation of the victim, activity at time of the accident and party responsible for the accident. Falls (54.1%), struck by thrown/falling object (12.9%), structural collapses (9.9%) and electrocutions (7.5%) rank first four places. The accidents were most likely between the hours 15:00 and 17:00 (22.6%), 10:00–12:00 (18.7%) and just after the lunchtime (9.9%). Additionally, the most common accidents were further divided into sub-types. Expert-witness assessments were used to identify the parties at fault and what acts of negligence typically lead to accidents. Nearly two thirds of the faulty and negligent acts are carried out by the employers and employees are responsible for almost one third of all cases.     

The Epidemiology of Nonspecific Psychological Distress in New York City, 2002 and 2003

The 30-day prevalence of nonspecific psychological distress (NPD) is 3%, nationwide. Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of NPD in urban areas. This study documents the prevalence of NPD among adults in New York City (NYC) using population-based data from the 2002 and 2003 NYC Community Health Surveys (CHS) and identifies correlates of NPD in this population. We examined two cross-sectional random-digit-dialed telephone surveys of NYC adults (2002: N = 9,764; 2003: N = 9,802). Kessler's K6 scale was used to measure NPD. Age-adjusted 30-day prevalence of NPD declined from 6.4% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.8–7.0] in 2002 to 5.1% [95% CI: 4.5–5.6] in 2003. New Yorkers who were poor, in poor health, chronically unemployed, uninsured, and formerly married had the highest prevalence of NPD. Declines occurred among those who were married, white, recently unemployed, and female. NPD prevalence in NYC is higher than national estimates. A stronger economy and recovery from September 11th attacks may have contributed to the 2003 decline observed among selected subgroups. The excess prevalence of NPD may be associated with substantial economic and societal burden. Research to understand the etiology of this high prevalence and interventions to promote mental health in NYC are indicated.McVeigh, Thorpe, Maulsby, Henning, and Sederer are with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 125 Worth Street, New York, NY 10013, USA; Galea is with the University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1214 South University, Ann Harbor, MI 8104-2548, USA.     

2004-2011年天津市河北区麻疹流行病学分析

目的了解河北区近年来麻疹流行病学特征,探讨控制麻疹的策略与措施。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2004-2011年河北区麻疹发病情况进行分析。结果河北区2004-2011年麻疹发病呈散发的流行病学特点。2-5月是麻疹的高发季节。<8月龄和≥15岁麻疹病例数为353例,占全区报告发病总数的84.86%。结论保持儿童麻疹疫苗及时有效的高水平的基础免疫,加强麻疹疫苗的复种工作,适时开展强化免疫,建立牢固的免疫屏障。同时,加强流动人口管理,提高流动儿童接种率。     

武鸣县两陶瓷厂作业场所职业危害因素检测结果分析

目的调查分析陶瓷厂生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素及其程度,为今后陶瓷厂的职业卫生防护工作提供参考依据。方法对甲、乙两陶瓷厂作业场所进行职业卫生调查和现场检测。结果甲厂粉尘、噪声、高温检测点超标率分别为75.0%、76.9%、100.0%,乙厂粉尘、噪声、高温检测点超标率分别为91.7%、36.4%、80.0%,两厂粉尘、噪声、高温检测点超标率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两厂粉尘均以矽尘为主,甲厂矽尘二氧化硅含量28.32%～39.70%,平均34.7%;乙厂矽尘二氧化硅含量23.2%～37.4%,平均32.5%。结论陶瓷厂存在严重的矽尘、噪声、高温职业危害因素,应采取多种方法综合治理,以保障作业工人的身心健康。     

深圳市松岗街道近10年法定传染病流行病学分析

目的分析最近10年间(1996-2005年)深圳市松岗街道法定传染病的流行病学特征,为制定相应的防控措施提供科学依据。方法分析最近10年来报告的法定传染病报告卡进行回顾性流行病学调查,作描述性研究分析。结果近10年来,本地区累计报告甲乙丙类传染病3 669例,总发病率171.63/10万,发病率波动在78.77~303.40/10万之间,以性传播疾病与肠道传染病为主,近3年来,呼吸道传染病上升最快,HIV阳性感染者也逐年增加。结论随着人口的激增,传染病在不断变化,应采取针对性措施,做好主要传染病的防控工作,有效降低传染病发病率。     

上海市重大交通事故变化趋势的多因素分析

目的了解车辆、道路、人口、交通管理对重大、特大交通事故变化趋势的影响,从而找出最为密切相关的因素。方法采用回顾性调查研究的方法,收集1993~1997年间上海市9个区的人口、道路、车辆、交通管理措施方面的资料,进行多因素回归分析。结果进入回归方程的变量包括交通流量(X1)、车行道宽度(X3)、交通警务(X4),回归方程为:^Y=23.922 5 0.007 1X1-0.088 4X3-0.112 0X4,决定系数为0.745 1。其中交通流量与交通事故发生呈正相关,其标准化偏回归系数为0.635 8,车行道宽度、交通警务与道路交通事故发生成负相关,其标准化偏回归系数分别为-0.710 9-、0.249 7。经共线性诊断和残差分析,证明进入模型的各自变量之间不存在强相关性,且模型的残差亦呈正态性分布。结论人口增加、车辆增多带来交通流量的增加,导致交通事故的增加;但另一方面采取积极措施拓宽道路,改善交通状况,加强交通管理,也会有效遏制道路交通事故的发生。     

A Study of Occurrence of Domestic Accidents in Semi-Urban Community

Context:

Domestic accidents are worldwide public health problems. The consequences of a domestic accident may prove disastrous as it may result in disability and loss of productivity. In this context, the present study was carried out to characterize the occurrence of domestic accidents in a semi-urban community.

Aims:

To study the incidence of domestic accident in a semi-urban community and its association with various epidemiological factors.

Settings and Design:

Community-based cross-sectional study of 796 households consisting of 4086 individuals residing in a semi-urban area.

Materials and Methods:

Complete information from 796 households consisting of 4086 individuals was collected through semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Domestic accident was considered when any of these individuals had met with an accident inside the house or in the immediate surroundings of the house during the last 6 months from the date of survey. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Simple proportions and Chi-squared test.

Results:

The incidence of domestic accidents was found to be 1.7%. The most common accident reported was fall. Occurrence of falls was found to be associated with age and overcrowding. Other accidents noted were burns, scalds, electrocution, injuries and accidental poisoning. Accidents were reported in significantly higher proportion in extreme age groups and in females. Higher proportion of accidents occurred during the morning and evening hours. About 10.1% were treated at home, 72.5% as outdoor patients and 17.4% as indoor patients. The mean duration of hospital stay was found to be 2 weeks. Full recovery was observed in 82.6% cases, whereas permanent disability was found in only 2.9% subjects, while 14.5% reported chronic pain after the accident. No death related to domestic accident was reported in the present study.

Conclusions:

Domestic accidents are more common in extreme age groups and in females. The reasons may be the higher amount of time spent at home and greater participation in daily home activities. Falls being the most frequent type of accidents, proper designing of house and adequate illumination may help in reducing their occurrence, as the majority of accidents occurred during the morning and evening hours in our study.