腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附八例报告)

目的：总结腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的体会。方法：8例均为pT1b-pT2期前列腺癌患者。腹腔镜下采用“5孔7步法“，经腹分别行膀胱后入路和前入路分离前列腺、切开膀胱颈、前列腺两侧分离、前列腺尖部切除、膀胱尿道吻合。结果：8例患者手术时间5-11h，平均7.3h。出血量200-1000ml，平均620ml。术后患者恢复良好，3周后拔除尿管排尿通畅，随访3-18个月无尿失禁等并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术有良好的解剖影像，利于术中操作，减少术中出血，更好地保护重要解剖结构，术后恢复迅速。     

经腹腔入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附10例报告)

目的探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法 2006年7月至2010年11月,采用五孔经腹腔入路对10例T1、T2期前列腺癌进行根治性切除,其中T1期1例,T2期9例,平均年龄67岁。结果平均手术时间186min,平均出血量约150ml,1例中转开放。均未输血,无并发症发生。随访2～52个月,所有患者排尿通畅,8例昼夜排尿完全控尿,2例夜间有轻微遗尿。无局部及远处转移。结论经腹腔入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有创伤小、出血少、操作容易、并发症少等优点,是初开展腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的较好选择。     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗早期前列腺癌

目的：探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(LRP)治疗早期前列腺癌的疗效。方法：对30例T＼M分期T1b～T2期的前列腺癌患者，行腹腔镜下经腹途径LRP术。将30例按时间顺序分前、后两组，统计两组的手术时间、出血量、围手术期并发症，提出预防和处理并发症的措施。结果：30例手术均获成功。前、后两组平均手术时间分别为390和270min；平均出血量430和160ml。在前组(早期)发生耻骨后静脉丛损伤导致大出血3例，术中分离损伤膀胱5例，直肠损伤2例，术后出现尿外渗7例，出现膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄2例。后组1例出现尿外渗和1例直肠损伤。30例术后3周拔除尿管排尿通畅。术后复查PSA值小于0．3mg／L。结论：随着术式的改进和并发症的减少，LRP已成为我们治疗早期前列腺癌的标准术式之一。     

腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路行前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和临床效果。方法:7例前列腺癌患者,腹腔镜下经腹膜外径路分离前列腺,切开膀胱颈部,分离前列腺尖部、游离精囊后顺行前列腺切除术,膀胱颈成形后与尿道吻合。结果:平均手术时间为6.7h,术中平均出血量为1385ml。术后24～48h恢复肠道功能,2～3周后拔除尿管,2例出现轻度尿失禁,无术后出血、直肠损伤、尿路狭窄等其他并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、视野清晰、出血少、康复快,是早期前列腺癌根治术的方法之一。     

耻骨后顺行前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的探讨前列腺癌根治术的手术方式。方法对１９８６年８月～１９９７年８月１６例耻骨后顺行前列腺根治术的临床Ｂ期前列腺癌患者进行回顾性总结。结果无直肠、输尿管损伤,无完全性尿失禁及手术死亡发生,术后尿流率、国际前列腺症状评分（ＩＰＳＳ）、生活质量（ＱＯＬ）评分和剩余尿（ＲＵ）均有显著性改善,阳萎发生率较高,达８３％。结论耻骨后顺行前列腺根治术解剖层次清晰,较易掌握,除阳萎外,其它并发症发生率较低。     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附12例报告)

目的探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析总结2009年5月至2011年7月经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者12例,年龄60～75岁,平均年龄68岁。血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为0.7～23.6ng/ml。TNM分期T1N0M08例,T2N0M03例,T3aN0M01例。所有患者均于术前行前列腺穿刺活组织检查,证实为前列腺癌。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为130～360min,平均270min;术中出血量为150～900ml,平均390ml,1例患者术中输血。术后病理检查结果显示肿瘤切缘为阳性的2例患者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。术后留置尿管时间14～22d,平均18.6d,无直肠损失病例,3例术后出现轻度尿失禁的患者经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转,能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA为0.02～0.10ng/ml,术后随访8例,随访时间为3～24个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术（附151例报告）

目的：探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术（ELRP）的手术技巧和疗效。方法：回顾分析2006年1月～2011年1月,行ELRP151例患者的临床资料。术前均经病理检查确诊,患者平均年龄69（53～78）岁,盆腔CT、MRI和核素全身骨扫描无盆腔淋巴结、精囊和骨转移。结果：术前TPSA平均16．40（3．27～165．00）μg／L,Gleason评分〈7分63例（41．7％）,7分58例（38．4％）,〉7分30例（19．9％）。平均手术时间178（60～390）min,平均出血量260（20～1000）ml,术中输血5例（3．3％）。直肠损伤1例（0．67％）,术后病理检查切缘阳性14例（9．3％）,局部闭孔淋巴结转移5例（3．3％）。术后留置导尿平均13．5（6～69）天,平均住院时间14．4（4～74）天。术后随访平均27（4~62）个月,不同程度尿失禁31例（20．5％）。尿道狭窄2例（1．3％）,均行尿道狭窄冷刀切开。单侧腹股沟斜疝2例（1．3％）,出现生化复发15例（9．9％）。结论：ELRP是安全可行的,创伤小,术后恢复快。镜下吻合技术和控制出血是手术成功的关键。     

耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的技术改进(附32例报告)

目的　改进耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的手术技术 ,减少并发症。　方法　临床诊断为T1和T2 期前列腺癌患者 32例 ,平均年龄 6 8岁。改进耻骨后前列腺癌根治技术 ,包括广泛盆腔淋巴结清扫、保护神经血管束、缝扎背深静脉、多保留尿道后壁组织、膀胱尿道吻合时的膀胱颈部套叠等。　结果　手术时间平均 3.5h ,术中平均出血量 4 5 0ml,输血 1 7例。术后病理报告 :肿瘤局限于包膜内者30例 ,切缘阳性 1例 ,盆腔淋巴结转移 1例。随访 8～ 4 8个月 ,平均 2 2个月 ,均存活。PSA <1ng/ml者2 8例 ,1～ 3ng/ml者 4例。术后 3～ 6个月患者均恢复完全控尿。术后恢复勃起功能者 1 0 / 1 8(5 6 % )例。　结论　耻骨后前列腺癌根治术可有效切除肿瘤、保护控尿功能、保留性功能 ,是局限性前列腺癌的首选治疗方法。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术(附11例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌手术的可行性及应用前景。方法:应用腹腔镜为5例行结肠肛管吻合术(Pand’s术),4例直肠结肠吻合术(改良Bacon’s术),2例行Mile’s术。结果:全组无手术死亡病例,未发生脏器损伤。手术时间3.45～5.45h,平均4.30h。术后患者恢复良好,无手术并发症。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌手术创伤小恢复快,但应掌握手术适应证及禁忌证。     

耻骨后前列腺癌根治术减少并发症的探讨(附16例报告)

目的　探讨耻骨后前列腺癌根治术保留耻骨前列腺韧带及耻骨直肠悬带等对术后并发症的影响。　方法　对 16例前列腺癌患者 (平均年龄 67岁 ,B期 14例 ,C期 2例 )实施了耻骨后前列腺根治术 ,术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带及耻骨直肠悬带。　结果　 16例患者手术顺利 ,随访 1～ 4年 ,无长期尿失禁及排尿困难 ,6例保留睾丸者术后 4例恢复了性功能 ,9例患者PSA保持在 0ng/ml,7例PSA <0 .0 5ng/ml,16例均存活。　结论　耻骨后前列腺根治术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带及耻骨直肠悬带有助于减少并发症 ,取得较好的手术效果     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术10例

目的探讨腹腔镜经腹腔途径前列腺癌根治术的可行性. 方法采用Montsouris七步法行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术. 结果 10例手术均获成功.手术时间330～540 min,平均433 min.术中出血量100～550 ml,平均274 ml,均未输血.膀胱损伤1例,当即予以缝合.术后住院时15～23 d,平均17 d.拔除导尿管时间14～23 d,平均16 d;尿漏2例分别于术后20、23 d后拔除痊愈;余8例术后2周拔除.3例出现轻度尿失禁,辅助治疗4周后消失.病检pT1c 3例,pT2 6例,pT3 1例.随访3～21个月,平均7.5月.术后PSA 0～2.70 μg/L,平均0.05 μg/L.2例性功能恢复. 结论严格掌握手术适应证,充分的术前准备,Montsouris七步法腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术可行.     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a critical analysis of surgical quality

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature and answer the question of whether the laparoscopic approach meets the quality standards. METHODS: We conducted an extensive Medline literature search. The articles obtained and the experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were used for interpretation and critical analysis of results. Long-term quality indicators are oncologic efficacy, potency rate, and continence rate. Short-term quality indicators are blood loss and transfusion rate, hospital stay, postoperative recovery, and rate and severity of complications. RESULTS: Long-term quality indicators. Oncologic efficacy. Despite recent evidence that pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) at radical prostatectomy may be necessary to detect occult positive lymph nodes, and that extended node dissection may also have a positive impact on disease-free survival, PLND is rarely performed during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), which may have a negative impact on the long-term recurrence-free probability. Positive margins rates range from 11% to 26%, ranging from 6% to 8% for organ-confined disease and from 35% to 60% in those with extraprostatic extension. Most of these data include the first patients operated on when the technique of LRP was in early development. These rates seem high as compared to the contemporary data achieved in retropubic radical prostatectomy. Short-term biochemical recurrence rate have been published by only two centers and generalization to the whole laparoscopic patients and to long-term results are at present time hazardous. Functional outcome. Given the complexity of measuring, interpreting, and reporting continence and erectile dysfunction, the available results after LRP do not allow drawing any conclusion. Furthermore, the number of patients on whom results are reported is disproportionately low in relation to the large LRP experience accumulated so far. Short-term quality indicators. Assessment of LRP equanimity includes factors such as blood loss, transfusion rates, hospital stay, duration of catheterization, and complication profile. All the reports are concordant and demonstrate a benefit for the laparoscopic approach. However, no prospective and parallel studies compare the respective advantages of LRP and radical retropubic prostatectomy in reference centers. CONCLUSIONS: In a review of the published literature results of LRP, there is not enough evidence to answer the question of whether the laparoscopic approach meets the quality standards. The available biochemical recurrence information is promising but limited to the short-term and the experience of two centers only. The question of omitting the PLND or performing a limited one in high-risk patients needs to be answered. The functional results analyses suffer from a lack of uniformity in methodology, a limited follow-up, and a disproportionately small number of patients in relation to the accumulated experience. Future reports of the post-learning phase era are dramatically needed.     

耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术10年体会

目的:总结近10年来100例耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术的经验和教训。方法:1999年7月至2009年7月笔者行耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术100例,对其中84例随访3~120个月,统计术前年龄、PSA,术中输血量、手术时间,术后尿控能力、阴茎勃起功能,吻合口狭窄情况和最大尿流率。结果:患者平均年龄、PSA、输血量及手术时间分别为66.8岁、20.1 ng/ml、585.7 ml和198.9 min。术后3、6、12个月尿控分别为65.5%、81.7%和92.4%,术后12个月有42.2%恢复阴茎勃起功能,吻合口狭窄5例,最大尿流率平均20.5 ml/s,生化复发13例,死于前列腺癌1例。结论:耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术治疗局限性前列腺癌效果好,采用先结扎耻骨前列腺韧带和前列腺静脉丛后再离断耻骨前列腺韧带的方法有利于提高尿控能力,要得到术后好的阴茎勃起效果,应注意保护神经血管束和副阴部动脉,良好的尿道粘膜和膀胱粘膜对合可减少吻合口狭窄,对T3a或伴局部淋巴结转移患者术后外放疗可减缓生化复发。     

Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon in Taiwan: experience with the initial 30 cases

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) is an established trend in surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer in the USA; however, RALP is still in its infancy in Taiwan. We have tracked various indicators of proficiency as a single Taiwanese surgeon became familiar with the procedure through experience with 30 initial RALP surgeries using the da Vinci system between December 2005 and April 2007. Here, we report the changes in these proficiency indicators, and the short-term outcomes for the patients. Thirty consecutive patients were classified into group 1 (cases 1–15) and group 2 (cases 16–30). Preoperative clinical characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists anesthetic surgical risks class (ASA), prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA), and Gleason scores were similar between the groups. The clinical stage (T1/T2) was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p = 0.028). Group 1 needed more frequent insertion of a double-J stent (60% versus 0%) before surgery and evaluation by cystogram before removal of urethral catheter (80% versus 6.7%) than group 2; these differences were statistically significant. Blood loss and transfusion rates were lower in group 2, but complication and conversion rates were higher in group 1. These differences were not statistically significant. Positive surgical margins, continence rates, potency, and intercourse rates at 12 months were similar between the groups. Console time was 262 min in group 1 and 190 min in group 2 (p = 0.033); this appeared to be the best indicator of proficiency. Establishing proficiency as determined by functional outcomes required about 30 cases, but the positive surgical margin rates indicate that experience with more than 30 cases was needed to ascend the learning curve with respect to oncological outcomes.     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy--the experience of the German Laparoscopic Working Group

PURPOSE: To present the current status of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in Germany, Austria and Switzerland with respect to transferability, learning curve, and outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of 5824 patients who underwent LRP in 18 centers by 50 urologists from March 1999 to August 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. Three centers performed more than 500, and six more than 250 cases. A transperitoneal descending technique with was used in 2701, a transperitoneal ascending in 1234, an extraperitoneal descending in 1814, and an extraperitoneal ascending modification in 75 cases. Specimen showed pT2 in 3535, pT3a in 1555, pT3b in 623, and pT4 in 111 cases. RESULTS: Mean operating time averaged 211 (131-292) minutes, with shorter duration of the extraperitoneal descending technique. Conversion to open surgery averaged 2.4 (0-14.1) %. Re-intervention rate amounted to 2.7 (0.3-7.7) %. Complication rate averaged 8.9 (1.8-10.8) % including bleeding (0.3-2.5%) and rectal lesion (1.5-2.5%). The rate of positive margins was 10.6 (3.2-18) % for pT2- and 32.7 (20-38.5) % for pT3a-tumors Continence after 12 months was 84.9 (72-94) %. Data about potency (7 centers) revealed 52.5 (35-67) % full erections following bilateral nerve preservation. 5 year-PSA recurrence rate (3 centers) was 8.6 (4-15.3) % for pT2-tumors and 17.5 (15-20.6) % for pT3a-stages. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the efficacy of the training program with safe transfer of LRP (i.e. low complication rate), however including all known problems of a retrospective study.     

Laparoscopic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia--a six-year experience

PURPOSE: The Authors present their results using laparoscopic prostatectomy in the treatment of large benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 1999 and March 2005, 60 patients were submitted to laparoscopic prostatectomy with vascular control for large BPH. The demographic, operative period and outcome data were recorded. RESULTS: The average prostate weight was 144.50+/-41.74 gm. Mean operative time was 138.48+/-23.38 minutes and estimated blood loss of 330.98+/-149.52 ml. No patient required transfusions or conversion to open surgery. Post operative complications included one case of septicemia and three cases of prolonged ileum. The most frequent long-term complication was retrograde ejaculation, presented in all patients after 6 months of follow-up. The erectile function was preserved in all those patients who were potent before surgery. No urinary incontinence was reported by patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that resection of large prostatic adenomas can be performed with a laparoscopic approach. The patients had a shorter hospital stay and early return to normal activity.     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附9例报告）

目的探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效。方法我科自2006年1月至2008年10月对9例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术经腹膜外路径顺行切除前列腺,切开膀胱颈部前先以1-0可吸收线缝扎背血管复合体。结果9例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间180-510min,平均322min,术中出血量200-1500ml,平均433ml,术后48h内胃肠功能恢复,术后2～3d下床活动,无直肠损伤和吻合口尿漏出现。标本切缘阳性1例。1例患者术后半年仍有轻度尿失禁。其中7例患者随访5～33个月,未发现肿瘤局部和生化复发和远处转移;术后3个月前列腺特异性抗原0～0．1ng／ml。结论经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法,手术创伤小,患者恢复快,腹腔并发症少。但该手术难度较大,需要具有丰富腹腔镜操作经验的医生完成。     

保留尿控功能在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的应用

目的:探讨保护耻骨前列腺韧带和保护尿道膜部括约肌群在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术后减少尿失禁的作用.方法:Ⅰ组32例前列腺癌按常规操作行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,Ⅱ组32例前列腺癌采用保留耻骨前列腺韧带和尿道膜部括约肌群的方法行耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,术后1、3、6、12个月分别随访尿失禁情况.结果:两组年龄和PSA无显著差异,两组前列腺尖端切缘均无肿瘤残留,前列腺侧缘阳性率类似.Ⅱ组术后1、3、6个月尿控效果明显优于I组(P<0.05),但1年随访,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组尿控效果类似.结论:在耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带作用和尿道膜部括约肌群有显著提高近期尿控的效果,但1年随访两组尿控率无明显差异.     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: contemporary comparison with open surgery

INTRODUCTION: The optimal outcome of radical prostatectomy is to cure cancer with the least impact on quality of life. The aim of this paper is to review the existent literature and attempt to compare the results of the retropubic (RRP) with the laparoscopic (LRP) approach. METHODOLOGY: Extensive Medline literature search for terms "radical retropubic prostatectomy" and "laparoscopic radical prostatectomy" from 1980 to 2006 to compare cancer control, functional outcomes and morbidity for both groups. Only full length English language articles including 100 or more patients were considered. RESULTS: The 5-year biochemical recurrence rates range from 70-92% for the RRP vs. 82-91% for the LRP. The global positive surgical margin rates are 12-20% for the RRP and 17-30% for the LRP. The continence rate for the RRP varies from 70-93%; the LRP varies from 82-95% for 12 months. Considering potency 12 months after surgery, the rates are 17-75% for the RRP vs. 52-78% for the LRP. The blood loss for the RRP ranges from 818 to 1,500 ml and 220 to 1,100 for the LRP. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent literature lacks randomized trials comparing the different surgical techniques. No definitive conclusions can be drawn.