颧骨复合体骨折经冠状切口进路的临床评价

目的 :评价冠状切口进路治疗颧骨复合体骨折的临床疗效。方法 :3 0例颧骨复合体骨折病例 ,经冠状切口进路作开放整复加自钻螺钉微型钛板坚强固定手术。结果 :冠状切口术野清楚 ;骨折复位快、对位精确 ;切口隐蔽 ,无明显疤痕 ;微型钛板内固定 ,自钻螺钉使用 ,提高了手术精度 ;疗效优良率达 93 .3 %。结论 :冠状切口径路同时配合自钻螺钉微型钛板坚强内固定适宜于颧骨复合体骨折的治疗。     

颧骨复合体骨折95例坚强内固定

目的:总结应用微型钝钛板进行坚强内固定,治疗颧骨复合体骨折的临床经验。方法:回顾2001-01—2007-07间,应用微型钛板坚强内固定术治疗眶颧上颌骨复合骨折95例,分析其临床资料及手术效果,总结临床应用经验。结果:95例中93例软组织创口I期愈合。CT及X线片复查骨折愈合良好,所有微型钛板无移位,螺钉无松脱等异常。结论:微型钛板坚强内固定技术,骨折固定效果确切,操作简易,是治疗颧骨复合体骨折良好的方法。     

口腔颌面部创伤

个体化复位模板在颧骨复合体骨折治疗中的应用;眶骨骨折微型钛板坚强内固定术的应用研究;面中部骨折58例临床分析;颅颌面外伤的急救处理;冠状切口在颧骨复合体骨折中的应用     

颧骨复合体骨折140例临床分析

目的 分析颧骨复合体骨折的临床特点，评价其治疗方法。方法 对140例颧骨复合体骨折病例进行回顾性研究。结果 A骨折54例（38．5％），B型骨折65例（46．5％），C型骨折21例（15％）。有116例进行了手术治疗。18例进行了眶的重建。81例采用了钛板坚强内固定术。结论 颧骨复合体骨折必须及时治疗，进行精确的复位和坚固的内固定。     

颧骨复合体骨折临床治疗探讨

目的 探讨颧骨复合体骨折临床治疗方法。方法 总结66例颧骨复合体骨折患者，手术入路经验缘下和口内前庭沟切口，直视下解剖复位、固定，眶底缺损用人工骨重建，陈旧性骨折正颌手术治疗，通过临床和X线检查评价治疗效果。结果 63例患者术后功能和面形明显改善。结论 睑缘下和口内联合切口能充分暴露骨折区，利于解剖复位，额上颌合体骨折应早期手术，应用微型钛板固定。     

口内入路微创治疗颧骨骨折

目的:探讨口内入路微创治疗颧骨骨折的临床可行性。方法:对15例颧骨复合体骨折经口内径路切开复位及微型钛板坚固内固定手术。结果:术后1、3、6月复查,全部患者的开口度正常,咬合关系良好,面部皮肤无瘢痕,无面瘫症状和术后感染。结论:口内入路治疗颧骨骨折是一种较理想的治疗方法。     

口腔颌面部创伤

微型钛板内固定治疗面中部骨折30例临床观察；颜面部隐蔽小切口在颧骨复合体骨折内固定术中的应用；114例眼眶骨折分析；颧骨复合体骨折固定方法和固定部位的临床研究；上颌骨矢状骨折的处理.     

口腔颌面部创伤

口腔颌面部创伤诊治专家系统的研制；颞部发际前缘切口在颧骨复合体骨折内固定术中的应用；下颌骨骨折钛板内固定疗效分析；经半冠状切口应用微型钛板治疗颧骨颧弓骨折；下颌骨损伤伴外耳道前壁骨折诊治11例     

口腔颌面部创伤

颧上颌骨骨折82例临床总结；颌面部爆炸伤合并颅脑损伤动物模型的建立；眶周骨折伴复视的CT评价；颧骨复合体骨折的分类研究和治疗；三维CT在颌面骨折中的应用；口腔颌面部骨折微型钛板坚固内固定的临床研究；颧骨复合体骨折内固定术中眼心反射的观察；颌面部火器伤后间接损伤的牙髓组织中白介素-1的表达和意义；     

颧骨复合体骨折97例临床分析

目的 对97例颧骨复合体骨折病例进行临床回顾性分析,选择合理的治疗方案.方法 选择2005年～2010年间颧骨复合体骨折的患者97例,对其治疗方法及治疗效果进行回顾性临床分析.结果 交通事故是导致颧骨复合体骨折的主要原因;B型骨折最为多见(60.8％);坚强内固定是首选方案.术后3个月回访,均取得了良好的效果.结论 颧骨复合体骨折主要根据骨折类型以及面部畸形情况等决定手术方法.微型钛板坚强内固定技术效果确切,是治疗颧骨复合体骨折的良好方法.     

Variables related to surgical and nonsurgical treatment of zygomatic complex fracture

The aim of this retrospective research was to establish the association between variables for the surgical treatment of zygomatic complex (ZC) fractures. In a 10-year period, 532 patients were examined for ZC fractures. The medical records of patients were analyzed to obtain information related to sociodemographic characteristics, trauma etiology, sign and symptoms of patients, and surgical or nonsurgical treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using χ test with statistical significance of P < 0.05. Most fractures were sustained by subjects between 21 and 40 years of age (55.8%), being principally men (80.1%), and 153 patients underwent surgery (28.8%). Surgical treatment of ZC fractures was statistically associated to the presence of other facial fractures (P = 0.004), alteration of occlusion (P = 0.0001; probably due to jaw fractures), presence of the comminuted fractures (P = 0.0002), and infraorbital nerve sensory disturbances (P = 0.003). A mixture of complex variables can be associated to surgical treatment; however, variables as comminuted fracture and alteration of occlusion were associated to surgical treatment indications.     

Intraoral approach to zygomatic fracture: modified technique for infraorbital rim fixation

The intraoral approach to zygomatic fracture treatment was introduced by Keen in 1909. This technique allows both an adequate visualization of the zygomaticomaxillary buttress and intraoral reduction of zygomatic arch fractures. Similar techniques have been published over the last 30 years. The aim of this study was to describe a modification of the Keen technique that promotes adequate visualization of the infraorbital rim and permits reduction and fixation of this region in cases of zygomatic fractures. The present technique has several advantages such as that (a) only 1 incision is necessary to approach the zygomaticomaxillary buttress and infraorbital rim, (b) it optimizes surgical time, and (c) it avoids periorbital scars.     

经眶周小切口治疗颧骨复合体骨折

目的：介绍经眶周小切口复位同定颧骨复合体骨折（ZMC）的方法与疗效。方法：共治疗93例ZMC骨折，其中单纯经眶周（眉弓外侧和下睑缘下）小切口复位58例（62％），眶周小切口＋上颌前庭沟切口复位35例（38％）。术后行临床疗效和影像学观察，随访半年。结果：84例（90％）痊愈，面部畸形与眼球功能障碍完全恢复，眶周无明显瘢痕；9例（10％）明显改善。结论：ZMC骨折经眶周小切口入路治疗创伤小，疗效好，可同期进行眶底探查与眶底骨缺损重建，对复杂性骨折还需联合口内切口复位固定。     

Modification of surgical technique in isolated zygomatic arch fracture repair: seven case studies

Closed reduction is applied in most cases of isolated zygomatic arch fracture. Open reduction and internal rigid fixation through a coronal incision have to be performed in other comminuted arch fractures. The authors introduced an endoscopic-assisted approach via a small preauricular incision to achieve reposition and osteosynthesis of isolated zygomatic arch fractures. The endoscopic-assisted surgical technique was performed in 7 patients with unilateral isolated zygomatic arch fractures. Endoscopically controlled management of the isolated zygomatic arch fracture was feasible in all 7 patients. The follow-up period was 1 year. All preauricular scar and facial lateral contour were aesthetically satisfactory. The endoscope-assisted approach via a small preauricular incision can achieve in situ reduction and fixation in zygomatic arch fracture and it should become an integral part of isolated zygomatic fracture repair, assuming the development of specialized training programs and improvements in endoscopes.     

下睑缘切口在眶下壁骨折内固定术中的应用

目的:评价下睑缘切口在眶下壁骨折内固定术中的应用价值.方法:在下睑缘睫毛下约2mm处平行于下睑缘作弧形切口,于眼轮匝肌深面与眶隔浅面之间向眶下缘分离,暴露眶下壁骨折部位,解除骨折线内嵌顿软组织,复位后用弧形钛板固定,细线缝合皮肤.结果:103例眶下壁骨折患者骨折愈合良好,无复视和眼球内陷等并发症.89例切口瘢痕平整、隐蔽、无缺陷;5例轻度下睑外翻,9例局部小皱褶.结论:下睑缘切口在眶下壁骨折内固定术中切口隐蔽,操作简便,创伤小,术野清晰,便于复位和固定.     

Comparison of various approaches for exposure of infraorbital rim fractures of zygoma

Objective  The aim of this study was to randomly compare four incisionssubciliary, subtarsal, infraorbital and transconjunctival with lateral canthotomy for treatment of orbital rim or floor fractures. Methods  40 patients with zygomatic complex fractures either isolated or in association with pan facial fractures, were selected for the study. They were divided into four groups of 10 patients each, Group I-Transconjunctival with lateral canthotomy, Group II-Subciliary [single eyelid incision], Group III-Subtarsal incision, and Group IV-Infraorbital incision. The following parameters were compared a) The average time from incision to fracture exposure b) The amount of exposure of the site provided c) The aesthetic appearance of the ‘scar’ d) Complications e) Factor of ‘time’ — its effect on scar and complications. Results  The study revealed that all four incisions provided adequate exposure of fracture site and transconjunctival (22 minutes) required the maximum time for exposure. The complications included ectropion in group I and prolonged edema in group IV. Group II and III patients had relatively lesser number of complications. Group IV patients had visible scar as compared to no scar in group I patients. Conclusion  We conclude by saying that transconjunctival approach provides an excellent aesthetic result when done meticulously. However the subciliary and the subtarsal incisions provide a more rapid, direct approach to the orbital floor and infraorbital rim with minimal morbidity and an aesthetically acceptable scar. The infraorbital incision is the least acceptable aesthetically.     

A Prospective Study on Management of Mandibular Angle Fracture

Purpose

To evaluate the results of management of mandibular angle fracture by open reduction and internal fixation using single non compression miniplate via transbuccal, intraoral or extraoral approaches.

Patients and Methods

In this prospective study, 30 patients were randomly selected regardless of age, sex requiring open reduction and internal fixation of non comminuted angle fracture with/or without other associated fractures of the mandible. All the patients were operated under general anaesthesia following routine haematological, biochemical, general physical examination and routine radiographic examination. Patients were randomly distributed into 3 groups namely: (1) intraoral, (2) transbuccal, and (3) extraoral groups depending on the surgical approach used for open reduction and internal fixation of fracture of the angle of mandible. In the intraoral group (12 patients), angle fracture was approached through the intraoral vestibular incision similar to sagittal split incision. In the transbuccal group (8 patients), angle fracture was approached through the intraoral vestibular incision and transbuccal stab incision for screw fixation via trochar. In the extraoral group (10 patients), angle fracture was approached through the Risdon’s submandibular incision. In all the patients, fractures were reduced with upper and lower Erich’s arch bar fixation as means for IMF intraoperatively. In all the patients, fracture of the angle of the mandible was fixed with single non compression 2.5 mm, 4 holed with gap stainless steel miniplate and 6/8 mm monocortical screws. All patients were followed up for minimum of 6 months to maximum of 24 months.

Results

Complications were relatively minor such as paresthesia (on average 26.7 % first post-operative day which was gradually improved and on average after 1 month was 3.3 %), mild to moderate occlusal discrepancies (on average 36.7 %) which needed the post-operative intermaxillary fixation with elastics for 1–2 weeks, infection (20 % on average) was mild to moderate which was managed with antibiotic therapy and/or incision and drainage except in one case, plate removal was done under general anaesthesia (extraoral group) because of recurrent infection. Post-operative pain was mild to moderate (mean VAS score pre operative–6.17, post-operative 1 week–1.63) which was managed with analgesics. Mouth opening was recorded in all patients which was on average 20.98 mm preoperatively which improved to 40.57 mm after 1 month.

Conclusion

The use of a single non compression miniplate for fractures of the angle of the mandible is a simple, reliable technique with relatively rare major complications and few minor complications irrespective of the surgical approach used for the open reduction.     

25例颧上颌复合体骨折诊治方法的探讨

目的:对颧上颌复合体(ZMC)骨折的致伤原因、三维CT检查及坚强内固定方法进行回顾性分析。方法:25例患者均经三维CT检查、图像重建并行坚强内固定手术治疗,术后随访3～12个月。结果:25例患者中,交通事故伤13例(52%),工业事故伤5例(20%)。局部塌陷畸形21例,咬合紊乱19例,张口受限15例,复视伴眼并发症17例,眶下神经支配区麻木11例,5例伴有上颌矢状骨折。25例患者三维CT重建图像均清晰显示主体解剖图像及周围关系,图像直接显示了颌骨骨折的部位及空间结构关系。所有患者选用微型钛板行坚强内固定手术治疗,22例获得满意效果。结论:对于ZMC骨折患者,通过选择局部切口、冠状切口及前庭沟切口,用微型钛板行坚强内固定术,可以获得满意的疗效。     

Transantral endoscopic orbital floor repair using resorbable plate

The transantral endoscopic orbital floor approach can be used to repair pure orbital floor blowout fractures, avoiding the risks of lower lid incisions. A transoral incision is made to expose the anterior maxillary wall. A 1-cm2 antral bone flap gives access to the maxillary sinus and infraorbital floor. The size and fracture configuration are defined using a 30-degree, 4-mm endoscope. Stable bony shelves are identified adjacent to the fracture. Resorbable bone plating material is cut slightly larger than the defect. The material is introduced through defect, rotated, and allowed to rest on the stable medial, lateral, and anterior orbital shelves. Fixation is not required if there is adequate stability of the bony shelves. If not, direct screw fixation can be done from below.     

Facial fracture approaches with landmark ratios to predict the location of the infraorbital and supraorbital nerves: an anatomic study

In exposing facial fractures for reduction and fixation with coronal, subciliary, subtarsal, and upper buccal sulcus approaches, the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves are susceptible to injury. The location of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves can be predicted by palpating for the supraorbital notch. Significant edema as seen with facial fractures can make these prominent bony landmarks difficult to palpate, however. The purpose of this study was to determine a method to predict the location of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves in the face of frontal and periorbital edema when the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves are not palpable. The supraorbital and infraorbital nerves were identified in 14 cadaver heads. The orbital width from the medial to lateral canthus was measured. The distance of the vertical vector of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves from the medial canthus was measured along this horizontal vector of the orbit. The distance of the infraorbital nerve from the infraorbital rim was measured. The orbital width measured 42.2 +/- 1.6 mm from the medial to lateral canthus. The vertical vector of the supraorbital nerve measured 15.9 +/- 1.1 mm from the medial canthus along the horizontal vector of the orbit. The vertical vector of the infraorbital verve measured 16.8 +/- 1.4 mm from the medial canthus along the horizontal vector of the orbit. The infraorbital nerve measured 9.8 +/- 1.0 mm inferior to the infraorbital rim. The medial one third of the orbit measured 14.1 mm. Therefore, the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves are located approximately along the medial third of the orbit, with the upper bound of 95% confidence at 3.1 mm. The location of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves can be predicted by the previous landmark ratio to within 3 mm.