V型狼疮性肾炎的临床病理及转归

V型狼疮性肾炎(1upus nephritis LN)或称膜性LN，约占LN的11％。病理改变以上皮侧为主的免疫复合物沉积为特征。1995年WHO根据是否伴有肾小球系膜增生性改变，将V型LN分为Va及Vb型。V型LN在临床、病理及转归方面均有不同于其他类型LN的特点，两个亚型之间也有所不同。本文报告33例经肾活检证实的V型LN，分析两个亚型的临床及病理特点，并根据治疗方法的不同，分析其转归的差异。     

尿足细胞与狼疮肾炎关系的研究

目的研究尿足细胞与狼疮肾炎（ LN）的关系，探讨尿足细胞评估 LN 肾损伤的临床价值。方法选取20例行肾活检的LN患者，收集相关临床资料，光镜观察肾组织病理改变；电镜观察足细胞超微结构变化；免疫组化检测肾足细胞蛋白 Nephrin 的表达；免疫荧光技术检测 Podocalyxin 表达来计数尿足细胞数量。结果20例LN病理显示Ⅲ型2例、Ⅳ型12例、Ⅳ型＋Ⅴ型4例、Ⅴ型2例，足细胞标志蛋白Nephrin 表达较正常组明显减低，且Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型降低更明显。尿足细胞阳性检出率约80％，尿足细胞数量与肾
　　足细胞相关蛋白 Nephrin 的表达呈负相关（r＝－0．627， P ＜0．01），与狼疮活动性呈正相关（r＝0．571， P ＜0．05），与24h蛋白定量无明显相关性（r＝0．215， P ＞0．05）。结论尿足细胞数量可监测狼疮活动及肾小球损伤程度，为LN病理分型提供参考。     

913例肾活检远程邮寄资料临床与病理分析

目的：探讨远程邮寄肾活检标本对基层医院开展肾活检的意义。方法：对913例肾活检远程邮寄资料的临床诊断和病理特点进行回顾性分析。结果：原发性肾小球疾病708例（77．55％）、继发性肾小球疾病179例（19．61％）、小管间质性疾病26例（2，85％）；通过肾活检修正原有诊断323例（35．38％）；肾活检并发症：肉眼血尿57例（6．24％），肾包膜下血肿23例（2．52％），腰部酸痛93例（10．19％）。结论：经皮超声引导下肾穿刺活检术并发症少，风险小；配合远程病理邮寄盒，肾活检技术在基层医院容易开展，大大提高基层医院的诊治水平，明显减少了误诊率。     

狼疮性肾炎证候与实验室检测指标的关系

目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎(LN)证候与病理、临床表现和实验室检测指标之间的关系。方法：经肾活检的LN103例。分析其证候、病理、临床表现和实验室检测资料间的关系。结果：所有证候均与病理、临床表现、实验室结果有一定联系，证候类型以热毒炽盛型多见，占39．81％：其病理分型以LNⅣ型为主，占75．61％；临床表现以肾病综合征多见，占70．73％；各项实验室检查均有明显改变，并可能伴有肾功能的减退，属LN高度活动期。其次为脾肾阳虚型，占37．86％：其病理分型也为LNⅣ型为主，占66．67％；临床表现以肾病综合征最多，占97．44％。肝肾阴虚、阴虚内热、气阴两虚型：其病理分型以LNⅡ、Ⅲ型为主，临床表现以隐匿性肾炎为主，分别占100％、100％和75％。结论：LN的证候与临床表现、病理类型及实验室检查有一定的联系。     

狼疮肾炎的病理与临床分析

目的探讨狼疮性肾炎（LN）的病理类型与临床及实验室检查的关系。方法对34例狼疮性肾炎患者进行肾活检及病理分型,分析各病理类型的临床特点、实验室检查特点、临床活动性及肾脏病理活动性。结果病理类型Ⅳ型最多见（占55．9％）,Ⅳ型LN肾功能不全及血尿发生率高,肾脏病理活动性明显;Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅴ＋Ⅳ、Ⅴ＋ⅢLN肾病综合征、大量蛋白尿发生率高。肾脏病理活动指数与系统性红斑狼疮的临床活动性及抗dsDNA抗体阳性率无相关性。结论狼疮性肾炎的病理类型与临床表现、实验室检查有一定联系;但二者之间关系不确定。     

小儿急性肾功能衰竭100例临床分析

介绍１００例小儿急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、病理及预后。肾前性１３例（１３％），肾性８６例（８６％），其中肾小球疾病６６例（６６％），肾后性１例（１％）。３１例肾活检，病理为９种类型，毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎（ＥｎＰＧＮ）８例（２５．８１％），系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎（ＭｓＰＧＮ）４例（１２．９０％），膜增殖性肾小球肾炎（ＭＰＧＮ）Ｉ型５例（１６．１３％），局灶节段性肾小球     

老年肾脏病肾活检的诊断价值与风险评估

目的探讨肾活检在老年肾脏病中的诊断价值与风险评估。方法回顾性分析我科住院行肾活检,且年龄≥60岁的123例老年肾脏病患者的临床病理资料及安全性。结果肾活检术成功率100％,肾活检取材肾小球数目均≥10个,共有6例出现轻度并发症,其中一过性肉眼血尿2例（占1．6％）,肾周小血肿4例（占3．2％）,余无严重并发症。123例患者中原发性肾小球疾病为105例（占85．4％）,而继发性肾脏病为18例（占14．6％）。在原发性肾小球疾病中最常见的病理类型是膜性肾病26例（占26．0%）,IgA。肾病25例（占25．0％）,其次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎19例（占19％）。而继发性肾脏病中病理类型以糖尿病肾脏病11例最多见（占47．8％）。最常见的临床表现是肾病综合征（占39．8oA）和慢性肾小球肾炎（占33．3％）。临床诊断与肾活检结果尚存在差异（P〈0．05）。结论肾活检在老年性肾脏疾病患者中应用的成功率高而并发症少且大多较轻,其病理结果对明确诊断和决定治疗方案具有重要指导意义。     

Ⅴ型狼疮性肾炎的临床病理及转归

Ⅴ型狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis LN)或称膜性LN,约占LN的11%[1].病理改变以上皮侧为主的免疫复合物沉积为特征.1995年WHO根据是否伴有肾小球系膜增生性改变,将Ⅴ型LN分为Ⅴa及Ⅴb型.Ⅴ型LN在临床、病理及转归方面均有不同于其他类型LN的特点,两个亚型之间也有所不同.本文报告33例经肾活检证实的Ⅴ型LN,分析两个亚型的临床及病理特点,并根据治疗方法的不同,分析其转归的差异.     

狼疮肾炎临床与病理相关性分析

目的：探讨狼疮肾炎（LN）的临床表现与病理类型之间的关系。方法：对近5年来收治的159例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的病例临床特征进行回顾性分析，并重点对已经在B超或彩超引导下行经皮肾穿刺活检术，光镜、免疫组化及电镜检查，取得病理检查结果的48例LN进行统计分析。结果：48例中，男5例，女43例，男女比例为1：9；临床类型：亚临床型2例，肾炎综合征22例及肾病综合征24例；病理类型：Ⅱ型9例，Ⅲ型5例，Ⅳ型19例，V型13例，Ⅵ型2例；肾小管间质轻度损害35例，中度损害10例，重度损害3例。LN的病理类型与临床表现有一定的相关性，临床活动性（SLEDAI）与病理类型无相关性。结论：肾活检有助于对系统性红斑狼疮肾损害进行明确诊断，有助于了解其病理活动性、慢性指数及肾小管间质损害程度，有助于选择最佳的治疗方案和判断预后。从临床表现和实验室检查可初步推测病理类型，但临床活动性与病理活动性存在不一致性；病理活动性及慢性评分能更准确了解肾损害情况。     

呈局灶节段性肾小球硬化的IgA肾病临床病理特点

目的探讨呈局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）的IgA肾病（IgAN）的临床和病理特点。方法选取我院1988年1月至2002年2月经肾活检确诊为IgAN的患者587例，其中呈FSGS85例，呈弥漫性系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）162例，呈弥漫性系膜增生性肾小球肾炎伴局灶节段性肾小球硬化（MsPGN伴FSGS）185例，比较3种类型IgAN临床和病理资料。结果FSGS型IgAN占同期所有IgAN的14．5％，临床类型以大量蛋白尿型为主，占37．64％。肾小球球囊黏连发生率高达74．12％，小管间质纤维化发生率97．65％，病理分级以LeeⅣ～Ⅴ级为主，免疫病理以IgA—MG型为主，与MsPGN伴FSGS型和MsPGN型的IgAN相比，FSGS型IgAN病程较长，高血压、肾功能不全发生率较高（P〈0．05），而血尿的发生率与后两者无明显区别。结论呈FSGS型IgAN大量蛋白尿、高血压、肾功能不全的发生率高，病变较重，预后较差。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.