老年肾病综合征101例临床和病理分析

目的了解老年肾病综合征的临床与病理分布特点。方法回顾性分析我院101例老年肾病综合征的临床资料,包括临床表现、病理类型、治疗效果、并发症和预后等。结果 101例老年肾病综合征患者中,原发性和继发性肾病综合征分别为79例和22例。79例原发性肾病综合征患者中,44例有肾脏病理资料,前4位分别是膜性肾病、Ig A肾病、膜增生性肾小球肾炎和局灶节段性肾小球硬化症。22例继发性肾病综合征中,糖尿病肾病17例,其次是狼疮性肾炎和显微镜下血管炎。联合应用中等剂量激素和免疫抑制剂对病理诊断明确的原发性肾病综合征患者的治疗总有效率为84.1%。原发性和继发性老年肾病综合征的主要并发症均为感染、急性肾损伤和心血管疾病。结论老年肾病综合征中原发性所占比例较高,原发性肾病综合征肾小球疾病病理类型以膜性肾病、Ig A肾病、膜增生性肾小球肾炎较为多见,继发性肾小球疾病中以糖尿病肾病最多见。对于病理诊断明确的患者,联合应用中等剂量激素和免疫抑制剂有一定的治疗作用。     

老年肾小球疾病病理类型分析

目的 了解老年肾小球疾病病理类型及特点。方法 分析我院21例老年肾小球疾病患者病理类型特点，并与126例非老年肾小球疾病患者病理类型进行对照。结果 老年肾小球疾病占肾小球疾病发病总人数14．3％，男／女为1／1．1。其中主要为继发性肾小球疾病，占61．9％，其次为原发性肾小球疾病，占38．1％。老年肾小球疾病临床表现以肾病综合征和急性肾功衰竭为主，分别占47．8％和39．1％，其余为蛋白尿和／或血尿，占13．0％。老年原发性肾小球疾病病理类型所占比例依次为膜性肾病(50％)、IgA肾病(25％)和肾小球微小病变(25％)。老年继发性肾小球疾病所占比例依次为系统性血管炎(38．5％)、多发性骨髓瘤致肾损害(23．1％)、狼疮性肾炎(23．1％)、肾淀粉样变(7．7％)和糖尿病肾病(7．7％)。结论 老年肾小球疾病临床表现以肾病综合征和急性肾功衰竭为主，继发性肾小球疾病居多，其中系统性血管炎多见。原发性肾小球疾病病理类型中膜性肾病占首位。     

老年肾病综合征的临床、病理及转归

报道３４例肾病综合征的病因、治疗和转归。原发性肾病综合征１４例（４１．１％）,以膜性肾病（６例）为最常见的病理类型,继发性２０例,以淀粉样变多见（１７．６％）。临床表现为镜下血尿、持续性非选择蛋白尿、高血压和肾功能损害。经激素和免疫抑制剂治疗,１２例完全缓解,８例部分缓解,总有效率达５９％,提示老年肾病综合征经积极治疗可取得较好的疗效。     

老年人肾脏疾病的临床表现与病理特点分析

目的分析肾脏疾病在老年人中的临床表现和病理特点。方法收集60岁以上老年肾脏病患者51例,对其临床表现及肾活检病理进行分析。结果 51例老年肾脏病患者中,原发性肾小球疾病33例,继发性肾脏疾病18例。临床表现为肾病综合征(NS)28例,肾炎综合征10例,慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)5例,急性肾损伤(AKI)4例,肾病综合征合并急性肾损伤4例。老年原发性肾小球疾病最常见的病理类型为膜性肾病(17例),其次是Ig A肾病(5例),系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(4例)。在继发性肾脏疾病中,最常见的诊断是乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎(4例),其次为ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害和肾淀粉样变(各3例)。结论老年原发性肾小球疾病多见,且以膜性肾病为主。老年继发性肾脏病以乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎、血管炎肾损害和肾淀粉样变多见。肾病综合征是老年肾脏病患者最常见的肾活检适应证。对病因不明的老年肾脏病患者,应及早行肾脏病理活检,有助于明确诊断及治疗。     

老年肾脏病152例临床与病理特点分析

目的了解老年肾脏病患者的临床表现及病理特点。方法回顾性分析152例经皮肾活检确诊的老年（≥60岁）肾脏病患者的临床表现和病理类型。结果肾活检患者中原发性肾小球疾病最为常见（114例,占75％）,主要表现为。肾病综合征（53．51％）、慢性肾炎综合征（30．70％）、隐匿性肾炎（8．77％）、急进性肾炎综合征（4．39％）和急性肾炎综合征（2．63％）。病理改变主要为系膜增生（48．25％）、局灶性节段性肾小球硬化症（13．16％）、膜性肾病（11．40％）、新月体性肾炎（6．14％）,轻微病变（6．14％）为主。继发性肾脏疾病占全部病例的25％,原发病以糖尿病肾病（28．95％）、急性肾小管坏死（23．68％）居多。以急性。肾衰竭为临床表现的23例患者的病理类型主要为急性肾小管坏死（39．13％）和新月体性肾炎（30．43％）。将本组患者与同期行肾活检的非老年组比较,在原发性肾脏病中,膜性肾病和新月体性。肾炎的检出率明显高于非老年组,而IgA肾病的检出率明显低于非老年组;继发性肾脏病患者中,本组以糖尿病肾病及急性肾小管坏死居多,而非老年组则以狼疮性肾炎（65．84％）和乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（14．01％）居多。结论老年肾活检患者以原发性肾小球疾病最常见,肾病综合征是最常见的临床表现,病理改变则以系膜增生最为多见。     

106例2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾脏损害的临床病理研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾脏病变（NDRD）的临床表现与病理特点。方法回顾分析了2000年7月至2005年7月在中日友好医院肾活检证实的106例2型糖尿病患者合并的NDRD的临床表现和病理类型，依据年龄不同，分为青年（≤35岁）、中年（36～59岁）和老年（≥60岁）组，分析了三组患者合并NDRD的临床表现和病理特点。结果在青年组10例糖尿病患者中，NDRD临床主要表现为慢性肾炎综合征，占50．0％，肾脏病理主要为IgA肾病，占40．0％；中年组81例，临床表现多样化，肾病综合征占29．6％、慢性肾炎综合征占29．6％、隐匿型肾炎占16．1％以及非糖尿病肾病（DN）性肾功能减退者占24．7％，四者之间差异没有显著统计学意义，但肾脏病理主要为IgA肾病，占42．0％；老年组15例，临床主要表现为非DN性肾功能减退，占66．7％，肾脏病理主要为慢性肾小管间质性肾病，占40．0％。在青年和中年组患者中IgA肾病的患病率显著高于老年组，而老年组非DN性肾功能减退和慢性肾小管间质性肾病的患病率则明显多于青年和中年组。结论青年和中年糖尿病患者合并的NDRD主要为IgA肾病，老年组患者则主要为慢性肾小管间质性肾病。     

成人肾小球疾病145例临床病理分析

目的了解成人肾小球疾病的病理类型及其特点。方法分析我院145例成人肾小球疾病患者的年龄性别分布、肾病理类型及其与临床表现的关系。结果145例患者中，原发性肾小球疾病占72．4％，男／女为1／1．1；继发性肾小球疾病占22．8％，男／女为1／1．54；遗传性肾小球疾病占4．8％，男／女为2．5／1。原发性肾小球疾病病理类型以IgA肾病(IgAN)为主，占43．9％，膜性肾病(MN)占17．1％，微小病变(MCD)占17．1％，系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)占15．2％，毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎(EnPGN)占3．8％，膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)占1．0％，局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)占1．0％。继发性肾小球肾炎中以狼疮性肾炎(LN)为主，占27．3％，乙型肝炎相关性肾炎占21．2％，过敏性紫癜肾炎占18．2％，系统性血管炎占18．2％，肾淀粉样变占6．0％，流行性出血热占3．0％，多发性骨髓瘤占3．0％，糖尿病肾病(DN)占3．0％。临床表现蛋白尿和(或)血尿占34．0％，肾病综合征占47．3％，急性肾衰竭占10．7％，急性肾炎综合征占8．0％。结论原发性肾小球疾病是成人最常见的肾小球疾病，以IgAN为主。高发年龄虽在青壮年，但不应忽视老年发病。继发性肾小球疾病中以LN多见，女性多发，其它继发性肾小球疾病逐渐增多。     

小儿局灶增生性肾炎的临床与病理

本文分析20例小儿局灶增生性肾炎的临床与病理改变,占同期肾小球疾病发生率的8.7％。临床表现为肾病综合征10例,其它分别为IgA肾病、紫癜性肾炎、单纯性血尿及各种肾炎。病理改变中半数病例合并肾间质灶性炎症或伴纤维化,少数病例有个别小球节段性硬化或全球硬化。肾病患儿对激素治疗反应多数较差,作者强调综合治疗及更改激素投入方式、剂型能获得较好疗效。     

老年2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾病的临床治疗研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾病的临床治疗效果。方法选取2017年5月—2018年5月进入该院进行肾活检的20例老年糖尿病患者合并的非糖尿病性肾病的临床表现和病理特点。结果表现镜下血尿者4例,病理类型分别是IgA肾病、系膜增生性肾炎、膜增殖性肾类和亚急性肾小管间质性肾病;肾病综合征者4例,病理类型分别是膜性肾病2例、系膜增生性骨炎和膜增殖性肾炎各1例;肾功能减退与糖尿病病史不相符者10例,占66.7%,表现为急性肾功能不全者7例,病理类型分别是慢性肾小管间质性肾病2例、系膜增生性肾类2例、IgA骨病、膜增殖性肾类和肾小球淀粉样变病各1例,表现为慢性肾功能不全者3例,病理类型均是慢性肾小管间质性督病,伴有高血压性骨损害者8例。结论老年糖尿病患者合并的非糖尿病性肾病,患者患病之后肾功能明显减退,身体素质下降,同时该疾病还容易引发多种类型的并发症,比如说高血压或心脑血管疾病,对于患者的健康生活有着较大的影响。     

老年及老年前期肾病患者的临床病理与治疗

分析了６４例老年及老年前期肾病患者的临床病理资料,并与儿童组及中青年组进行对比研究。结果表明,其临床表现以肾病综合征及持续性尿检异常最常见,约半数伴有肾功能异常,合并症及并发症多见。原发性肾小球疾病者占大多数,其中ＩｇＡ肾病最多见。与儿童组及中青年组相比,膜性肾病及膜增生性肾炎明显多见,微小病变少见,继发性者则以糖尿病肾病、肾淀粉样变较多见,疗效差。此外,肾小球硬化多见,肾小管间质病变较重亦为其病理特点。提示尽早肾活检及实施个体化治疗对老年及老年前期肾小球疾病患者尤为重要。     

老年人原发性肾病综合征52例临床分析

目的 观察老年原发性肾病综合征患者临床特征及预后.方法 回顾性分析52例老年原发性肾病综合征患者的临床病理特点,并与64例非老年原发性肾病综合征患者进行比较.对老年原发性肾病综合征患者给予常规治疗,口服糖皮质激素泼尼松1 mg·kg-1·d-1,维持治疗8周后,若症状得到缓解,逐渐降低剂量至维持量后,再逐渐停药;若症状没有缓解,则加用环磷酰胺或环孢霉素、骁悉等治疗.结果 老年组并存高血压、感染、慢性肾功能不全和血尿者,与非老年组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组血白蛋白、24 h尿蛋白定量和急性肾功能不全发生率,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).老年人肾病综合征病理类型以膜性肾病、IgA肾病和局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,分别占46.2%、23.1%和11.5%,非老年组以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎IgA肾病和微小病变性肾病为主,分别占32.8%、25.0%和20.3%.治疗后完全缓解31例,部分缓解18例,无效3例,完全缓解率为59.6%.结论 老年人原发性肾病综合征临床病理以膜性肾病为主,采用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗临床疗效显著,但在不同病理类型中具有差异.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) in the elderly. Methods The clinical and pathological features of 52 elderly patients with PNS and 64 non-elderly patients with PNS were retrospectively analyzed and compared.The elderly patients with PNS received routine treatment:oral corticosteroids prednisone 1mg·kg-1 ·d-1.After 8 weeks maintenance treatment,if symptoms were alleviated,the prednisone dose was gradually reduced to a maintenance dose, then was stopped gradually. If symptoms were not alleviated, the cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil was added. Results There were significant differences in the numbers of patients complicated with hypertension, infection,chronic renal insufficiency and hematuria between the elderly group and non-elderly group (P＜0. 05＝.But there were no significant differences in the level of blood albumin, quantitative measurement of 24 hours urinary protein and incidence rate of acute renal insufficiency between the two groups (P＞0.05). The major pathological types of PNS in the elderly were membranous nephropathy (46.2 %),IgA nephropathy (23. 1 %) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ( 11.5 %), respectively. And the major pathological types of PNS in non-elderly group were mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.8%), IgA nephropathy ( 25.0% ) and minimal change nephropathy ( 20. 3 %), respectively.Complete remission after treatment was found in 31 patients(59.6%), partial remission in 18 cases and inefficacy in 3 cases. Conclusions The major clinicopathological type of PNS in the elderly is membranous nephropathy and should be treated using corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents,with different effects in different pathological types.     

Renal complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: the Mayo Clinic experience

While the renal complications of plasma cell dyscrasia have been well-described, most information in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis is derived from case reports. This is a retrospective analysis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis who underwent kidney biopsy for renal insufficiency and/or nephrotic syndrome. Between January 1995 and June 2014, 49 of 4,024 (1.2%) patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n=44) or monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (n=5) had a renal biopsy: 34 (69%) for renal insufficiency and 15 (31%) for nephrotic syndrome. The most common findings on biopsy were: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n=10, 20%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia interstitial infiltration as primary etiology (n=6, 12%), thrombotic microangiopathy (n=6, 12%), and minimal change disease (n=5, 10%). All five membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patients treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide and prednisone-based regimens had recovery of renal function compared to 0/3 patients treated with rituximab with or without steroids. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia infiltration as the primary cause of renal abnormalities was typically observed in relapsed/refractory patients (4/6). Thrombotic microangiopathy primarily occurred as a treatment-related toxicity of pentostatin (4/6 cases), and resolved with drug discontinuation. All cases of minimal change disease resolved with immunosuppressive agents only. Renal biopsy plays an important role in the management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis who develop renal failure and/or nephrotic syndrome.     

老年肾病综合征肾活检病理类型及血清抗M型磷脂酶A2受体IgG水平的研究

目的探讨老年肾病综合征肾活检病理类型及血清M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)IgG水平,为老年肾病综合征肾脏病理类型的非肾活检诊断提供依据。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2019年6月在中日友好医院肾内科诊断为肾病综合征,并住院期进行肾穿刺活检的老年患者临床数据和肾活检资料。结果共纳入研究对象250例,年龄平均(65.85±4.68)岁,其中男152例,女98例。(1)常见肾活检病理类型:膜性肾病154例(61.6%),微小病变性肾小球病31例(12.4%),局灶节段性肾小球硬化症20例(8.0%),IgA肾病11例(4.4%);继发性肾小球疾病中,糖尿病肾病11例(4.4%),乙型肝炎病毒相关性膜性肾病5例(2.0%),淀粉样变性肾损害5例(2.0%)。(2)对比前后5年间肾活检病理谱变化,膜性肾病(由61.11%增至62.36%)、微小病变性肾小球病(由9.72%增至13.48%)、糖尿病肾病(由4.17%增至4.49%)所占比例略有增加,IgA肾病(由11.11%降至1.69%),局灶节段性肾小球硬化症(由11.11%降至7.30%)所占比例显著下降。近5年来,膜性肾病和肾小球微小病变病两者所占比例达到了75.9%。(3)86例原发膜性肾病检测了血清PLA2R抗体水平,其中44例(51.2%)阳性,肾小球微小病变病和局灶节段性肾小球硬化症患者血清PLA2R抗体均阴性。结论老年肾病综合征中以膜性肾病最常见,其次是肾小球微小病变病,且所占比例有增多趋势。血清PLA2R抗体检测对老年肾病综合征中原发性膜性肾病诊断具有参考意义。     

Primary glomerular diseases in the elderly Glomerulonephritis in the elderly

Recent studies have pointed out that the incidence of primary glomerular diseases is similar in the elderly and in younger populations. However the clinical characteristics of the different subtypes may be different in the advanced age. Minimal change nephropathy responds favorably to corticosteroids and/or cyclophosphamide, but many untreated or non-responder patients progress to end-stage renal disease or die from nephrotic complications. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis also has a severe prognosis in older patients but some 50% of patients may attain remission of the nephrotic syndrome with a prolonged corticosteroid treatment. The responders tend to maintain normal renal function over time. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and IgA nephritis have a severe prognosis and do not respond to treatment. The clinical presentation and the outcome of membranous nephropathy are similar in the elderly and in younger adults. Corticosteroids are of little benefit while a 6-month treatment with chlorambucil and methylprednisolone may obtain remission of the nephrotic syndrome in about 2/3 of older patients. Crescentic glomerulonephritis has an ominous prognosis in older patients but some patients may improve if treatment with methylprednisolone pulses is started early. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is often associated with renal failure in older patients. The prognosis may be severe.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾活检的临床意义

目的：对慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者肾活检的临床意义进行评价。方法：对２２２例临床诊断为ＣＲＦ,ＳＣｒ〉１７８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（２ｍｇ／ｄｌ）的口才行肾活检术,分析其病理类型、标本合格率、穿刺成功率、并发症发生率及并发症的危险因素。根据肾穿后有无并发症,将患者分为并发症且和无并发症组两组,对并发症影响因素进行统计学分析。结果：肾活检后能明确诊断者占８９．１％,其中ＩｇＡ肾病、血管炎、慢性间质性肾炎、狼     

The Renal Histopathology Spectrum of Elderly Patients with Kidney Diseases: A Study of 430 Patients in a Single Chinese Center

The elderly population has significantly increased in China. However, data regarding renal histopathology in this population is lacking. The present study retrospectively analyzed renal disease spectrum of 430 elderly patients who had received renal biopsy at Peking University First Hospital between January 2003 and December 2012.Among 6049 patients receiving renal biopsies during the same period, 430 (7.10%) were elderly (≥65 years). The ratio of male (263 patients) to female (167 patients) was 1.57:1, with an age of 70.29 ± 3.99 (range 65–82) years at the time of biopsy. The most common indication for renal biopsy was nephrotic syndrome (59.53%), followed by acute kidney injury (AKI, 19.53%) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN, 16.05%). The most common renal histopathology in primary glomerular disease was idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN, 61.02%), followed by IgA nephropathy (18.22%), minimal change disease (MCD, 9.32%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (6.78%). ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV, 43.95%) was the leading secondary glomerular disease, followed by HBV-related glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN, 24.2%), and amyloidosis (14.01%). In patients with nephrotic syndrome, iMN (50%) was the leading cause, followed by HBV-GN (16.02%), MCD (7.81%), and amyloidosis (7.81%). In patients with iMN, 89.5% presented as nephrotic syndrome, 8.39% as CGN. In patients with AKI, the leading cause was AAV (48.12%), followed by acute interstitial nephritis (20.48%) and acute tubular necrosis (8.43%).In conclusion, in elderly Chinese patients, the most common renal histopathology pattern was iMN in patients with nephrotic syndrome, and AAV in patients with AKI.     

非血液系统恶性肿瘤与肾病综合征25例临床病理分析

目的 分析表现有肾病综合征(NS)的非血液系统恶性肿瘤肾脏病变的临床病理特征、实验室检查特点及预后.方法 回顾性分析经组织病理学确诊前后出现NS的非血液系统恶性肿瘤25例.结果 男20例,女5例,年龄16～83(56.6±17.7)岁.92%的患者肿瘤和NS发生于1年之内.肿瘤分布广泛,其中消化系统和呼吸系统肿瘤占36%和20%.40%以NS为首发症状,合并血尿者为67%,12%于治疗前后合并急性肾衰竭.50%血γ球蛋白升高,28%存在与肾功能不相匹配的贫血.膜性肾病(MN)为主要的肾脏病理改变,占67%(6/9例).NS的预后与肿瘤的治疗直接相关,手术治疗和(或)化疗后,部分患者在糖皮质激索辅助治疗下,NS均获缓解;未对肿瘤进行处理者,5例无1例缓解.患者的预后主要与肿瘤有关,只有1例死于肾衰竭.结论 恶性肿瘤可以NS为首发症状;年长的NS患者,尤其以MN为病理表现、同时存在贫血、高γ球蛋白血症者,应常规并定期作多部位肿瘤筛查.     

Clinical features and renal outcome in lupus patients with diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis

The objectives of the study are to investigate the clinical features and renal outcomes in lupus patients with diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis (DCGN). Ninety-four DCGN lupus patients were enrolled. Their clinical features and renal outcomes were investigated. There were 84 females and 10 males, with a mean age of 27.9 ± 10.7 years old. They represented: hypertension in 73 cases (77.7%), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in 62 cases (66.0%), 46 cases (48.9%) with nephritic syndrome, 35 (37.2%) gross hematuria, and 14 cases (14.9%) with uremic syndrome needed dialysis therapy. There were 25 cases received repeated renal biopsy. Their histological examination showed the decreasing of active lesions and the increasing chronic lesions. All patients were more than 6 months follow-up, and 79 patients (84.0%) were more than 12 months follow-up. At the first time of follow-up (3 months), the renal function, proteinuria, and anemia were improved significantly in all of cases received intensive immunosuppressive therapy. At the last time of follow-up (56.1 ± 18.8 months), only four patients eventually developed to the end-stage renal failure and five died with normal renal function. The lupus patients with DCGN presented more severe clinical syndromes, which were similar to those patients of type II of DCGN. The relative good renal outcomes were observed in those lupus patients, to which may be contribute to the effective induction therapy.     

41例抗肾小球基底膜抗体相关疾病的临床和病理分析

目的了解抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体相关疾病的不同临床类型及其临床病理特点。方法对我科近6年来检测出的41例抗GBM抗体相关疾病的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果22/41例为Goodpasture病（GP）,其中2例肾功能正常。32/41例患者为单纯抗GBM抗体阳性,其中31/32例男性,平均年龄（26.8±9.7）岁。9/41例抗GBM抗体伴抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）阳性,其中7/9例为女性,平均年龄（44.5±19.6）岁。两组在性别和发病年龄上差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。32/41例作了肾活检,平均发病至肾活检时间为（62.7±43.5）d。2/32例肾功能正常的GP患者为轻度系膜增生性肾炎。30/32例为新月体肾炎,其中24/30例（80%）患者的肾小球100%受累,多伴有毛细血管襻和球囊严重破坏。免疫荧光检查仅16/23例呈典型的IgG、C3沿肾小球毛细血管襻（GCW）呈线样沉积;7/23例表现为IgG和（或）C3等沿GCW呈细颗粒状沉积,少数伴有系膜区沉积。典型和不典型的免疫荧光改变与光镜病理的严重程度不相关（P＞0.05）。所有患者均有贫血、血尿和蛋白尿,其中7/41例表现为肾病综合征。经强化免疫抑制治疗,4例患者临床完全缓解或好转,包括2例轻度系膜增生性肾炎的GP患者。其余患者均依赖肾脏替代疗法或死亡。结论中国人抗GBM抗体相关疾病并不少见。单纯抗GBM抗体组多发于青年男性,双抗体阳性组多发于中老年女性。抗GBM抗体相关疾病多预后差,肾脏病理多为新月体性肾炎,但免疫病理并非均表现为典型的IgG、C3沿GCW呈线条样沉积。仅少数无少尿的轻型患者或肾功能损伤轻者可临床完全缓解或好转。     

Kidney transplant nephrotic syndrome

The incidence and clinical spectrum of nephrotic syndrome following kidney transplantation was evaluated in 81 patients who received a transplant between 1963 and 1971, and whose transplant functioned more than 10 months. The nephrotic syndrome developed in 24 patients (29.6 per cent). Eighteen patients received kidneys from living related donors, and six from cadaver donors. The original kidney disease was chronic glomerulonephritis in 15 patients and nonimmunologic diseases in 9. The over-all incidence of the transplant nephrotic syndrome did not differ between these two groups of patients. However, in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, who had the nephrotic syndrome in the course of their original disease, the incidence of transplant nephrotic syndrome was higher than in those without a history of nephrotic syndrome. Most patients had one or more episodes of rejection prior to the onset of the nephrotic syndrome, and in about two thirds of the patients the nephrotic syndrome developed within 1 year after transplantation. Pathologic studies suggest that chronic rejection is the most common cause of the transplant nephrotic syndrome.The majority of patients had hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia with increased beta lipoprotein, but urine protein was fairly selective, and the patients had minimal edema. Creatinine clearance at the beginning of the nephrotic syndrome was 10 to 70 ml/min (average 47 ml/min). Thirteen patients continued to do well for 16 to 94 months (average 51 months) after receiving their transplant with an average creatinine clearance of 47 ml/ min. There was no significant difference in graft or patient survival between transplant recipients who had the nephrotic syndrome and those who did not. Once the nephrotic syndrome is established, it appears to persist regardless of steroid or other immunosuppressive therapy.