Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Potentials of Ethanol Extract of Wedelia biflora Linn D.C. Leaves

To rationalize scientifically the traditional claim on use of Wedelia biflora (Linn.) D. C. for the treatment of wounds and infections, the present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial and wound healing activity of ethanol extract of leaves of W. biflora. In in vitro assays the test extract was subjected to antimicrobial activity by agar well-diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration method in different microbial strains. Wound healing activity of the test extract was studied by excision wound model and incision wound model in Wistar albino rats. In excision wound model, 97.90% wound healing was recorded in 10% w/w extract treated group on 16^th days of postsurgery, whereas only 58.50% was observed in control group. In incision model, higher breaking strength, high hydroxyl proline content and histopathological study in extract treated groups revealed higher collagen redeposition than the control group. The agar well-diffusion evaluation and minimum inhibitory concentration established antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol extracts of W. biflora. These observations established the traditional claim and therapeutic activity of W. biflora and it could be a potent wound healing candidate for use in future.     

Wound healing activity of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in Wistar rats

The wound healing effect of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) and its effect in dexamethasone suppressed wound healing was studied in Wistar rats. Three wound models viz. incision, excision and dead space wounds were used in this study. The parameters studied were breaking strength in case of incision wounds, epithelialization and wound contraction in case of excision wound and granulation tissue dry weight, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in case of dead space wound. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the wound breaking strength when compared to control group in incision type of wound model. Coadministration of K. galanga with dexamethasone had significantly (P < 0.001) increased the breaking strength of dexamethasone treated group. In excision wound model, the percentage of the wound contraction was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by K. galanga only on 16th day and also it reversed the dexamethasone suppressed wound contraction on the 16 day. K. galanga significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the time required for epithelialization and reversed the epithelialization delaying effect of dexamethasone significantly (P < 0.001).     

Embelin accelerates cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats

This study reports the effect of embelin (1) on cutaneous wound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The effect was studied using excision, incision, and dead space models. In diabetic rats, topical application of embelin 5% (w/w) ointment showed a significant increase in wound contraction and better epithelialization, thereby facilitating the healing. Embelin was also active by the oral route (25 and 50 mg/kg) in the incision and dead space wound models. In incision wound model, wound granulation tissues were removed on 8th post-wounding day, and the hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein, and DNA contents were determined. In STZ diabetic rats, topical and oral applications of embelin showed an increase in hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein, and DNA contents. It also showed a significant increase in wound breaking strength. Embelin significantly increased granuloma tissue weight and breaking strength in dead space model. These results indicated that embelin accelerated wound healing in diabetic rat.     

Screening of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

Objectives:

Ethanol extract of the stem of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. was subjected to analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models.

Materials and Methods:

Albino Wistar rats and mice were the experimental animals respectively. Different CNS depressant paradigms like analgesic activity (determined by Eddy''s hot plate method and acetic acid writhing method) and anti-inflammatory activity determined by carrageenan induced paw edema using plethysmometer in albino rats) were carried out, following the intra-peritoneal administration of ethanol extract of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. (BP) at the dose level of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.

Results:

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of BP were significant (P < 0.001). The maximum analgesic effect was observed at 120 min at the dose of 100 mg/kg (i.p.) and was comparable to that of standard analgin (150 mg/kg) and the percentage of edema inhibition effect was 46.4% and 77% for 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg (i.p) respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity was compared with standard Diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg).

Conclusion:

Ethanol extract of Bauhinia purpurea has shown significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the dose of 100 mg/kg and was comparable with corresponding standard drugs. The activity was attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents in the tested extract.     

Effect of histamine on wound healing.

Using incision, excision and dead space wound models in rats, a study was conducted on the effect of histamine on wound healing. Exogenous histamine given either ip or locally was without any effect. Semicarbazide as (histamine synthesis inhibitor) suppressed healing process (breaking strength of skin incision wound), decreased breaking strength and hydroxyproline content of granulation tissue and delay in period of epithelization. On the other hand compound 48/80 (a promoter of histamine forming capacity) was found to promote wound healing. Exogenous histamine (topical) reversed the anti-healing effect of semicarbazide on incision and excision wounds.     

Wound healing phytoconstituents from seed kernel of Entada pursaetha DC. and their molecular docking studies with glycogen synthase kinase 3-β

The present study was aimed at isolation of phytoconstituents from the seed kernel of Entada pursaetha DC. and screened for their wound healing activity by excision, incision, and dead space wound models on Swiss Albino Wistar rats. In correlation to in vitro wound healing activity, all phytoconstituents were subjected to molecular docking studies for the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) protein, a main target for wound healing activity by Wnt signaling pathway. Among the phytoconstituents, entagenic acid showed good wound healing activity. In excision wound model, entagenic acid showed significant activity compared with other two phytoconstituents (Mean time of epithelialization in days is 18.08?±?0.01); in incision wound model, it showed tremendous activity with skin breaking strength of 655.67?±?4.14 than nitrofurazone (683.33?±?33.33) and also in dead space wound model entagenic acid showed very significant activity. Also in molecular docking studies, entagenic acid showed minimum binding (?8.79?kJ?mol^?1) and docking (?8.95?kJ?mol^?1) energy with good affinity toward active pocket, thus entagenic acid may be considered as good inhibitor of GSK3-β.     

Wound healing activity of Sida cordifolia Linn. in rats

Introduction:

The present study provides a scientific evaluation for the wound healing potential of ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sida cordifolia Linn. (SCL) plant.

Materials and Methods:

Excision, incision and burn wounds were inflicted upon three groups of six rats each. Group I was assigned as control (ointment base). Group II was treated with 10% EtOH extract ointment. Group III was treated with standard silver sulfadiazine (0.01%) cream. The parameters observed were percentage of wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength including histopathological studies.

Result:

It was noted that the effect produced by the ethanolic extract of SCL ointment showed significant (P < 0.01) healing in all wound models when compared with the control group. All parameters such as wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, tensile strength and histopathological studies showed significant (P < 0.01) changes when compared with the control.

Conclusion:

The ethanolic extract ointment of SCL effectively stimulates wound contraction; increases tensile strength of excision, incision and burn wounds.KEY WORDS: Burn injury, excision injury, incision injury, Sida cordifolia Linn. wound healing     

Wound healing activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn with supportive role of antioxidant enzymes

The present study was performed to evaluate the wound healing and antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (O. sanctum) in rats. Albino rats of either sex were divided into 2 groups. Group I: Wounded control rats; Group II: Wounded rats administered O. sanctum aqueous extract. Wound breaking strength in incision wound model, epithelization period and percent wound contraction in excision wound model were studied. Using dead space wound model, granulation tissue breaking strength, granulation tissue dry weight, hydoxyproline level in dry granulation tissue, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels in wet granulation tissue were estimated in both the groups. Increased wound breaking strength, decreased epithelization period, increased percent wound contraction, increased granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline concentrations were observed. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, catalase level in extract treated group compared to controls. Granulation tissue was subjected to histopathological examination to determine the pattern of lay-down for collagen using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains which confirm the results. Owing to wound healing and antioxidant activities, O. sanctum may be useful in the management of abnormal healing such as keloids and hypertrophic scars.     

In vitro Antioxidant Potential in Sequential Extracts of Curcuma caesia Roxb. Rhizomes

Present study deals with antioxidant potential of sequential extracts of fresh and dried rhizomes of Curcuma caesia, using solvents viz., hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water, which was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay. Total phenol content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. C. caesia showed significant antioxidant activity in chloroform, benzene and ethyl acetate extracts. The chloroform extract was highly effective as free radical scavengers, electron-donating agents and reducing molybdate ions except for reducing lipid peroxidation. The highest total phenol content was also exhibited by chloroform and benzene extracts. Antioxidant potential expressed by C. caesia in the sequential extracts could be effectively utilized for identification of the bioactive compounds for future phytopharmacological applications.     

Medicinal Plants Used in Wound Care: A Study of Prosopis africana (Fabaceae) Stem Bark

The effects of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Prosopis africana (Guill., Perrott. and Rich.) Taubert (Fabaceae) on bleeding/clotting and coagulation time, excision and dead space wounds were studied in rats. Also, the extract was subjected to antibacterial, and acute toxicity and lethality (LD(50)) tests. The extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced bleeding/clotting and coagulation time in rats. It also reduced epithelialization period of excision wounds in rats and inhibited the growth of laboratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae to varying extents. Acute toxicity and lethality (LD(50)) test on the extract established an LD(50) of 774 mg/kg (i.p) in mice while phytochemical analysis gave positive reactions for alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The results of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of the stem bark of P. africana in wound care.     

Wound Healing Potential of Formulated Extract from Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyx

Wound healing agents support the natural healing process, reduce trauma and likelihood of secondary infections and hasten wound closure. The wound healing activities of water in oil cream of the methanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) was evaluated in rats with superficial skin excision wounds. Antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Echerichia coli were determined. The total flavonoid content, antioxidant properties and thin layer chromatographic fingerprints of the extract were also evaluated. The extract demonstrated antioxidant properties with a total flavonoid content of 12.30±0.09 mg/g. Six reproducible spots were obtained using methanol:water (95:5) as the mobile phase. The extract showed no antimicrobial activity on the selected microorganisms, which are known to infect and retard wound healing. Creams containing H. sabdariffa extract showed significant (P<0.05) and concentration dependent wound healing activities. There was also evidence of synergism with creams containing a combination of gentamicin and H. sabdariffa extract. This study, thus, provides evidence of the wound healing potentials of the formulated extract of the calyces of H. sabdariffa and synergism when co-formulated with gentamicin.     

Wound healing activity of extracts derived from Shorea robusta resin

Context: Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. (Dipterocarpaceae) resin is used for treating infected wounds and burns by tribals in India.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate wound-healing activity of S. robusta resin extracts and essential oil in rats.

Materials and methods: Methanol extract (SRME), petroleum ether, benzene insoluble fraction of methanol extract (SRPEBIME), and essential oil (SREO) of S. robusta resin were incorporated in soft yellow paraffin (10% w/w) and applied once daily on incision and excision wounds of Wistar rats. Framycetin ointment (1.0% w/w) was applied to the standard group. Tensile strength (on the 10th day), wound contraction, and scar area (on the 14th day) were recorded. On the 15th day, granulation tissues of excision wounds were analyzed for total protein, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine contents and activities of lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase (SOD). Histopathology of the wounds was also studied.

Results and discussion: SRPEBIME and SREO healed incision and excision wounds faster than plain ointment base and framycetin. Tensile strength of SRPEBIME-treated incision wounds was 53% higher than that of control animals. In excision wounds, wound contraction and scar areas were found to be 99% and 7.7?mm² (SRPEBIME) and 71.7% and 21?mm² (control). Protein and hydroxyproline contents were higher in SRPEBIME (20.8 and 3.5% w/w) and SREO (17.4 and 2.8% w/w) groups as against 9.95 and 1.48% w/w in control groups. Histopathology revealed complete epithelization and new blood vessel formation in SRPEBIME groups.

Discussion and conclusion: SRPEBIME and SREO have significant wound-healing activities on incision and excision wounds.     

Molecular docking of glycogen synthase kinase3-β inhibitor oleanolic acid and its wound-healing activity in rats

Glycogen Synthase Kinase3-β (GSK3-β) is involved in energy metabolism, cell development, and body pattern formation, whose inhibition promotes wound healing through β-catanin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway. Molecular Docking of oleanolic acid isolated from Methanolic extract of Grewia tiliaefolia bark to GSK3-β was studied by Wnt signaling pathway. The activation domain of GSK3-β docked with oleanolic acid showed the inhibition constant 1.55 × 10^?9 whereas, standard drug sulphathiazole showed inhibition constant of 9.27 × 10^?6. Both extract and isolated constituent were studied for their potency using excision, incision, and dead space wound models in rats. In oleanolic acid-treated animals (1 % w/w ointment cream base), epithelialization was faster with 96.82 % wound contraction on 16th post wounding day. Tensile strength of incision wound was significantly increased to 580.832.95 g after intraperitoneal administration of oleanolic acid (12 mg kg^?1 body weight). In dead space wound, a significant increase in weight, tensile strength, hydroxyproline content and increased collagenation of granuloma tissue was observed. Further in silico findings hypothesized that oleanolic acid may exert the healing activity by inhibiting GSK3-β through β-catanin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway.     

A comparative study of the anthelmintic potential of cleome viscosa L. And cleome burmanni w. And a

Methanol, aqueous and chloroform extracts of Cleome viscosa and Cleome burmanni were tested for anthelmintic potential against the Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma. Different concentrations of the extracts ranging from 50-2000 μg/ml were tested and results expressed as time required for paralysis and death of the worms. Piperazine citrate was used as a reference standard and DMSO (1%) as the negative control. The methanol extracts of Cleome viscosa and Cleome burmanni exhibited significant anthelmintic activity. Methanol extract of Cleome viscosa at a concentration of 2000 μg/ml was detected to be the most effective treatment dose. Thin layer chromatography of methanol extracts of both plants revealed the presence of terpenoids.     

Wound Healing and Antioxidant Activity of Achyranthes aspera

Achyranthes aspera Linn (Amaranthaceae), commonly known as apamarga, is a commonly available plant in India. This plant has been used in the treatment of cuts by the people living in Tamil Nadu. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of Achyranthes aspera were prepared and its wound healing and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The wound healing activity was studied using two wound models, excision wound model and incision wound model. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was also assessed using two methods, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and superoxide scavenging activity. The extracts responded significantly in both the wound models tested. Also, the plant exhibited good antioxidant effect by preventing the formation of free radicals in the two models studied. Comparatively, the aqueous extract was found to be more effective. These findings could justify the inclusion of this plant in the management of cuts by the local people.     

Antioxidant Activity and Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Extracts of the Marine Algae,Caulerpa peltata and Padina Gymnospora

The results of our previous investigations on extracts of selected marine algae showed that Caulerpa peltata and Padina gymnospora had more promising antiproliferative and antioxidant activities than Gelidiella acerosa and Sargassum wightii. Based on these results, the more active chloroform extract of C. peltata and ethyl acetate extract of P. gymnospora were further analyzed for their constituents by using gas chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry. The GC-MS analysis (GC % peak area given in parentheses) showed that fucosterol (12.45%) and L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (8.13%) were the major compounds present in P. gymnospora ethyl acetate extract. On the other hand, C. peltata chloroform extract had 1-heptacosanol (10.52%), hexacosanol acetate (9.28%), tetradecyl ester of chloroacetic acid (7.22%), Z,Z-6, 28-heptatriactontadien-2-one (6.77%) and 10, 13-dimethyl-methyl ester of tetradecanoic acid (5.34%) as major compounds. Also described in the report are the beta-carotene bleaching inhibitory and total reducing activities of the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of C. peltata and P. gymnospora, respectively, relative to the other three extracts (aqueous, methanol, chloroform or ethyl acetate) of the two algae.     

Anti-hyperbilirubinemic and wound healing activity of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaves in Wistar rats

Aims:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bilirubin lowering and wound healing property of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera (AECP) leaves in Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods:

Albino Wistar rats of either sex were used for the study. Bilirubin lowering property of C. procera leaves was evaluated using phenylhydrazine and paracetamol as inducing agents followed by measuring the concentration of serum total bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemic rats. Wound healing property was evaluated using incision and excision models by measuring tensile breaking strength, percentage wound contractions, and epithelization days, respectively.

Statistical Analysis:

Statistical comparison between groups in each experiment was done with one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett''s test.

Results:

AECP showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in concentrations of serum total bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemic rats as well as significant (P < 0.05) increase in breaking strength and percentage wound contractions with decreased epithelization period when compared to control groups.

Conclusions:

AECP showed significant bilirubin lowering and wound healing property in Wistar rats.KEY WORDS: Calotropis procera, excision, hyperbilirubinemia, incision, paracetamol, phenylhydrazine, wound healing     

Antihyperhomocysteinemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Trichilia connaroides in methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemic animals

The current study investigates the antihyperhomocysteinemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaves of Trichilia connaroides in methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in albino Wistar rats by oral administration of L-Methionine (1 gm / kg) and they were treated simultaneously with chloroform and methanol extracts (100 mg / kg) from the leaves of Trichilia connaroides. Serum homocysteine, lipid profile, and products of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the heart homogenate were recorded and treated for statistical significance. Hyperhomocysteinemic animals recorded significantly elevated serum homocysteine changes in lipid profile (P < 0.01) and Thibarbituric acid reactive substances (P < 0.01), compared to the vehicle control animals. Animals treated with chloroform and methanol extracts recorded significantly (P < 0.01) lower serum homocysteine, entire lipid profile, LPO (P < 0.01), except a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.01) compared to hyperhomocysteinemic animals. Thus, we conclude that chloroform and methanol extracts of Trichilia connaroides have significant antihyperhomocysteinemic and antihyperlipidemic effects on methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemic animals. Trichilia connaroides, therefore, holds promise as a cardioprotective herb.     

The effects of topical (gel) astemizole and terfenadine on wound healing

Objective:

To develop topical gel preparations of astemizole and terfenadine and to investigate the actions of the gels on the healing of incision and excision wounds in male albino rats.

Materials and Methods:

Gels containing 1% astemizole, with varying concentrations of carbopol 934 (polymer), were prepared. Similarly, 1% terfenadine gels were made. The formulations were evaluated for release rate and stability. Incision and excision wounds were inflicted on male albino rats under ketamine anesthesia, taking aseptic precautions. The animals were divided into two groups. They were given a topical application of either astemizole or terfenadine gel, at a dose of 100 mg per wound, once daily, for 10 days in the case of incision wounds and till the time of complete closure in the case of excision wounds. On the 11^th day, breaking strength of the incision wound was measured. In the excision wound model, wound closure rate, epithelization time, scar features and hydroxyproline content of scar tissue were studied from the day of wounding till the day of the scab falling off, with no residual raw area.

Results:

Gels prepared using 0.8% carbopol 934 and 1% of drug in gel base were found to be stable. The gels of astemizole and terfenadine significantly (P < 0.05) promoted the phases of healing such as collagenation (in incision wounds), wound contraction and epithelization (in excision wounds).

Conclusion:

The gels of astemizole and terfenadine might play an important role in wound management program.     

Wound-healing property of Momordica charantia L. fruit powder

Momordica charantia Linn. fruit powder, in the form of an ointment (10% w/w dried powder in simple ointment base), was evaluated for wound-healing potential in an excision, incision and dead space wound model in rats. The rats were divided into three groups of control, treatment and reference in all three wound models, each group consisting of six rats. Wound-contraction ability in excision wound mode was measured at different time intervals on days 4, 8, 10, 12 and 14 , and the study was continued until the wound had completely healed. Tensile strength was measured in 10-day-old incision and granuloma wound. Histological studies were performed on 10-day-old sections of regenerated tissue. Powder ointment showed a statistically significant response (P < 0.01), in terms of wound-contracting ability, wound closure time, period of epithelization, tensile strength of the wound and regeneration of tissues at wound site when compared with the control group, and these results were comparable to those of a reference drug povidone iodine ointment.