Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies

CONTEXT: Some epidemiologic studies suggest that elevated fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. However, most have been case-control studies in which recall and selection bias may influence the results. Additionally, publication bias may have influenced the literature on associations for specific fruit and vegetable subgroups. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes using standardized exposure definitions. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SELECTION: Eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessed usual dietary intake, and completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument were included in these analyses. DATA EXTRACTION: Using the primary data from each of the studies, we calculated study-specific relative risks (RRs) that were combined using a random-effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS: The studies included 7377 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurring among 351 825 women whose diet was analyzed at baseline. For comparisons of the highest vs lowest quartiles of intake, weak, nonsignificant associations were observed for total fruits (pooled multivariate RR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.08), total vegetables (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.04; P for trend =.54), and total fruits and vegetables (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.12). No additional benefit was apparent in comparisons of the highest and lowest deciles of intake. No associations were observed for green leafy vegetables, 8 botanical groups, and 17 specific fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption during adulthood is not significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk.     

蛋白质及碳水化合物摄入量与结直肠癌关系的meta分析

目的  探讨蛋白质及碳水化合物的摄入量对结直肠癌发病率的影响,并对性别和结肠直肠进行亚组分析。方法  在Pubmed、Embase和Cochrane Library数据库里通过检索式检索,选取1991年1月1日-2015年12月31日的蛋白质及碳水化合物摄入量与结直肠癌关系的英文文献,筛选文献并对纳入文献进行质量评分和数据提取,使用Stata 12.0统计软件进行meta分析。结果  最终共纳入22个研究,16 012例患者。蛋白质摄入与结直肠癌发生率无关（■：1.03,95%CI：0.85,1.25）;碳水化合物摄入与结直肠癌发生率无关（■：1.15,95%CI：0.99,1.33）。仅分析其中的病例对照研究,碳水化合物摄入可以增加结直肠癌的发生率（■：1.35,95%CI：1.07,1.69）。亚组分析显示男性的碳水化合物摄入可以增加结直肠癌的发生率（■：1.21,95%CI：1.01,1.45）。然而,碳水化合物相关研究则发现了明显的发表偏倚Begg（P =0.000）或Egger’s（P =0.001）。结论  笔者的结论并没有足够的证据说明在目前的研究中蛋白质/碳水化合物摄入与结直肠癌存在关联性,对于该争议还需要进一步随机对照实验及机制研究来考量。

     

应用队列研究方法检验饮酒与肠癌发病的联系

目的:了解饮酒者与非饮酒者人群中肠癌发病情况,验证饮酒与肠癌发病之间的关系.方法:以1989年5月-1990年4月期间,参加浙江省嘉善县肠癌筛检的10个乡镇30岁及以上人口共64 102人为研究队列,其中29 044名饮酒者为暴露组,其余为非暴露组.随访时间为1990年5月1日至2001年12月1日,观察队列的肠癌发病情况,应用Cox回归模型计算两者的相对危险度(RR).结果:全队列64 102人,共观察658 100.24人年.暴露组29 044人,随访298 497.23人年;非暴露组35 328人,随访359 603.01人年.全队列中合计肠癌新发病例242例,其中暴露组新发病例108例,发病密度为36.18/10万,非暴露组新发134例,发病密度为37.26/10万,两者相比无显著性差异(Z＝0.52,P>0.05);饮酒与肠癌发病的粗RR值为0.97(95%CI为0.75～1.25),调整RR值为1.13(95%CI为0.87～1.48)无统计学显著意义.经计算,本研究的检验效能(1-β)为96.99%.结论:在嘉善县人群中,饮酒不是肠癌的危险因素.     

东亚男性饮酒和卒中关系的前瞻性队列研究荟萃分析

目的 系统评价源自于中、日、韩关于饮酒和卒中关系的前瞻性队列研究,探讨东亚男性饮酒和卒中及全因死亡的关系.方法 检索Pubmed等数据库,纳入符合入选条件的前瞻性队列研究,记录研究来源国家、研究对象例数、性别、年龄(均数或中位数及间距)、随访期限、饮酒量(g/d)、与饮酒相关的卒中或死亡相对风险(RR)及95%可信区间(CI)等.根据异质性检验结果,采用随机或固定效应模型,以RR作为评价饮酒量与缺血性卒中或出血性卒中发病率及全因死亡率的风险效应指标.结果 共纳入17项前瞻性队列研究.样本量最小1 322人,最大108 461人,9项研究报道了全因死亡;7项报道了缺血性卒中、7项报道了出血性卒中.随访期间4.1～19.0年.分层比较显示每日饮酒量≤20、21～40、41～60、＞60 g/d的各组与不饮酒者比较,缺血性卒中风险(RR及95%CI)分别为0.85(0.78～0.93;P=0.0002)、0.94(0.79～1.11;P=0.46)、1.08(0.86～1.37;P=0.50)和1.24(0.96～1.59;P=0.10);出血性卒中风险分别为0.92(0.75～1.12;P=0.40)、1.11(0.96～1.28;P=0.17)、1.20(0.92～1.56;P=0.18)和1.74(1.32～2.28;P＜0.01);全因死亡风险分别为0.83(0.75～0.91,P=0.01)、0.93(0.87～0.99,P=0.03)、1.01(0.95～1.07;P=0.86)和1.32(1.29～1.36;P＜0.01).结论 在东亚男性人群中,少量饮酒(≤20 g/d)降低缺血性卒中的风险,过量饮酒使卒中(尤其是出血性卒中)、全因死亡的风险明显增加.适量饮酒的范围应每日酒精量不超过40g.     

A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer

CONTEXT: Folate is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation and may reduce breast cancer risk, particularly among women with greater alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between folate intake and risk of breast cancer and whether higher folate intake may reduce excess risk among women who consume alcohol. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study performed in 1980, with 16 years of follow-up. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 88818 women who completed the dietary questionnaire section of the Nurses' Health Study in 1980. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of invasive breast cancer by levels of folate and alcohol intake. RESULTS: A total of 3483 cases of breast cancer were documented. Total folate intake was not associated with overall risk of breast cancer. However, among women who consumed at least 15 g/d of alcohol, the risk of breast cancer was highest among those with low folate intake. For total folate intake of at least 600 microg/d compared with 150 to 299 microg/d, the multivariate relative risk (RR) was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.76; P for trend = .001). This association was only slightly attenuated after additional adjustment for intake of beta carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, preformed vitamin A, and total vitamins C and E. The risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol intake was strongest among women with total folate intake of less than 300 microg/d (for alcohol intake > or =15 g/d vs <15 g/d, multivariate RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15-1.50). For women who consumed at least 300 microg/d of total folate, the multivariate RR for intake of at least 15 g/d of alcohol vs less than 15 g/d was 1.05 (95% CI, 0.92-1.20). Current use of multivitamin supplements, the major source of folate, was associated with lower breast cancer risk among women who consumed at least 15 g/d of alcohol (for current users of supplements vs never users, RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the excess risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption may be reduced by adequate folate intake.     

Magnesium intake in relation to risk of colorectal cancer in women

Context  Animal studies have suggested that dietary magnesium may play a role in the prevention of colorectal cancer, but data in humans are lacking. Objective  To evaluate the hypothesis that a high magnesium intake reduces the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Design, Setting, and Participants  The Swedish Mammography Cohort, a population-based prospective cohort of 61 433 women aged 40 to 75 years without previous diagnosis of cancer at baseline from 1987 to 1990. Main Outcome Measure  Incident invasive colorectal cancer. Results  During a mean of 14.8 years (911 042 person-years) of follow-up, 805 incident colorectal cancer cases were diagnosed. After adjustment for potential confounders, we observed an inverse association of magnesium intake with the risk of colorectal cancer (P for trend = .006). Compared with women in the lowest quintile of magnesium intake, the multivariate rate ratio (RR) was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.87) for those in the highest quintile. The inverse association was observed for both colon (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41-1.07) and rectal cancer (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22-0.89). Conclusion  This population-based prospective study suggests that a high magnesium intake may reduce the occurrence of colorectal cancer in women.      

叶酸摄入与胰腺癌发生风险的meta分析

目的探讨叶酸摄入与胰腺癌发生风险的关系。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、Pubmed、Embase、CBM-disc、CNKI数据库,手工检索相关文献,纳入关于叶酸与胰腺癌发生关系的前瞻性及病例-对照研究。评价质量及提取资料后,采用Stata version 11.0软件对胰腺癌发生风险进行合并。结果共纳入6项队列研究及3项病例-对照研究,2 209例患者。分析提示:从食物中获取叶酸的最高摄入量人群与最低者相比,前组胰腺癌罹患风险统计学上明显降低28%,在以相对危险度(RR)为效应值的队列研究中这种降低趋势更明显[合并RR=0.51,95%CI(0.29,0.89),P=0.017],在病例-对照研究中,合并优势比(OR)=0.79[95%CI(0.66,0.94),P=0.008];总叶酸摄入量(来源于食物及补充的叶酸)最高组人群与最低者相比,胰腺癌罹患风险统计学上明显降低33%,在病例-对照研究中,合并OR=0.53[95%CI(0.30,0.96),P=0.036]。结论本研究结果表明增加总叶酸摄入量(来源于食物及补充的叶酸)及食物来源叶酸摄入量是胰腺的保护因素。     

Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease

Context  Laboratory findings have suggested that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Therefore, the risk of Alzheimer disease might be reduced by intake of antioxidants that counteract the detrimental effects of oxidative stress. Objective  To determine whether dietary intake of antioxidants is related to risk of Alzheimer disease. Design and Setting  The Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study conducted in the Netherlands. Participants  A total of 5395 participants who, at baseline (1990-1993), were aged at least 55 years, free of dementia, and noninstitutionalized and had reliable dietary assessment. Participants were reexamined in 1993-1994 and 1997-1999 and were continuously monitored for incident dementia. Main Outcome Measures  Incidence of Alzheimer disease, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria, associated with dietary intake of beta carotene, flavonoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Results  After a mean follow-up of 6 years, 197 participants developed dementia, of whom 146 had Alzheimer disease. When adjustments were made for age, sex, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score, alcohol intake, education, smoking habits, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, total energy intake, presence of carotid plaques, and use of antioxidative supplements, high intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with lower risk of Alzheimer disease (rate ratios [RRs] per 1-SD increase in intake were 0.82 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.68-0.99] and 0.82 [95% CI, 0.66-1.00], respectively). Among current smokers, this relationship was most pronounced (RRs, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.37-1.14] and 0.58 [95% CI, 0.30-1.12], respectively) and also was present for intake of beta carotene (RR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27-0.92]) and flavonoids (RR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.31-0.96]). The associations did not vary by education or apolipoprotein E genotype. Conclusion  High dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of Alzheimer disease.      

结直肠癌围术期并发静脉血栓栓塞的影响因素

目的 对结直肠癌围术期静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)发生的相关影响因素进行研究,以指导预防和治疗。方法 研究为前瞻性队列研究,纳入2021年6月—2022年4月在本院行结直肠癌根治术的102例患者,获取暴露指标,并观察结局,采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析结直肠癌围术期发生静脉血栓栓塞的影响因素。结果 纳入者中共有20例患者在围术期发生了VTE。经单因素分析,两组患者在年龄、是否合并有糖尿病、既往VTE病史等方面比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在性别、BMI、是否合并冠心病、是否合并高血压、术前4周是否行抗凝治疗、手术方式、手术时间、手术体位、术后是否行物理预防、术后实验室检查指标上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析得出年龄与结直肠癌围术期并发VTE有回归关系(P=0.005,OR=1.136)。结论 结直肠癌围手术期的VTE发生率高达19.6%;对于年龄（72.95±9.44）岁以上、患有糖尿病、既往有VTE病史的患者,围术期应当加强干预措施,预防静脉血栓栓塞的形成,对于手术时间、手术体位等更值得关注的指标,还需要本中心更大的样本来进一步说明     

Fish consumption and incidence of heart failure: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Background  The association between fish consumption and heart failure (HF) incidence is inconsistent.

Methods  We performed a systematic search of Pubmed and Embase (from 1953 to June 2012) using key words related to fish and HF. Studies with at least three categories of fish consumption reporting both relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for HF incidence were included. The pooled RR and 95%CI were calculated using a fixed or random-effects model. The generalized least squares regression model was used to quantify the dose-response relationship between fish consumption and HF incidence.

Results  Five prospective cohort studies including 4750 HF events of 170 231 participants with an average of 9.7-year follow-up were selected and identified. Compared with those who never ate fish, individuals with higher fish consumption had a lower HF incidence. The pooled RRs for HF incidence was 0.99 (95%CI, 0.91 to 1.08) for fish consumption 1 to 3 times per month, 0.91 (95%CI, 0.84 to 0.99) for once a week, 0.87 (95%CI, 0.81 to 0.95) for 2 to 4 times per week, and 0.86 (95%CI, 0.84 to 0.99) for 5 or more times per week. An increment of 20 g of daily fish intake was related to a 6% lower risk of HF (RR: 0.94, 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.001).

Conclusions  This meta-analysis suggests that there is a dose-dependent inverse relationship between fish consumption and HF incidence. Fish intake once or more times a week could reduce HF incidence.

     

饮食中添加抗氧化剂与年龄相关性黄斑变性患病风险的关系

背景:发达国家中,年龄相关性黄斑变性(AM D)是导致不可逆盲的最主要原因。近期研究发现,添加高剂量的β-胡萝卜素,维生素C、维生素E以及锌均可延缓AM D的进展。目的:研究日常摄入抗氧化剂能否减少罹患AM D的风险。设计:基于鹿特丹郊区中产阶级聚集区所有55岁以上的居民人群的研     

Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial

Context  Observational studies and polyp recurrence trials are not conclusive regarding the effects of a low-fat dietary pattern on risk of colorectal cancer, necessitating a primary prevention trial. Objective  To evaluate the effects of a low-fat eating pattern on risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. Design, Setting, and Participants  The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, a randomized controlled trial conducted in 48 835 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years recruited between 1993 and 1998 from 40 clinical centers throughout the United States. Interventions  Participants were randomly assigned to the dietary modification intervention (n = 19 541; 40%) or the comparison group (n = 29 294; 60%).The intensive behavioral modification program aimed to motivate and support reductions in dietary fat, to increase consumption of vegetables and fruits, and to increase grain servings by using group sessions, self-monitoring techniques, and other tailored and targeted strategies. Women in the comparison group continued their usual eating pattern. Main Outcome Measure  Invasive colorectal cancer incidence. Results  A total of 480 incident cases of invasive colorectal cancer occurred during a mean follow-up of 8.1 (SD, 1.7) years. Intervention group participants significantly reduced their percentage of energy from fat by 10.7% more than did the comparison group at 1 year, and this difference between groups was mostly maintained (8.1% at year 6). Statistically significant increases in vegetable, fruit, and grain servings were also made. Despite these dietary changes, there was no evidence that the intervention reduced the risk of invasive colorectal cancer during the follow-up period. There were 201 women with invasive colorectal cancer (0.13% per year) in the intervention group and 279 (0.12% per year) in the comparison group (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.29). Secondary analyses suggested potential interactions with baseline aspirin use and combined estrogen-progestin use status (P = .01 for each). Colorectal examination rates, although not protocol defined, were comparable between the intervention and comparison groups. Similar results were seen in analyses adjusting for adherence to the intervention. Conclusion  In this study, a low-fat dietary pattern intervention did not reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women during 8.1 years of follow-up. Clinical Trials Registration  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611      

Dietary phytoestrogens and lung cancer risk

Context  Despite lung-specific in vitro and in vivo studies that support a chemopreventive role for phytoestrogens, there has been little epidemiologic research focused on dietary intake of phytoestrogens and risk of lung cancer. Objective  To examine the relationship between dietary intake of phytoestrogens and risk of lung cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants  Ongoing US case-control study of 1674 patients with lung cancer (cases) and 1735 matched healthy controls. From July 1995 through October 2003, participants were personally interviewed with epidemiologic and food frequency questionnaires to collect demographic information and to quantify dietary intake of 12 individual phytoestrogens. Main Outcome Measure  Risk of lung cancer, estimated using unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses stratified by sex and smoking status and adjusted for established and putative lung cancer risk factors. Results  Reductions in risk of lung cancer tended to increase with each increasing quartile of phytoestrogen intake. The highest quartiles of total phytosterols, isoflavones, lignans, and phytoestrogens were each associated with reductions in risk of lung cancer ranging from 21% for phytosterols (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.97; P = .03 for trend) to 46% for total phytoestrogens from food sources only (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.42-0.70; P<.001 for trend). Sex-specific effects were also apparent. For men, statistically significant trends for decreasing risk with increasing intake were noted for each phytoestrogen group, with protective effects for the highest quartile of intake ranging from 24% for phytosterols (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56-1.02; P = .04 for trend) to 44% for isoflavones (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41-0.76; P<.001 for trend), while in women, significant trends were only present for intake of total phytoestrogens from food sources only, with a 34% (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; P = .01 for trend) protective effect for the highest quartile of intake. The apparent benefits of high phytoestrogen intake were evident in both never and current smokers but less apparent in former smokers. In women, statistically significant joint effects were evident between hormone therapy use and phytoestrogen intake. Specifically, high intake of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and use of hormone therapy were associated with a 50% (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31-0.68; P = .04 for interaction) reduction in risk of lung cancer. Conclusions  While there are limitations and concerns regarding case-control studies of diet and cancer, these data provide further support for the limited but growing epidemiologic evidence that phytoestrogens are associated with a decrease in risk of lung cancer. Confirmation of these findings is still required in large-scale, hypothesis-driven, prospective studies.      

Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis

CONTEXT: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) evaluation leads to the early detection of both prostate cancer and recurrences following primary treatment. Prostate-specific antigen outcome information on patients 5 or more years following treatment is limited and available mainly as single-institution reports. OBJECTIVES: To assess the likelihood and durability of tumor control using PSA evaluation 5 or more years after radical external beam radiation therapy and to identify pretreatment prognostic factors in men with early prostate cancer treated since 1988, the PSA era. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective, nonrandomized, multi-institutional pooled analysis of patients treated with external beam radiation therapy alone between 1988 and 1995 at 6 US medical centers. Follow-up lasted up to a maximum of 9 years. Outcome data were analyzed using Cox regression and recursive partitioning techniques. PATIENTS: A total of 1765 men with stage T1b, T1c, and T2 tumors treated between 1988 and 1995 with external beam radiation. The majority (58%) of patients were older than 70 years and 24.2% had initial PSA values of 20 ng/mL or higher. A minimum of 2 years of subsequent follow-up was required for participation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Actuarial estimates of freedom from biochemical failure. RESULTS: The 5-year estimates of overall survival, disease-specific survival, and the freedom from biochemical failure are 85.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.5%-87.6%), 95.1% (95% CI, 94.0%-96.2%), and 65.8% (95% CI, 62.8%-68.0%), respectively. The PSA failure-free rates 5 and 7 years after treatment for patients presenting with a PSA of less than 10 ng/mL were 77.8% (95% CI, 74.5%-81.3%), and 72.9% (95% CI, 67.9%-78.2%). Recursive partitioning analysis of initial PSA level, palpation stage, and the Gleason score groupings yielded 4 separate prognostic groups: group 1, included patients with a PSA level of less than 9.2 ng/mL; group 2, PSA level of at least 9.2 but less than 19.7 ng/mL; group 3, PSA level at least 19.7 ng/mL and a Gleason score of 2 to 6; and group 4, PSA level of at least 19.7 ng/mL and a Gleason score of 7 to 10. The estimated rates of survival free of biochemical failure at 5 years are 81 % for group 1, 69% for group 2, 47% for group 3, and 29% for group 4. Of the 302 patients followed up beyond 5 years who were free of biochemical disease, 5.0% relapsed from the fifth to the eighth year. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated PSA control rates in this pooled analysis are similar to those of single institutions. These rates indicate the probability of success for subsets of patients with tumors of several prognostic category groupings. These results represent a multi-institutional benchmark for evidence-based counseling of prostate cancer patients about radiation treatment.     

主动吸烟和被动吸烟与绝经后妇女罹患乳腺癌风险的相关性：前瞻性队列研究

目的通过计算绝经后妇女一生中主动吸烟和被动吸烟的量来评估吸烟与浸润性乳腺癌发病风险的关系。