同侧股骨干股骨颈骨折

目的探讨同侧股骨干、股骨颈骨折的临床特点及诊断要点。方法对1995年5月～1999年5月间治疗的初诊时未诊断出股骨颈骨折的7例同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折的骨折类型、膝关节合并损伤、股骨颈骨折诊断时间、治疗方法、随访结果等进行了回顾性研究。结果7例股骨干骨折均发生于中1/3,股骨颈骨折均为基底型,2例合并膝关节其他骨折,股骨颈骨折诊断延误时间1～75d,除1例保守治疗外,其余6例股骨干骨折及5例股骨颈骨折均行手术治疗,另1例股骨颈骨折确诊时已近临床愈合。平均随访时间15.6个月,7例股骨颈及股骨干骨折均获得愈合,2例股骨颈骨折畸形愈合。所有患者随诊时均未发现股骨头有缺血性坏死的表现。结论对高能损伤造成的股骨干骨折患者应常规拍摄骨盆前后位X线片。对髋关节X线片表现阴性,但股骨干骨折内固定之后仍主诉髋关节疼痛的患者应进行动态检查。一旦发现合并股骨颈骨折应争取早期复位内固定,手术治疗效果优于非手术治疗。     

Ipsilateral fractures of the femoral neck and shaft

Ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures are difficult to treat. From 1989 to 1998, we treated 18 patients with these complex fractures. There were 14 male and 4 female with an average age of 40 years. Most resulted from high-energy trauma. The average follow-up period is 41 months. All but one of the fractures united well. The mean time to union is 5.2+/-2.3 months in the diaphysis and 4.16+/-2 months in the neck. No cases of the femoral neck fracture or osteonecrosis of the femoral head were observed during the follow-up period. Fourteen cases were treated with a standard protocol of plates for diaphyseal fractures and lag screws or dynamic hip screws (DHS) fixations for the femoral neck fractures. There were 13 good and 1 fair functional results. Two neglected neck fractures were treated with interlocking nailing for diaphyseal fracture with fair results. We conclude that a plate on the shaft and sliding hip screws or separate screws in the hip is a reliable method for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures.     

股骨干合并同侧股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨干合并同侧股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折的临床特点和漏诊原因.方法 8例股骨干骨折分别采用普通髓内钉、钢板、带锁髓内钉固定.其中合并股骨颈、股骨转子间骨折的6例选用DHS、带锁髓内钉、空心螺钉固定;术前漏诊2例采用非手术治疗.结果 8例全部获随访,随访时间5个月～2年.股骨干及股骨颈、股骨转子间骨折均获骨性愈合,伤肢功能恢复满意.结论对高能量损伤造成股骨干骨折应常规摄骨盆前后位X线片及膝部X线片.一旦发现合并股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折,应争取早期手术内固定,效果满意.     

Ipsilateral fractures of the femoral neck and shaft.

Thirty-three patients with ipsilateral intracapsular femoral neck and shaft fractures were treated with antegrade reamed intramedullary (IM) nails and cancellous screw fixation of the femoral neck. The shaft fractures were fixed prior to definitive neck stabilization. A "reversed" nail construct was used in 13 patients, a conventional interlocked nail was used in 6, and a reconstruction nail was used in the remaining 14. Thirty-one (94%) of the femoral shaft fractures healed primarily. In two patients, the shaft fracture failed to unite and was bone grafted and plated, respectively; the fractures subsequently healed. However, only 27 (82%) of the femoral neck fractures healed after initial fixation. In six patients (18%), a symptomatic varus nonunion developed, requiring a valgus osteotomy. Five of the six femoral neck non-unions and all of the osteotomy sites united; however, two of these patients later developed osteonecrosis of their femoral heads. Closed reamed antegrade IM nailing with supplemental screw fixation of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures did not produce uniformly successful results because of high rates of varus nonunion of the femoral neck fracture.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的临床分析

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折（ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures，IFNSF）于1953年由Dalaney和Street首次报告以来，文献报道逐渐增多，由于其处理的复杂性及挑战性，日益受到骨科医生的关注。我们总结自2000年1月～2005年8月收治的20例IFNSF患者，分析如下。     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: complications and their treatment

An ipsilateral femoral neck fracture occurs in approximately 6% to 9% of all femoral shaft fractures. Despite this relatively common presentation, decision-making often is difficult. Furthermore, the risk for complications is greater in the treatment of this combination injury pattern than for single-level fractures. A retrospective review of the authors' large trauma database revealed 13 patients who had healing complications develop after their index surgical procedure. Six of the eight (75%) femoral neck nonunions occurring in these 13 patients developed after the use of a second generation, reconstruction-type intramedullary nail. Factors contributing to nonunion of the femoral shaft were the presence of an open fracture, use of an unreamed, small diameter intramedullary nail, and prolonged delay to weightbearing. The femoral neck nonunions healed after either valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy (seven patients) or compression hip screw fixation (one patient). The femoral shaft nonunion proved more difficult than expected to treat with some patients with femoral shaft nonunions requiring more than one operative procedure to achieve union. Lag screw fixation of the femoral neck fracture and reamed intramedullary nailing for shaft fracture stabilization were associated with the fewest complications. Therefore, this approach is recommended as the treatment of choice.     

Ipsilateral femoral shaft and hip fractures

A midshaft femoral fracture in a high-energy trauma victim should prompt the orthopedist to search carefully for an ipsilateral fracture of the femoral neck. This fracture will be present in 5 per cent of patients, and the incidence may be increasing. Management of the femoral neck fracture should include emergent capsulotomy, anatomic reduction, and rigid fixation with compression. Management of the femoral shaft should not interfere with these goals because of the risk of post-traumatic necrosis of the femoral head. Successful methods of management of the femoral shaft fracture have included compression plating, retrograde Kuntscher nailing, and interlocking nails. Approaches to the treatment of concomitant intertrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures should be selected according to the skill and experience of the surgeon and the availability of equipment.     

Ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures

Over a 20-year period, 24 patients were treated for ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures. The majority of the hip fractures were extracapsular. All resulted from high-energy impaction injuries (motor vehicle accidents and falls from over 15 feet), with 25% being open. There were numerous associated injuries, many requiring multiple operations. One-third had an associated knee injury, with 75% occurring in those with extracapsular fractures. The diagnosis and treatment of three hip fractures were delayed, but all healed without avascular necrosis. Patients were treated by traction and various internal fixation methods, either alone or in combination. Fifty percent had major complications, predominantly patients treated only in traction. At a mean follow-up examination of 9.5 years, two-thirds had a good result and one-third a fair result. Those with extracapsular fractures had the same result as those with intracapsular fractures. Patients treated by fixation of one or both fractures had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those treated by traction alone. Extracapsular fractures have a high incidence (43%) of associated knee injuries. Treating both fractures with internal fixation allows early mobilization, easier patient care, fewer complications, and a shorter hospital stay. Despite the severity of multiple injuries, and the diversity of treatment with many complications, when stability is achieved the patients generally recover good function.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: Retrospective study of 33 cases

Forty-two consecutive adult patients with a concomitant ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture were treated. The neck fracture was initially missed in 7 patients. Surgery was delayed for a median of 7 days because of the patients' poor general conditions. Thirty-three patients were followed up for 2 (1–6) years. All 33 necks healed, with a union period of 3.3 ± 1.7 months; and 28 shafts healed after 7.9 ± 1.8 months. Thus, the femoral shaft determined the total union rate and union period. All the complications, (eight out of 33) occurred in the open procedure group. Our series reveals that ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures have a relatively satisfactory outcome. Closed Küntscher's nailing or interlocking nailing with supplementary Knowles' pinning is the preferable technique.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Retrospective study of 33 cases

Forty-two consecutive adult patients with a concomitant ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture were treated. The neck fracture was initially missed in 7 patients. Surgery was delayed for a median of 7 days because of the patients' poor general conditions. Thirty-three patients were followed up for 2 (1-6) years. All 33 necks healed, with a union period of 3.3 +/- 1.7 months; and 28 shafts healed after 7.9 +/- 1.8 months. Thus, the femoral shaft determined the total union rate and union period. All the complications, (eight out of 33) occurred in the open procedure group. Our series reveals that ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures have a relatively satisfactory outcome. Closed Küntscher's nailing or interlocking nailing with supplementary Knowles' pinning is the preferable technique.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck,shaft, and supracondylar fractures: a case report

Ipsilateral femoral neck, shaft, and supracondylar fractures are rare injuries. This fracture pattern is difficult to treat, but no detailed cases were found in the English literature. The authors report a case of this unusual combination successfully managed by retrograde intramedullary nailing and screw fixation.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: a retrospective analysis of two treatment methods

Background  No consensus exists regarding the optimal treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. The three major issues related to these fractures are the optimal timing of surgery, which fracture to stabilize first, and the optimal implant to use. In an effort to find answers to these three key issues, we report our experience of managing 27 patients with ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures by using two different treatment methods, i.e., reconstruction-type intramedullary nailing and various plate combinations. Materials and methods  We divided patients into two groups. Group I included 15 patients (13 males and 2 females) who were operated with cancellous lag screws or dynamic hip screws (DHS) for fractured neck and compression plate fixation for fractured shaft of the femur. Group II included 12 patients (11 males and 1 female) who were operated with reconstruction-type intramedullary nailing. Results  Mean age was 33.2 and 37.9 years in group I and II, respectively. Mean delay in surgery was 5.9 and 5.4 days in group I and II, respectively. Average union time for femoral neck fracture in groups I and II were 15.2 and 17.1 weeks, respectively; and for shaft fracture these times were 20.3 and 22.8 weeks, respectively. There were 13 (86.6%) good, 1 (6.7%) fair and 1 (6.7%) poor functional results in group I. There were 10 (83.3%) good, 1 (8.3%) fair and 1 (8.3%) poor functional results in group II. Conclusions  Both of the treatment methods used in the present study achieved satisfactory functional outcome in these complex fractures. Fixation with plate for shaft and screws or DHS for hip is easy from a technical point of view. Choice of the treatment method should be dictated primarily by the type of femoral neck fracture and the surgeon’s familiarity with the treatment method chosen. The femoral neck fracture should preferably be stabilized first, and a delay of 5–6 days does not affect the ultimate functional outcome.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Report of two cases using an alternate technique

A technique for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture using the sliding compression hip screw with plate combined with trochanteric antegrade Ender nailing of the femur was applied in two cases. Ender nails can be passed without difficulty past a compression hip screw and the bicortical plating screws. The hip and femur can be fixed internally through a single approach in a single position. Sliding compression hip screw devices can provide excellent preliminary stable femoral neck fixation. Blood supply to the femoral head is not disturbed while the femoral intramedullary fixation is performed. Antegrade Ender nailing avoids the common knee complications associated with other retrograde techniques. Decreased operative time, less blood loss, less technical difficulty, and early mobilization are important factors in the multiple-injured patient. Femoral intramedullary fixation may require open reduction, circlerage to ensure stability, and maintenance of alignment in case of significant comminution to allow early crutch ambulation. This mode of fixation may be advantageous for selected cases.     

Ipsilateral concomitant fractures of the hip and femoral shaft.

Fifty-two cases of concomitant ipsilateral fractures of the hip and femoral shaft were reviewed from the literature and twenty-one of our own were added. Thirty-one per cent of the femoral-neck fractures reported in the literature and one of our own were missed on initial evaluation. Examples of non-union and aseptic necrosis were all from the previously reported cases and occurred in the patients in whom there was a delay in diagnosis and treatment of the fracture of the neck. Nine of our patients had associated ipsilateral knee injuries. In nine pulmonary complications developed, all while in skeletal traction. If the patient survived the initial injury, the prognosis was surprisingly good. We concluded that intracapsular hip fractures should be treated by internal fixation. Good long-term results were the rule in the diaphyseal fractures. Internal fixation of both fractures should be considered in patients with severe multisystem trauma, in the very elderly, and in those with ipsilateral knee injuries. Ender pins were useful and were employed in five of our patients.     

Ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nails

This study retrospectively analysed 34 patients with ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures treated over a period of 10 years between January 1995 and January 2005. They had an average age of 35 years. Twenty-six (76.47%) of these cases suffered high-velocity trauma (RTA); six others had fallen from a height (17.65%), and two had suffered only minimal trauma (5.88%). Twenty were extracapsular (58.82%) and 14 were intracapsular. They were evaluated with an average follow-up of 28 months, both clinically and radiologically; 26 patients (76.47%) had a good result (Friedman and Wyman score). When the intracapsular fracture was detected postperatively, there was one delayed union and one non-union. When the fracture is diagnosed preoperatively, we recommend reconstruction nail fixation. If the hip fracture is diagnosed intra- or postoperatively following nailing of the shaft, we propose the miss-a-nail technique as an option.

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Résumé Etude rétrospective de 34 patients, d’age moyen 35 ans, qui présentaient une fracture homolatérale du col et de la diaphyse fémorale entre janvier 1995 et janvier 2005. 26 cas (76,47%) étaient survenus après un traumatisme à haute énergie, 6 (17,65%) après une chute d’une hauteur importante et 2 (5,88%) après un traumatisme minime. 20 fractures du col étaient extracapsulaires et 14 intracapsulaires. L’évaluation clinique et radiologique était faite avec un recul moyen de 28 mois et montrait 76,47% de bons résultats selon le score de Friedman et Wyman. Quand la fracture intracapsulaire était détectée après l’opération il y avait un retard de consolidation et une pseudarthrose. Quand la fracture du col est diagnostiquée précocement nous recommandons la fixation par clou. Si cette fracture est diagnostiquée pendant ou après l’enclouage diaphysaire, nous proposons une technique de clou perdu comme option thérapeutique.