二尖瓣置换术后左心房重构逆转影响因素分析

目的观察不同心律、不同类型二尖瓣病变患者手术前、后左心房几何形态的改变,并进一步研究影响二尖瓣置换术后患者左心房重构逆转的重要因素。方法 2003年1月至2008年3月四川大学华西医院心脏大血管外科同一医疗组施行二尖瓣机械瓣置换术215例,其中男52例、女163例,年龄(40.58±10.54)岁,所用瓣膜均为St.Jude Medical机械瓣膜。按照术前二尖瓣病变类型及心律情况进行分组:二尖瓣狭窄伴窦性心律组54例,其中男13例、女41例,年龄(39.31±9.46)岁;二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动组56例,其中男14例、女42例,年龄(41.12±10.72)岁;二尖瓣反流伴窦性心律组52例,其中男12例、女40例,年龄(39.71±10.09)岁;二尖瓣反流伴心房颤动组53例,其中男13例、女40例,年龄(40.19±11.87)岁。所有患者二尖瓣置换术前及术后2年均行左心房几何构型的超声心动图检查。采用左心房前后径(LAD)、左心房面积(LAA)、左心房容积(LAV)、左心房容积指数(LAVi)评价左心房重构及重构的逆转情况。结果全组无住院死亡,术后发生低心排血量综合征5例,肺部感染6例,均经相应的治疗治愈出院。二尖瓣狭窄患者LAVi小于二尖瓣反流患者(P0.05),伴窦性心律的二尖瓣病变患者其LAVi则低于伴心房颤动的二尖瓣病变患者(P0.05);二尖瓣机械瓣置换术后2年,二尖瓣反流患者左心房重构的逆转程度高于二尖瓣狭窄患者(P0.05),窦性心律患者左心房重构的逆转程度高于心房颤动患者(P0.05)。结论年龄、心房颤动、术前左心房容积、二尖瓣反流、左心室舒张期末内径是影响二尖瓣置换手术患者术后左心房重构逆转的重要因素。     

4437例瓣膜置换术住院死亡危险因素分析及安贞风险评分系统建立

目的 对4437例心脏瓣膜置换于术病人进行同顺性研究,定量评估住院死亡的危险因素,建立瓣膜置换手术住院死亡风险模型,以及安贞医院瓣膜置换手术风险评分系统.方法 选取安贞医院心脏外科数据库中收录的主动脉瓣置换术病人848例,二尖瓣置换术病人2202例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣舣瓣膜置换术病人1387例.选取术前.术中33个临床指标作为住院死亡的可能影响因素,利用单因素分析进行筛选,然后利用多因素分析确立3种手术的住院死亡危险因素并建立风险模型.结果经多因素分析,年龄、体表面积、心功能分级、术前肌酐和体外循环时间是主动脉瓣置换术住院死亡的危险因素.心功能分级、术前心衰史、心胸比率、短轴缩短率、病因、左心室收缩末径,体外循环时间和术中1ABP是二尖瓣置换术住院死亡的危险因素.年龄、心功能分级、术前心内膜炎、糖尿病史、既往二尖瓣球囊扩张术,体重指数和体外循环时间是丰动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术的住院死亡危险因素.ROC曲线下面积分别为主动脉瓣置换术模型0.921(95%CI,0.874～0.967),二尖瓣置换术模型0.859(95%C1,0.813～0.905),主动脉瓣、二尖瓣舣瓣膜置换术模型0.868(95%CI,0.827～0.908).Hosmer-Leme-show检验显示,主动脉瓣置换术模型χ~2=1.463,P=0.993,二尖瓣置换术模型χ~2=8.720,P=0.366,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术模型χ~2=8.134,P=0.420,预计病死率与实际观测病死率差异无统计学意义.结论 3个模型能够定定量评估瓣膜置换术病人住院死亡风险.     

60岁以上心瓣膜病患者的外科治疗与随访

目的总结≥60岁心瓣膜病患者的外科治疗经验及随访结果,以提高手术疗效。方法2000年7月至2008年12月,86例≥60岁的心瓣膜病患者接受了心瓣膜置换术治疗,其中男43例,女43例;年龄60～74岁,平均年龄63.8岁。二尖瓣病变55例,主动脉瓣病变9例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣双瓣膜病变21例,三尖瓣病变1例;风湿性心瓣膜病65例,退行性心瓣膜病21例。心房颤动59例,窦性心律27例。心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅲ级79例,Ⅳ级7例。行二尖瓣置换术55例,双瓣膜置换术21例,主动脉瓣置换术9例,二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣置换术1例;同期行三尖瓣成形术16例,改良射频迷宫术8例,左心房血栓清除术7例。结果围术期因心律失常死亡1例。术后有3例患者因胸骨哆开而再次行胸骨固定术,1例患者因瓣周漏而再次行心瓣膜置换术,3例患者因呼吸功能不全行气管切开术。85例患者均治愈出院。术后左心房内径（51.1±13.8mmvs.56.2±17.2mm,P=0.001）和右心房内径（48.8±9.6mmvs.52.1±13.9mm,P=0.012）较术前明显缩小,左心室、右心室内径、射血分数和缩短分数与术前比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。随访84例,随访时间2～96个月（24±22个月）,失访1例。随访期间有1例患者于术后5个月因抗凝强度不足发生左心房血栓,经治疗后血栓消失;另1例术后6年因抗凝强度不足发生脑梗死,经住院治疗肢体偏瘫未能恢复。结论只要适当把握手术指征和手术时机,注重术前准备及围术期处理,对≥60岁患者行心瓣膜置换术效果良好。术后与抗凝有关的主要问题为抗凝不足。对这些患者术后应加强国际标准化比率（INR）监测及持续的心功能调整。     

全保留二尖瓣及瓣下结构在重症二尖瓣关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术中的应用

目的探讨全保留二尖瓣及瓣下结构在重症二尖瓣关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术中的应用经验,评价其临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2013年1月在广东省人民医院心血管外科因重症二尖瓣关闭不全行全保留二尖瓣及瓣下结构二尖瓣置换术17例患者的临床资料,其中男14例,女3例;年龄38~82（63.41±11.82）岁;合并心房颤动13例;术前纽约心脏学会（NYHA）心功能分级Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级12例;缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全7例,退行性二尖瓣关闭不全9例,风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全1例。结果所有患者均行全保留二尖瓣及瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术,同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例;其中生物瓣11例,机械瓣6例。全组患者住院期间无死亡,均顺利出院,住院期间未并发低心排血量综合征,无左心室破裂。17例患者均随访,随访时间2~25（16.44±5.02）个月。随访期间1例患者因术后2个月发生二尖瓣重度瓣周漏死亡。其余患者人工二尖瓣功能良好,无抗凝和瓣膜引起的并发症,心功能较术前明显改善,心功能NYHA分级恢复至Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例。术后早期及随访期间心胸比率、左心房内径、左心室舒张期末内径及收缩期末内径与术前相比均明显减小。而术后早期左心室射血分数（LVEF）与术前相比有所降低[（50.94%±8.78%）vs.（55.31%±10.44%）,P=0.04],术前LVEF与随访期间的差异无统计学意义[（55.31%±10.44%）vs.（56.13%±9.67%）,P=0.73],随访期间LVEF与术后早期相比显著增加[（56.13%±9.67%）vs.（50.94%±8.78%）,P=0.02]。术后早期与随访期间人工二尖瓣压力减半时间（PHT）差异无统计学意义[（95.06±19.00）ms vs.（94.56±19.19）ms,P=0.91]。结论全保留二尖瓣及瓣下结构在重症二尖瓣关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术中应用安全有效,可以改善左心室重构及术后心功能。     

左心房折叠术在二尖瓣病变合并巨大左心房治疗中的应用

目的探讨左心房折叠术治疗二尖瓣病变合并巨大左心房的临床应用效果.方法回顾性分析23例收缩末期左心房内径为(129±37)mm (92～250 mm)、行左心房折叠术的二尖瓣手术患者的临床资料.22例选用人工机械瓣膜置换,1例为生物瓣置换,同期行左心房折叠术.术前心功能NYHA分级,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级8例;术前心胸比为0.79±0.10.单纯二尖瓣置换术18例,其中行三尖瓣成形术10例;双瓣膜置换和三尖瓣成形术5例,其中二次手术2例, 术中行心房纤颤射频消融术2例.结果术后低心排出量综合征3例(13%),呼吸衰竭2例(9%).早期死亡3例(13%),其中2例为低心排出量综合征、1例为脑梗死.术后失访2例,术后1年意外死亡1例,平均随访(44±39)个月,17例生存患者心功能Ⅰ级14例、Ⅱ级3例;术后心胸比为0.68±0.11,较术前明显缩小(t=3.80,P=0.000).结论在瓣膜病手术的同时对巨大左心房症行左心房折叠术,可减少术后并发症,术后效果良好.     

胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术32例分析

目的探讨胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换的经验,评价其临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年3～12月在广东省人民医院心血管外科行胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术32例患者的临床资料。其中男14例、女18例,年龄19～80（55.6±17.3）岁,体重37～78（55.7±9.7）kg,体表面积1.30～1.95（1.67±0.16）m^2;合并心房颤动5例,术前心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅱ级20例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级1例;二尖瓣风湿性病变16例,二尖瓣退行性病变11例,感染性心内膜炎4例,合并先天性心脏病1例。结果所有患者均行胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术,其中采用Medtronic HancockⅡ人工生物瓣27例,Medtronic Mosaic生物瓣5例。同期行三尖瓣成形术13例,房间隔缺损修补术1例。全组患者住院期间无死亡,均顺利出院,住院期间未并发低心排血量综合征及左心室破裂。术后复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示,所有患者人工二尖瓣功能良好,无瓣周漏发生。术后患者心功能较术前明显改善,心功能恢复至Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级6例。术后早期及术后3个月左心房内径及左心室舒张期末内径与术前相比均明显减小。而术后早期及术后3个月左心室射血分数（LVEF）与术前相比有所降低。结论胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术创伤小,并发症少,安全可行,使用特殊类型生物瓣可明显减小手术切口大小。     

自体心包片加宽瓣膜面积的二尖瓣成形术

目的 总结自体心包片加宽瓣膜面积的二尖瓣成形术的临床疗效,探讨其手术技巧和适应证.方法 2004年7月至2008年6月治疗45例单纯二尖瓣瓣膜病变病人,二尖瓣狭窄10例,关闭不全35例,其中先天性8例,风湿性21例,退行性7例,感染性心内膜炎9例.应用自体心包片行后瓣叶加宽14例,前瓣叶加宽8例,前、后瓣叶都加宽23例;镜式成形12例;人工腱索12例,腱索转移6例,乳头肌开窗4例.全部病例均瓣环成形,应用Duran环16例,Carpentier环29例.并比较手术前、后心功能变化.结果 无死亡病例.1例风湿性瓣膜闭合不好,术中改瓣膜置换术.术中食管超声示二尖瓣无反流38例,少量反流6例;二尖瓣有效瓣口面积平均(2.8±0.6)cm~2,跨瓣压差平均(6.21 ±1.34)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).平均随访(18.0±2.1)个月.复查超声示二尖瓣无反流35例,少量反流9例.有效瓣12面积平均(2.5±0.8)cm~2,跨瓣压差平均(7.21±0.45)mmHg,均无需再手术.术前、术后左心室舒张末期内径(56±6)mm对(48±7)mm,P<0.05;射血分数(0.45±0.23)对(0.51±0.24),P<0.05;左心房内径(62±23)mm对(50±11)mm,P<0.05.心功能明显改善,瓣膜功能好.结论 自体心包片加宽瓣膜面积补偿瓣叶和(或)腱索的短缩,增加瓣叶活动,增加瓣膜闭合面积,结合瓣环成形,临床疗效肯定.手术操作简单,且自体心包相容性好,术后无需抗凝.     

心脏生物瓣膜置换术后远期疗效分析

目的总结心脏生物瓣膜置换术后远期随访结果,分析与远期死亡有关的危险因素,提出生物瓣置换的相宜适应证.方法 1984年9月至1988年3月,90例生物瓣置换术者中男39例,女51例;平均年龄36.1岁.风湿性心脏瓣膜病78例,退行性病变8例,先天性二尖瓣畸形3例,三尖瓣下移畸形1例.术前心功能II级15例,III级54例,IV级21例.X线胸片示心胸比率0.51～0.90,平均0.65～0.10.结果术后死亡7例.长期随访83例,随访时间3～187个月,共随访678人*年.随访中死亡35例,二次手术20例.术后1年、5年、10年生存率分别为92.7%、80.7%、57.8%.并进行多因素回归分析.结论心脏生物瓣膜置换术病人术前心功能(P=0.02)、心胸比率(P=0.03)、EF值(P=0.02)与远期死亡明显相关.     

缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的总结缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗经验.方法 12例缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全患者,其中二尖瓣大量反流9例,中量反流3例,均有心肌梗死史,术前心功能Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级4例,均接受冠状动脉旁路移植术和同期保留二尖瓣和瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术.结果 1例术后并发肺部感染死亡,其余患者均痊愈出院,出院时心功能为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.随访3～59个月,无远期死亡,亦无抗凝和机械瓣膜引起的并发症,患者心功能仍为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.术后早期超声心动图检查示左心室舒张期末内径和左心房舒张期末内径均较术前缩小(P<0.05).结论缺血性心脏病伴缺血性中至重度二尖瓣反流行冠状动脉旁路移植术加二尖瓣置换术疗效可靠.     

心内直视房颤射频消融术前危险因素与术后转律关系

目的 回顾性分析同期瓣膜置换术加房颤射频消融术患者术前危险因素与手术成功率之间的关系.方法 选取52例风湿性心脏病合并永久性房颤同期行瓣膜置换术加房颤射频消融术患者,术后随访半年以上,根据是否转为窦性心律分为转律组(SR)与房颤组(AF),采集并比较两组患者的围术期资料,单变量分析采取t检验或方差检验.差异有统计学意义的指标行logistic回归分析,计算优势比(OR)及95％可信区间(95％ CI).结果 最后一次随访中37例患者转为窦性心律,手术成功率约71.2％.单因素分析显示房颤病程、左心房内径、左心室舒张末期容积及主动脉阻断时间是术后房颤复发的危险因素,多因素分析显示房颤病程是术后房颤复发的独立危险因素.结论 瓣膜置换术同期行房颤射频消融术是治疗慢性房颤的有效方法.房颤病程短、左心房内径小的患者行房颤双极射频消融成功率高.     

Free floating ball thrombus of left atrium developing late after closed mitral commissurotomy - a case report

Left atrial ball thrombus is very rare entity and it is even rare to find a large free floating ball thrombus of left atrium in a post-operative patient. Thrombus of left atrium usually occurs in atrial fibrillation or in mitral valve stenosis. Here we are presenting a case of large ball thrombus of left atrium in a patient who underwent closed mitral commissurotomy 21 years back. A 50 years old female patient was admitted with history of breathlessness, palpitation and cough of one month duration. She was doing well after mitral valve commissurotomy. Her pre-operative trans-thoracic echocardiography showed a left atrial thrombus and severe mitral stenosis with valvular area of 0.7 cm² and atrial fibrillation. Per-operative trans-oesophageal echocardiography showed a large free floating ball thrombus of left atrium. She underwent removal of left atrial thrombus and mitral valve replacement using Sorin Bicarbon valve.     

Pulmonary thromboembolism in a patient with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis: a fortuitous association?

In this case report, we illustrate our experience with a patient simultaneously suffering from rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and pulmonary thromboembolism who successfully underwent mitral valve replacement and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Physical examination and transthoracic echocardiography revealed mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and a large thrombus in the left atrium. The preoperative workup led to the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism. This case emphasizes the importance of preoperative evaluation for pulmonary thromboembolism in symptomatic patients with mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation.     

Free-floating left atrial ball thrombus without mitral valve disease

Reports of left atrial ball thrombus without mitral valve disease are few. We experienced a case of free-floating left atrial ball thrombus that developed in a short period in a patient with atrial fibrillation and dilated left atrium but intact mitral valve. Surgical removal of the thrombus was performed. It was presumed that atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atrium were the contributory factors to thrombus development.     

Floating ball thrombus in the left atrium with mitral stenosis

We report, a case of a floating ball thrombus in the left atrium with mitral stenosis in a 76-year-old woman. The patient had been followed-up at our hospital due to mitral valve stenosis for several years, and was recognized to have atrial fibrillation and a left atrial mural thrombus by echocardiography. She was admitted to our hospital for right cerebral infarction. Echocardiography showed a floating ball thrombus in the left atrium. After the treatment of cerebral infarction, she was referred to cardiac surgery, and a semi-urgent operation was performed. Removal of the ball thrombus and mitral valve replacement were performed simultaneously. The thrombus was single round, soft, relatively smooth surfaced, and about 30×30×30 mm in diameter. The postoperative course was uneventful. Left atrial ball thrombus appears to be uncommon. This is a rare case, in which it was documented that a pre-existing left atrial mural thrombus was thought to drop off spontaneously, to be a cerebral embolic source, and to develop into a ball thrombus in the left atrium.     

Free-floating left atrial ball thrombus without mitral valve disease

Reports of left atrial ball thrombus without mitral valve disease are few. We experienced a case of free-floating left atrial ball thrombus that developed in a short period in a patient with atrial fibrillation and dilated left atrium but intact mitral valve. Surgical removal of the thrombus was performed. It was presumed that atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atrium were the contributory factors to thrombus development. (Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;53:52–54)     

Four successfully operated cases of ball thrombus in the left atrium

The authors report four cases of the left atrial ball thrombus associated with mitral stenosis. Three of four which had floating ball thrombus in the left atrium presented with syncopal attacks and systemic embolism. Echocardiography was the most effective method for preoperative diagnosis of ball thrombus in the left atrium and mitralstenosis. After having accurate diagnosis of ball thrombus in the left atrium by echocardiogram, all of cases were treated urgently with removal of the thrombus and mitral valve replacement or mitral commissurotomy. During operation, the head down position and slight right lateral position had been maintained to prevent the impaction of the ball thrombus into mitral valve orifice and the immediate cardiopulmonary bypass by ascending aortic, superior and inferior venous cannulation were placed through midsternal splitting incision. Because of high frequency of peripheral embolism and sudden death, left atrial ball thrombus should be recommended to be removed urgently.     

Predictors of failure to cure atrial fibrillation with the mini-maze operation

BACKGROUND: Maze-III is a complex surgical procedure designed to treat chronic atrial fibrillation. A reduction in the number of right and left atrial incisions could decrease the operative time. The aim of this study was to assess the results of a mini-maze operation and to define predictors of its failure. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2000, 72 patients (mean age 64 +/- 9 years) undergoing cardiac surgery had a concomitant mini-maze operation for symptomatic chronic atrial fibrillation. Three and 12 months post-operatively, heart rhythm and left atrial transport functions were assessed by electrophysiology, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of failure of the mini-maze operation. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 1.4% (1/72). Death during follow-up occurred in 5.6% of patients (4/71), in one due to chronic heart failure. After 1 year, 80% of patients (48/60) were either in sinus rhythm (n = 43; 72%) or had a pacemaker (n = 5; 8%) implanted due to sick sinus syndrome. Intermittent and chronic atrial fibrillation was found in 20% of patients (12/60). Preoperative duration of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.05), preoperative left atrial diameter (p = 0.001), preoperative right atrial diameter (p = 0.02), a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.03), an increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p = 0.04), and the presence of mitral valve stenosis (p = 0.001) were found to be univariate predictors of failure of the mini-maze operation 1 year postoperatively. Multivariate analysis defined preoperative diagnosis of mitral valve stenosis (p = 0.005; OR 117.5), longer duration of preoperative atrial fibrillation (p = 0.01; OR 1.33), and increased preoperative left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p = 0.02; OR 1.2) as incremental independent risk factors for failure of the mini-maze operation to cure chronic atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: The mini-maze operation is a safe procedure with similar results to that of Cox's Maze-III operation. The less-invasive mini-maze operation could be applicable even to patients with severely reduced left ventricular function, in whom complex cardiac surgery has to be performed concomitantly as well as in those presenting severe comorbidities.     

Bile Duct Injury during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Risk Factors,Mechanisms, Type,Severity and Immediate Detection

34-year-old male with history of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) and mitral stenosis, status post radio-frequency ablation (RFA) and prosthetic mitral valve replacement two years earlier was admitted with prosthetic valve thrombosis for redo mitral valve surgery. During the surgery, a 2 χ 1.5 χ 1 cm mass was identified on the interatrial septum, attached to the edge of tricuspid valve’s septal leaflet by a stalk. The mass was excised and histological evaluation revealed myxoma. It is accepted that myxomas can develop after cardiac trauma. It is known that RFA for AF increases the risk of thrombus or endocarditis in the atrium. Herein, we report a myxoma case where we think the heat energy caused by RFA might have triggered the development of the tumor.     

Myxoma developing after open heart surgery: is radiofrequency ablation responsible for the formation of the tumor?

34-year-old male with history of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) and mitral stenosis, status post radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and prosthetic mitral valve replacement two years earlier was admitted with prosthetic valve thrombosis for redo mitral valve surgery. During the surgery, a 2 x 1.5 x 1 cm mass was identified on the interatrial septum, attached to the edge of tricuspid valve's septal leaflet by a stalk. The mass was excised and histological evaluation revealed myxoma. It is accepted that myxomas can develop after cardiac trauma. It is known that RFA for AF increases the risk of thrombus or endocarditis in the atrium. Herein, we report a myxoma case where we think the heat energy caused by RFA might have triggered the development of the tumor.     

Predictors of residual tricuspid regurgitation after mitral valve surgery

BACKGROUND: Whether preoperative tricuspid regurgitation (TR) will regress or progress late after surgery is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of significant TR late after mitral valve surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on a total of 174 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery without tricuspid valve surgery. Preoperatively, 46 patients (26%) had 2+ TR, and 128 patients (74%) had 1+ or less TR. Postoperative 3+ TR was considered significant TR. Variables were used to evaluate predictors of TR development by univariate or multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 8.2 years (range 1.0 to 14.5 years) after surgery. There was progressive TR (3+ or more) in 28 patients (16%) during the follow-up period. In univariate analysis, atrial fibrillation, rheumatic etiology, huge left atrium, left ventricular dysfunction, and preoperative 2+ TR were significant risk factors for TR development. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative 2+ TR, atrial fibrillation, and huge left atrium as statistically significant predictors for late TR after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive repair of accompanying TR should be undertaken at the time of initial surgery in patients with huge left atrium or atrial fibrillation, even if preoperative TR is 2+.